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security risk assessment

The Homeland Security Advisory System was conceived in 2003. Within seven years, the system has become marginalized, even though the country continues to be at war with the forces of terrorism. The reason for this is that the system as designed does not allow for the successful crafting of a complete warning message. A warning message needs to be specific enough to allow the warning recipient to make the appropriate linkages between the warning message and the physical and social manifestations of the threat. This linkage allows the recipient to form his own unique risk reality. Once that is formed, the recipient may be motivated to take appropriate precautions to counter the threat. A warning message that does not allow for the formation of a risk reality can never be effective because the recipient will fail to internalize the risk and thus fail to take the appropriate action to counter the threat.

The Common Risk Model for Dams (CRM-D), developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in collaboration with the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), is a consistent, mathematically rigorous, and easy to implement method for security risk assessment of dams, navigation locks, hydropower projects, and appurtenant structures. The methodology provides asystematic approach for independently evaluating physical and cyber security risks across a portfolio of dams, and informing decisions on how to mitigate those risks. The CRM-D can effectively quantify the benefits of implementing a particular risk-mitigation strategy and, consequently, enable return-on-investment analyses for multiple physical and cyber security risk-mitigation alternatives and facilitate their implementation across a portfolio of dams.A cyber security risk model to facilitate high-level risk assessments of industrial control systems used to control dam critical functions is also being implemented.

GAO-07-990 Department of Homeland Security: Improved Assessment and Oversight Needed to Manage Risk of Contracting for Selected Services Published 17-Sep-07 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07990.pdf (Unofficial mirror of http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/242068-department-of-homeland-security-improved.html)

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security TERRORISM RISK ASSESSMENT AT THE DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Date(s) Held: 2005-11-17 109th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-109hhrg35939 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.H 75 Witnesses: Ms. Melissa Smislova, Acting Director, Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Infrastructure Threat and Risk Analysis Center (HITRAC): Dr. Henry Willis, Policy Researcher, The RAND Corporation: Dr. Detlof von Winterfeldt, Director, Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events, University of Southern California: Ms. Christine Wormuth, Senior Fellow--International Security Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies: Related Items: Congressional Serial No. 109-58

The purpose of this thesis is to challenge the risk based approach of homeland security practice to elevate the significance of consequence during the Homeland Security risk assessment process. The consequence variable must be afforded an equal to or greater value similar to threat and vulnerability. In doing so, local homeland security policies can be focused towards consequence mitigation when planning and determining how to reduce risk within a designated jurisdiction. Today's emergency preparedness risk environment has become increasingly more severe and complex, especially at the local level. The management of that risk is a fundamental requirement of local government which is expected to identify and anticipate areas of vulnerability and set in place a cohesive strategy across all disciplines to mitigate, reduce and eliminate these risks. The problem with this expectation is that federal guidance documents have a deliberate bias toward short term objectives which undermines a local government's long term commitment to the people it serves. Local agencies must be able to respond to emergencies in a way that minimizes the number of casualties or injuries during an incident that threatens members of their community and maintains services until the situation returns to normal.

Perma.cc archive of https://www.healthit.gov/topic/privacy-security-and-hipaa/security-risk-assessment-tool created on 2021-02-18 19:39:27+00:00.

Perma.cc archive of https://www.healthit.gov/topic/privacy-security-and-hipaa/security-risk-assessment-tool created on 2021-02-18 19:39:27+00:00.

Introduction:  Occupational Stress is caused by an existing stress-causing factor or “stressor”. It is a situation in which some characteristics of the work situation are thought to cause poor psychological or physical health, or to cause risk factors making poor health more likely. This study assessed the relationship between risk perception and Knowledge of occupational-stress reduction practices among security staff of selected private universities in Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in February 2023 in utilizing a pretested 68-item questionnaire(Cronbach’s alpha of 0.96) among 40 randomly selected security staff from two private universities in Ogun State, Nigeria. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21 with significance level set at p<0.05. Informed consent was sought from all respondents who accepted to participate. Results:  Results indicated that 12 (30.0%) females and 28 (70.3%) males with a mean age of 35.5 ±7.31 years participated in the study. Self-reported perception of risk resulting from poor occupational-stress management practices which was measured on a 57-point aggregated scale, revealed that the participants in this study scored a mean of 18.48 ±6.62 (95% CI: 11.86 - 25.10). Similarly, on a 14-point aggregate scale measuring Knowledge of occupational-stress management practices, the participants scored a mean of 10.00± 2.96 (95% CI: 7.04-12.96). Conclusion:  The findings suggest the knowledge and attitudinal disposition of the participants in this study is sub-optimal and needs serious improvement through well designed cost-effective and targeted health literacy interventions to improve occupational-stress management practices among this population.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is investing billions of dollars to protect us from terrorist attacks and their expected damage (i.e., risk). We present prescriptive optimization models to guide these investments. Our primary goal is to recommend investments in a set of available defense options; each of these options can reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attack, or enable future mitigation actions for particular types of attack. Our models prescribe investments that minimize the maximum risk (i.e., expected damage) to which we are exposed. Our Defend-Attack-Mitigate risk-minimization model assumes that terrorist attackers will observe, and react to, any strategic defense investment on the scale required to protect our entire country. We also develop a more general tri-level Defender-Attacker- Defender risk-minimization model in which (a) the defender invests strategically in interdiction and/or mitigation options (for example, by inoculating health-care workers, or stockpiling a mix of emergency vaccines) (b) the attacker observes those investments and attacks as effectively as possible, and (c) the defender then optimally deploys the mitigation options that his investments have enabled. We show with simple numerical examples some of the important insights offered by such analysis. As a byproduct of our analysis we elicit the optimal attacker behavior that would follow our chosen defensive investment, and therefore we can focus intelligence collection on telltales of the most-likely and most-lethal attacks.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is investing billions of dollars to protect us from terrorist attacks and their expected damage (i.e., risk). We present prescriptive optimization models to guide these investments. Our primary goal is to recommend investments in a set of available defense options; each of these options can reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attack, or enable future mitigation actions for particular types of attack. Our models prescribe investments that minimize the maximum risk (i.e., expected damage) to which we are exposed. Our Defend-Attack-Mitigate risk-minimization model assumes that terrorist attackers will observe, and react to, any strategic defense investment on the scale required to protect our entire country. We also develop a more general tri-level Defender-Attacker- Defender risk-minimization model in which (a) the defender invests strategically in interdiction and/or mitigation options (for example, by inoculating health-care workers, or stockpiling a mix of emergency vaccines) (b) the attacker observes those investments and attacks as effectively as possible, and (c) the defender then optimally deploys the mitigation options that his investments have enabled. We show with simple numerical examples some of the important insights offered by such analysis. As a byproduct of our analysis we elicit the optimal attacker behavior that would follow our chosen defensive investment, and therefore we can focus intelligence collection on telltales of the most-likely and most-lethal attacks.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is investing billions of dollars to protect us from terrorist attacks and their expected damage (i.e., risk). We present prescriptive optimization models to guide these investments. Our primary goal is to recommend investments in a set of available defense options; each of these options can reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attack, or enable future mitigation actions for particular types of attack. Our models prescribe investments that minimize the maximum risk (i.e., expected damage) to which we are exposed. Our Defend-Attack-Mitigate risk-minimization model assumes that terrorist attackers will observe, and react to, any strategic defense investment on the scale required to protect our entire country. We also develop a more general tri-level Defender-Attacker- Defender risk-minimization model in which (a) the defender invests strategically in interdiction and/or mitigation options (for example, by inoculating health-care workers, or stockpiling a mix of emergency vaccines) (b) the attacker observes those investments and attacks as effectively as possible, and (c) the defender then optimally deploys the mitigation options that his investments have enabled. We show with simple numerical examples some of the important insights offered by such analysis. As a byproduct of our analysis we elicit the optimal attacker behavior that would follow our chosen defensive investment, and therefore we can focus intelligence collection on telltales of the most-likely and most-lethal attacks.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is investing billions of dollars to protect us from terrorist attacks and their expected damage (i.e., risk). We present prescriptive optimization models to guide these investments. Our primary goal is to recommend investments in a set of available defense options; each of these options can reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attack, or enable future mitigation actions for particular types of attack. Our models prescribe investments that minimize the maximum risk (i.e., expected damage) to which we are exposed. Our Defend-Attack-Mitigate risk-minimization model assumes that terrorist attackers will observe, and react to, any strategic defense investment on the scale required to protect our entire country. We also develop a more general tri-level Defender-Attacker- Defender risk-minimization model in which (a) the defender invests strategically in interdiction and/or mitigation options (for example, by inoculating health-care workers, or stockpiling a mix of emergency vaccines) (b) the attacker observes those investments and attacks as effectively as possible, and (c) the defender then optimally deploys the mitigation options that his investments have enabled. We show with simple numerical examples some of the important insights offered by such analysis. As a byproduct of our analysis we elicit the optimal attacker behavior that would follow our chosen defensive investment, and therefore we can focus intelligence collection on telltales of the most-likely and most-lethal attacks.

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is investing billions of dollars to protect us from terrorist attacks and their expected damage (i.e., risk). We present prescriptive optimization models to guide these investments. Our primary goal is to recommend investments in a set of available defense options; each of these options can reduce our vulnerability to terrorist attack, or enable future mitigation actions for particular types of attack. Our models prescribe investments that minimize the maximum risk (i.e., expected damage) to which we are exposed. Our Defend-Attack-Mitigate risk-minimization model assumes that terrorist attackers will observe, and react to, any strategic defense investment on the scale required to protect our entire country. We also develop a more general tri-level Defender-Attacker- Defender risk-minimization model in which (a) the defender invests strategically in interdiction and/or mitigation options (for example, by inoculating health-care workers, or stockpiling a mix of emergency vaccines) (b) the attacker observes those investments and attacks as effectively as possible, and (c) the defender then optimally deploys the mitigation options that his investments have enabled. We show with simple numerical examples some of the important insights offered by such analysis. As a byproduct of our analysis we elicit the optimal attacker behavior that would follow our chosen defensive investment, and therefore we can focus intelligence collection on telltales of the most-likely and most-lethal attacks.

We introduce a model for a market based economic system of cyber-risk valuation to correct fundamental problems of incentives within the information technology and information processing industries. We assess the makeup of the current day marketplace, identify incentives, identify economic reasons for current failings, and explain how a market based risk valuation system could improve these incentives to form a secure and robust information marketplace for all consumers by providing visibility into open, consensus based risk pricing and allowing all parties to make well informed decisions.

As the Department of Defense (DoD) implements electronic data interchange (EDI) techniques to replace documents in its transportation processes, security issues must be addressed. This report describes Defense transportation's EDI operating concept and the current Federal and DoD security laws, guidelines, and documents that are applicable to EDI programs. The security measures and internal controls implemented in Defense transportation's EDI program are also documented.... EDI, Electronic data interchange, Transportation, Electronic invoicing, Security, Shipment information, Transaction Set 858, ASC X12 858

As the Department of Defense (DoD) implements electronic data interchange (EDI) techniques to replace documents in its transportation processes, security issues must be addressed. This report describes Defense transportation's EDI operating concept and the current Federal and DoD security laws, guidelines, and documents that are applicable to EDI programs. The security measures and internal controls implemented in Defense transportation's EDI program are also documented.... EDI, Electronic data interchange, Transportation, Electronic invoicing, Security, Shipment information, Transaction Set 858, ASC X12 858

This article is from BMC Health Services Research , volume 11 . Abstract Background: Video calls from mobile phones can improve communication during medical emergencies. Lay bystanders can be instructed and supervised by health professionals at Emergency Medical Communication Centers. Before implementation of video mobile calls in emergencies, issues of information security should be addressed. Methods: Information security was assessed for risk, based on the information security standard ISO/IEC 27005:2008. A multi-professional team used structured brainstorming to find threats to the information security aspects confidentiality, quality, integrity, and availability. Results: Twenty security threats of different risk levels were identified and analyzed. Solutions were proposed to reduce the risk level. Conclusions: Given proper implementation, we found no risks to information security that would advocate against the use of video calls between lay bystanders and Emergency Medical Communication Centers. The identified threats should be used as input to formal requirements when planning and implementing video calls from mobile phones for these call centers.

This document is being provided as part of ITT's NASA Glenn Research Center Aerospace Communication Systems Technical Support (ACSTS) contract NNC05CA85C, Task 7: "New ATM Requirements--Future Communications, C-Band and L-Band Communications Standard Development." ITT has completed a safety hazard analysis providing a preliminary safety assessment for the proposed L-band (960 to 1164 MHz) terrestrial en route communications system. The assessment was performed following the guidelines outlined in the Federal Aviation Administration Safety Risk Management Guidance for System Acquisitions document. The safety analysis did not identify any hazards with an unacceptable risk, though a number of hazards with a medium risk were documented. This effort represents a preliminary safety hazard analysis and notes the triggers for risk reassessment. A detailed safety hazards analysis is recommended as a follow-on activity to assess particular components of the L-band communication system after the technology is chosen and system rollout timing is determined. The security risk analysis resulted in identifying main security threats to the proposed system as well as noting additional threats recommended for a future security analysis conducted at a later stage in the system development process. The document discusses various security controls, including those suggested in the COCR Version 2.0.

This technical report introduces the next generation of the Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE) methodology, OCTAVE Allegro. OCTAVE Allegro is a methodology to streamline and optimize the process of assessing information security risks so that an organization can obtain sufficient results with a small investment in time, people, and other limited resources. It leads the organization to consider people, technology, and facilities in the context of their relationship to information and the business processes and services they support. This report highlights the design considerations and requirements for OCTAVE Allegro based on field experience with existing OCTAVE methods and provides guidance, worksheets, and examples that an organization can use to begin performing OCTAVE Allegro-based risk assessments.

This technical report introduces the next generation of the Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation (OCTAVE) methodology, OCTAVE Allegro. OCTAVE Allegro is a methodology to streamline and optimize the process of assessing information security risks so that an organization can obtain sufficient results with a small investment in time, people, and other limited resources. It leads the organization to consider people, technology, and facilities in the context of their relationship to information and the business processes and services they support. This report highlights the design considerations and requirements for OCTAVE Allegro based on field experience with existing OCTAVE methods and provides guidance, worksheets, and examples that an organization can use to begin performing OCTAVE Allegro-based risk assessments.

33 page document from a Power Point presentation give by Halcrow, Inc. 

The Homeland Security Advisory System was conceived in 2003. Within seven years, the system has become marginalized, even though the country continues to be at war with the forces of terrorism. The reason for this is that the system as designed does not allow for the successful crafting of a complete warning message. A warning message needs to be specific enough to allow the warning recipient to make the appropriate linkages between the warning message and the physical and social manifestations of the threat. This linkage allows the recipient to form his own unique risk reality. Once that is formed, the recipient may be motivated to take appropriate precautions to counter the threat. A warning message that does not allow for the formation of a risk reality can never be effective because the recipient will fail to internalize the risk and thus fail to take the appropriate action to counter the threat.

The Homeland Security Advisory System was conceived in 2003. Within seven years, the system has become marginalized, even though the country continues to be at war with the forces of terrorism. The reason for this is that the system as designed does not allow for the successful crafting of a complete warning message. A warning message needs to be specific enough to allow the warning recipient to make the appropriate linkages between the warning message and the physical and social manifestations of the threat. This linkage allows the recipient to form his own unique risk reality. Once that is formed, the recipient may be motivated to take appropriate precautions to counter the threat. A warning message that does not allow for the formation of a risk reality can never be effective because the recipient will fail to internalize the risk and thus fail to take the appropriate action to counter the threat.

A practical approach to protecting Confidential Unclassified Information (CUI) using NIST publications SP.800-171r2\172 (for Information Systems) and NISTIR 8228 and SP.800-213 for Operational Technology (IoT) systems. 

The Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP) management framework, with respect to governance, collaboration, project selection, financial management and accountability, policy and planning, and the evolving public safety and security environment is more dynamic than ever, The need to focus on improving the quality, timeliness and value of risk information has never been greater, CSSP Strategic Planning Guidance (2013) states the requirement to compile a compendium of risk assessment technique with a view to building a consolidated, cross-domain capability-based perspective. The study considered risk assessment capabilities on the operational and program levels. The streamlined methodology included interviews and literature review, including international standards and best practices. Risk Assessment Capability Profiles were developed for operational areas and for the program. A capability maturity model technique and a preliminary SWOT analysis highlight quick wins for process improvement in the near-term. The study found that there is limited visibility of risk assessment and other decision support techniques that are being used by external organizations to prioritize requirements, and there is no internal systematic approach to communicate risk across communities and at the program level. For the most part, risk assessment is an ad hoc process, and there are missed opportunities to contribute to the program's strategic outcomes, value and evidence base.

The Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP) management framework, with respect to governance, collaboration, project selection, financial management and accountability, policy and planning, and the evolving public safety and security environment is more dynamic than ever, The need to focus on improving the quality, timeliness and value of risk information has never been greater, CSSP Strategic Planning Guidance (2013) states the requirement to compile a compendium of risk assessment technique with a view to building a consolidated, cross-domain capability-based perspective. The study considered risk assessment capabilities on the operational and program levels. The streamlined methodology included interviews and literature review, including international standards and best practices. Risk Assessment Capability Profiles were developed for operational areas and for the program. A capability maturity model technique and a preliminary SWOT analysis highlight quick wins for process improvement in the near-term. The study found that there is limited visibility of risk assessment and other decision support techniques that are being used by external organizations to prioritize requirements, and there is no internal systematic approach to communicate risk across communities and at the program level. For the most part, risk assessment is an ad hoc process, and there are missed opportunities to contribute to the program's strategic outcomes, value and evidence base.

The Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP) management framework, with respect to governance, collaboration, project selection, financial management and accountability, policy and planning, and the evolving public safety and security environment is more dynamic than ever, The need to focus on improving the quality, timeliness and value of risk information has never been greater, CSSP Strategic Planning Guidance (2013) states the requirement to compile a compendium of risk assessment technique with a view to building a consolidated, cross-domain capability-based perspective. The study considered risk assessment capabilities on the operational and program levels. The streamlined methodology included interviews and literature review, including international standards and best practices. Risk Assessment Capability Profiles were developed for operational areas and for the program. A capability maturity model technique and a preliminary SWOT analysis highlight quick wins for process improvement in the near-term. The study found that there is limited visibility of risk assessment and other decision support techniques that are being used by external organizations to prioritize requirements, and there is no internal systematic approach to communicate risk across communities and at the program level. For the most part, risk assessment is an ad hoc process, and there are missed opportunities to contribute to the program's strategic outcomes, value and evidence base.

The Canadian Safety and Security Program (CSSP) management framework, with respect to governance, collaboration, project selection, financial management and accountability, policy and planning, and the evolving public safety and security environment is more dynamic than ever, The need to focus on improving the quality, timeliness and value of risk information has never been greater, CSSP Strategic Planning Guidance (2013) states the requirement to compile a compendium of risk assessment technique with a view to building a consolidated, cross-domain capability-based perspective. The study considered risk assessment capabilities on the operational and program levels. The streamlined methodology included interviews and literature review, including international standards and best practices. Risk Assessment Capability Profiles were developed for operational areas and for the program. A capability maturity model technique and a preliminary SWOT analysis highlight quick wins for process improvement in the near-term. The study found that there is limited visibility of risk assessment and other decision support techniques that are being used by external organizations to prioritize requirements, and there is no internal systematic approach to communicate risk across communities and at the program level. For the most part, risk assessment is an ad hoc process, and there are missed opportunities to contribute to the program's strategic outcomes, value and evidence base.

Managing the security risks associated with our government's growing reliance on information technology is a continuing challenge. In particular, federal agencies, like many private organizations, have struggled to find efficient ways to ensure that they fully understand the information security risks affecting their operations and implement appropriate controls to mitigate these risks. This guide, which we are initially issuing as an exposure draft, is intended to help federal managers implement an ongoing information security risk assessment process by providing examples, or case studies, of practical risk assessment procedures that have been successfully adopted by four organizations known for their efforts to implement good risk assessment practices. More importantly, it identifies, based on the case studies, factors that are important to the success of any risk assessment program, regardless of the specific methodology employed.

The purpose of this thesis is to challenge the risk-based approach to homeland security and elevate the significance of consequence during the Homeland Security risk assessment process. The risk-based approach is based on three criteria: (1) threat assessment, (2) vulnerability of a target, and (3) consequence of a disaster or terrorist attack. Currently, there is heightened priority and focus given to threat and vulnerability when assessing and interpreting risk. Consequence, as identified in the same matrix, is not considered equally and is underrepresented in the risk analysis process. The consequence variable must be afforded an equal or greater value than threat and vulnerability. In doing so, local homeland security policies can be focused towards consequence mitigation when planning and determining how to reduce risk within a designated jurisdiction. Today's emergency preparedness risk environment has become increasingly more complex, especially at the local level. The management of that risk is a fundamental requirement of local government, which is expected to identify and anticipate areas of vulnerability and set in place a cohesive strategy across all disciplines to mitigate, reduce, and eliminate risks. The problem with this expectation is that the same federal guidance documents are being used at the federal, state, and local levels as officials embark on similar, but very different, homeland security missions. A review of these documents will reveal a deliberate bias toward short-term objectives that undermine a local government's long-term commitment to the people it serves. Local agencies must be able to respond to a threatening incident in a way that minimizes the number of casualties, and maintains services until the situation returns to normal.

The purpose of this thesis is to challenge the risk-based approach to homeland security and elevate the significance of consequence during the Homeland Security risk assessment process. The risk-based approach is based on three criteria: (1) threat assessment, (2) vulnerability of a target, and (3) consequence of a disaster or terrorist attack. Currently, there is heightened priority and focus given to threat and vulnerability when assessing and interpreting risk. Consequence, as identified in the same matrix, is not considered equally and is underrepresented in the risk analysis process. The consequence variable must be afforded an equal or greater value than threat and vulnerability. In doing so, local homeland security policies can be focused towards consequence mitigation when planning and determining how to reduce risk within a designated jurisdiction. Today's emergency preparedness risk environment has become increasingly more complex, especially at the local level. The management of that risk is a fundamental requirement of local government, which is expected to identify and anticipate areas of vulnerability and set in place a cohesive strategy across all disciplines to mitigate, reduce, and eliminate risks. The problem with this expectation is that the same federal guidance documents are being used at the federal, state, and local levels as officials embark on similar, but very different, homeland security missions. A review of these documents will reveal a deliberate bias toward short-term objectives that undermine a local government's long-term commitment to the people it serves. Local agencies must be able to respond to a threatening incident in a way that minimizes the number of casualties, and maintains services until the situation returns to normal.

This guide is intended to help federal managers implement an ongoing information security risk assessment process by providing examples, or case studies, of practical risk assessment procedures that have been successfully adopted by four organizations known for their efforts to implement good risk assessment practices. More importantly, it identifies, based on the case studies, factors that are important to the success of any risk assessment program, regardless of the specific methodology employed.

Perma.cc archive of https://perma.cc/XEY2-SKM2 created on 2021-02-18 19:40:05+00:00.

Information is an essential company asset that must be protected. The value of information assets depends on the type and scale of the business and its role in delivering services. One of the primary programs that can help identify areas of improvement and guide the development of security awareness programs is risk assessment. Managing cybersecurity risks is critical to protecting enterprises from developing cyber threats and promoting resilience. This includes detecting, assessing, and mitigating risks to protect sensitive data, systems, and networks. While cybersecurity risk management is challenging, organizations may improve their security posture. This paper seeks to contribute to the field of information security risk assessment by leveraging the power of machine learning to provide quick, cost-effective, and individualized risk assessments for small and medium enterprises. Specifically, we extend the evaluation for security level classification by utilizing a support vector machine, random forest, and gradient boosting algorithms. The results demonstrate how well the model detects significant cases while reducing false positives. The model’s exceptional precision ensures that its identifications are dependable, while the high recall demonstrates that it accurately detects relevant data. Precision is critical in security risk assessment because a false positive result might have profound effects.

This informational paper discusses the risk assessment process conducted to analyze Control and Non-Payload Communications (CNPC) architectures for integrating civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The assessment employs the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management framework to identify threats, vulnerabilities, and risks to these architectures and recommends corresponding mitigating security controls. This process builds upon earlier work performed by RTCA Special Committee (SC) 203 and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to roadmap the risk assessment methodology and to identify categories of information security risks that pose a significant impact to aeronautical communications systems. A description of the deviations from the typical process is described in regards to this aeronautical communications system. Due to the sensitive nature of the information, data resulting from the risk assessment pertaining to threats, vulnerabilities, and risks is beyond the scope of this paper.

This informational paper discusses the risk assessment process conducted to analyze Control and Non-Payload Communications (CNPC) architectures for integrating civil Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). The assessment employs the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management framework to identify threats, vulnerabilities, and risks to these architectures and recommends corresponding mitigating security controls. This process builds upon earlier work performed by RTCA Special Committee (SC) 203 and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to roadmap the risk assessment methodology and to identify categories of information security risks that pose a significant impact to aeronautical communications systems. A description of the deviations from the typical process is described in regards to this aeronautical communications system. Due to the sensitive nature of the information, data resulting from the risk assessment pertaining to threats, vulnerabilities, and risks is beyond the scope of this paper

Enhanced connectivity among vehicle wireless connections as well as application utilities could raise the risk of cybercrime, attackers, as well as, in certain cases, terrorists using automotive. Furthermore, even though automated driving technology evolves, the vehicular system's autonomy grows, making vehicular breaches more destructive. This same diversified as well as multidimensional issues which intelligent as well as integrated automobiles should encounter may endanger physical safety as well as privacy, in addition to domestic security. As a result of such aforementioned incidents, a number of countries previously suggested tightened regulations and guidelines for vehicle safety. Automobile manufacturers place a significant emphasis on enhancing the confidentiality of their automobiles. This study expands on a thorough examination of risk as well as vulnerability assessment techniques for the automotive industry with the goal of enhancing security mechanisms.

Enhanced connectivity among vehicle wireless connections as well as application utilities could raise the risk of cybercrime, attackers, as well as, in certain cases, terrorists using automotive. Furthermore, even though automated driving technology evolves, the vehicular system's autonomy grows, making vehicular breaches more destructive. This same diversified as well as multidimensional issues which intelligent as well as integrated automobiles should encounter may endanger physical safety as well as privacy, in addition to domestic security. As a result of such aforementioned incidents, a number of countries previously suggested tightened regulations and guidelines for vehicle safety. Automobile manufacturers place a significant emphasis on enhancing the confidentiality of their automobiles. This study expands on a thorough examination of risk as well as vulnerability assessment techniques for the automotive industry with the goal of enhancing security mechanisms.