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Vector-borne diseases are a serious health threat to U.S. troops stationed around the world. U.S. forces deployed to Iraq following the 2003 invasion experienced serious risk of infection by several vector-borne pathogens, specifically cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (Aliaga and Aronson 2007). Camp Ramadi, a U.S. military Forward Operating Base, was established in 2003 at the Al Anbar provincial capital of Ramadi, approximately 110 km west of Baghdad. In Iraq the total number of cases of CL reported per year from 2004 to 2008 was 1,655 and for VL was 1,711 (Alvar et al. 2012). In Al Anbar province in 2008, the estimated incidence of CL and VL was 1 per 10,000 (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the war, the number of cases of both CL and VL was most likely underreported in Al Anbar and all provinces of Iraq (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the risk of vector-borne diseases, each large U.S. military facility, such as Camp Ramadi, had a vector control program operating throughout the year. As part of a base-wide vector control program, unbaited Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps were placed at three locations on Camp Ramadi between April and August, 2009 to gather baseline population estimates of adult sand flies and monitor the success of subsequent control measures. This paper reports sand fly collections over the five-month period, whether they were positive for Leishmania, and describes efforts to control sand fly populations using ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications. Three sites on Camp Ramadi were established for trap placement in areas where U.S. troops worked and lived. Site one was in a grove of palm trees near troop living quarters and the base medical clinic. Site two was in a plot of scrub vegetation near the helicopter landing pad, and site three in tall vegetation near buildings occupied by the base Commander. All three sites had active rodent burrows.

Vector-borne diseases are a serious health threat to U.S. troops stationed around the world. U.S. forces deployed to Iraq following the 2003 invasion experienced serious risk of infection by several vector-borne pathogens, specifically cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (Aliaga and Aronson 2007). Camp Ramadi, a U.S. military Forward Operating Base, was established in 2003 at the Al Anbar provincial capital of Ramadi, approximately 110 km west of Baghdad. In Iraq the total number of cases of CL reported per year from 2004 to 2008 was 1,655 and for VL was 1,711 (Alvar et al. 2012). In Al Anbar province in 2008, the estimated incidence of CL and VL was 1 per 10,000 (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the war, the number of cases of both CL and VL was most likely underreported in Al Anbar and all provinces of Iraq (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the risk of vector-borne diseases, each large U.S. military facility, such as Camp Ramadi, had a vector control program operating throughout the year. As part of a base-wide vector control program, unbaited Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps were placed at three locations on Camp Ramadi between April and August, 2009 to gather baseline population estimates of adult sand flies and monitor the success of subsequent control measures. This paper reports sand fly collections over the five-month period, whether they were positive for Leishmania, and describes efforts to control sand fly populations using ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications. Three sites on Camp Ramadi were established for trap placement in areas where U.S. troops worked and lived. Site one was in a grove of palm trees near troop living quarters and the base medical clinic. Site two was in a plot of scrub vegetation near the helicopter landing pad, and site three in tall vegetation near buildings occupied by the base Commander. All three sites had active rodent burrows.

Vector-borne diseases are a serious health threat to U.S. troops stationed around the world. U.S. forces deployed to Iraq following the 2003 invasion experienced serious risk of infection by several vector-borne pathogens, specifically cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (Aliaga and Aronson 2007). Camp Ramadi, a U.S. military Forward Operating Base, was established in 2003 at the Al Anbar provincial capital of Ramadi, approximately 110 km west of Baghdad. In Iraq the total number of cases of CL reported per year from 2004 to 2008 was 1,655 and for VL was 1,711 (Alvar et al. 2012). In Al Anbar province in 2008, the estimated incidence of CL and VL was 1 per 10,000 (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the war, the number of cases of both CL and VL was most likely underreported in Al Anbar and all provinces of Iraq (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the risk of vector-borne diseases, each large U.S. military facility, such as Camp Ramadi, had a vector control program operating throughout the year. As part of a base-wide vector control program, unbaited Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps were placed at three locations on Camp Ramadi between April and August, 2009 to gather baseline population estimates of adult sand flies and monitor the success of subsequent control measures. This paper reports sand fly collections over the five-month period, whether they were positive for Leishmania, and describes efforts to control sand fly populations using ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications. Three sites on Camp Ramadi were established for trap placement in areas where U.S. troops worked and lived. Site one was in a grove of palm trees near troop living quarters and the base medical clinic. Site two was in a plot of scrub vegetation near the helicopter landing pad, and site three in tall vegetation near buildings occupied by the base Commander. All three sites had active rodent burrows.

Vector-borne diseases are a serious health threat to U.S. troops stationed around the world. U.S. forces deployed to Iraq following the 2003 invasion experienced serious risk of infection by several vector-borne pathogens, specifically cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (Aliaga and Aronson 2007). Camp Ramadi, a U.S. military Forward Operating Base, was established in 2003 at the Al Anbar provincial capital of Ramadi, approximately 110 km west of Baghdad. In Iraq the total number of cases of CL reported per year from 2004 to 2008 was 1,655 and for VL was 1,711 (Alvar et al. 2012). In Al Anbar province in 2008, the estimated incidence of CL and VL was 1 per 10,000 (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the war, the number of cases of both CL and VL was most likely underreported in Al Anbar and all provinces of Iraq (Alvar et al. 2012). Because of the risk of vector-borne diseases, each large U.S. military facility, such as Camp Ramadi, had a vector control program operating throughout the year. As part of a base-wide vector control program, unbaited Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps were placed at three locations on Camp Ramadi between April and August, 2009 to gather baseline population estimates of adult sand flies and monitor the success of subsequent control measures. This paper reports sand fly collections over the five-month period, whether they were positive for Leishmania, and describes efforts to control sand fly populations using ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticide applications. Three sites on Camp Ramadi were established for trap placement in areas where U.S. troops worked and lived. Site one was in a grove of palm trees near troop living quarters and the base medical clinic. Site two was in a plot of scrub vegetation near the helicopter landing pad, and site three in tall vegetation near buildings occupied by the base Commander. All three sites had active rodent burrows.

The persistence and geographical expansion of leishmaniasis is a major public health problem that requires the development of effective integrated vector management strategies for sand fly control. Moreover these strategies must be economically and environmentally sustainable approaches that can be modified based on the current knowledge of sand fly vector behavior. The efficacy of using attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) for sand fly control and the potential impacts of ATSB on non-target organisms in Morocco was investigated. Methods: Sand fly field experiments were conducted in an agricultural area along the flood plain of the Ourika River. Six study sites (1600 m x 600 m); three with sugar rich (with cactus hedges bearing countless ripe fruits) environments and three with 'sugar poor (green vegetation only suitable for plant tissue feeding)environments were selected to evaluate ATSB, containing the toxin, dinotefuran. ATSB applications were made either with bait stations or sprayed on non-flowering vegetation. Control sites were established in both sugar rich and sugar poor environments. Field studies evaluating feeding on vegetation treated with attractive (non-toxic) sugar baits (ASB) by non-target arthropods were conducted at both sites with red stained ASB applied to non-flowering vegetation flowering vegetation, or on bait stations. Results: At both the sites, a single application of ATSB either applied to vegetation or bait stations significantly reduced densities of both female and male sand flies (Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti) for the five-week trial period. Sand fly populations were reduced by 82.8% and 76.9% at sugar poor sites having ATSB applied to vegetation or presented as a bait station, respectively and by 78.7% and 83.2%, respectively at sugar rich sites. The potential impact of ATSB on non-targets, if applied on green non-flowering vegetation and bait stations, was low fo

Population dyanamics and control studies on Culicoides sand flies were conducted at Parris Island, South Carolina, and Yankeetown, Florida. Adult seasonal patterns were monitored by light traps. Four species, C furens Poey, C. hollensis Melander and Brues, C. melleus (Coquillett), and C. mississippiensis Hoffman are considered abundant. C. furens and C. melleus are present from mid-April though late October; C. hollensis and C. mississippiensis peak in the spring and fall of the year. Larval habitat characterization studies were initiated. Fluctuations in larval density were correlated with plant cover. Candidate insecticides were evaluated as larvicides, residual applications on household screens, and as aerosol adulticides. Based solely on toxicity to Culicoides larvae, the decreasing order of effectiveness was chlorpyrifos, temephos, fenthion, malathion, naled, and propoxur. Based on knockdown capability, toxicity, and longevity of the insecticides as a residual application on household screens, the decreasing order of effectiveness was propoxur, chlorpyrifos, malathion, and fenthion. Seven insecticides were evaluated in our wind tunnel screening as aerosol adulticides. In order of decreasing toxicity they were Decamethrin, permethrin, resmethrin, d-phenothrin, naled, malathion, and fenthion. Four commercial products (Avon's Skin-So-Soft, Johnson's Baby Oil, Claubo, and mineral oil) were protective against sand fly bites. The mode of action was observed as trapping on oily skin rather than repelling attacking midges. (Author)

Our goal was to study the effectiveness of the insecticide imidacloprid as a systemic control agent. First, to evaluate the blood-feeding effect, we fed adult female Phlebotomus papatasi with imidacloprid-treated rabbit blood and monitored blood-feeding success and survival. Second, to evaluate the feed-through effectiveness of this insecticide, we fed laboratory rats and sand rats with insecticide-treated food and evaluated the survival of sand fly larvae feeding on rodents-feces. In the blood-feeding experiment, 89.8% mortality was observed with the higher dose (5 mg/ml) and 81.3% with the lower dose (1 mg/ml). In the larvicide experiments, both sand fly species demonstrated a typical dose-response curve with the strongest lethal effect for the 250 ppm samples. Lutzomyia longipalpis larvae, however, were less sensitive. In all experiments, 1st instar larvae were more sensitive than the older stages. First instar P. papatasi larvae feeding on sand rat feces passed the larvicidal threshold of 90% mortality at doses higher than 50 ppm. In comparison, in older stages 90% mortality was obtained with a dose of only 250 ppm. Overall, results support the feasibility of imidacloprid as a systemic control agent that takes advantage of the tight ecological association between the reservoir host and the sand fly vector.

Our goal was to study the effectiveness of the insecticide imidacloprid as a systemic control agent. First, to evaluate the blood-feeding effect, we fed adult female Phlebotomus papatasi with imidacloprid-treated rabbit blood and monitored blood-feeding success and survival. Second, to evaluate the feed-through effectiveness of this insecticide, we fed laboratory rats and sand rats with insecticide-treated food and evaluated the survival of sand fly larvae feeding on rodents-feces. In the blood-feeding experiment, 89.8% mortality was observed with the higher dose (5 mg/ml) and 81.3% with the lower dose (1 mg/ml). In the larvicide experiments, both sand fly species demonstrated a typical dose-response curve with the strongest lethal effect for the 250 ppm samples. Lutzomyia longipalpis larvae, however, were less sensitive. In all experiments, 1st instar larvae were more sensitive than the older stages. First instar P. papatasi larvae feeding on sand rat feces passed the larvicidal threshold of 90% mortality at doses higher than 50 ppm. In comparison, in older stages 90% mortality was obtained with a dose of only 250 ppm. Overall, results support the feasibility of imidacloprid as a systemic control agent that takes advantage of the tight ecological association between the reservoir host and the sand fly vector.

In laboratory studies, insecticides (diflubenzuron, novaluron, methoprene and, pyriproxyfen) that have been incorporated into rodent diets were effective as feed-throughs against sand fly larvae. Novaluron also was effective against sand fly larvae at low concentrations and under simulated field conditions. Ivermectin has been shown to be effective as a systemic insecticide, killing 100% of blood-feeding sand flies for up to seven d after rodents were treated. The fluorescent tracer technique (FTT) is the use of certain fluorescent dyes (rhodamine B or uranine O) as feed-through transtadial biomarkers for phlebotomine sand flies, systemic biomarkers for blood-feeding sand flies, and permanent markers for nectar-feeding sand flies. The results of these laboratory studies provide proof of concept for the FTT and indicate that the FTT could be used to delineate specific foci with rodent/sand fly associations that would be susceptible to control by using feed-through or systemic insecticides, or foci where insecticide-treated sugar baits could be used against sand flies. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (Supplement 1): S132-S137. 2011.

In laboratory studies, insecticides (diflubenzuron, novaluron, methoprene and, pyriproxyfen) that have been incorporated into rodent diets were effective as feed-throughs against sand fly larvae. Novaluron also was effective against sand fly larvae at low concentrations and under simulated field conditions. Ivermectin has been shown to be effective as a systemic insecticide, killing 100% of blood-feeding sand flies for up to seven d after rodents were treated. The fluorescent tracer technique (FTT) is the use of certain fluorescent dyes (rhodamine B or uranine O) as feed-through transtadial biomarkers for phlebotomine sand flies, systemic biomarkers for blood-feeding sand flies, and permanent markers for nectar-feeding sand flies. The results of these laboratory studies provide proof of concept for the FTT and indicate that the FTT could be used to delineate specific foci with rodent/sand fly associations that would be susceptible to control by using feed-through or systemic insecticides, or foci where insecticide-treated sugar baits could be used against sand flies. Journal of Vector Ecology 36 (Supplement 1): S132-S137. 2011.

One of the most significant modern day efforts to prevent and control an arthropod-borne disease during a military deployment occurred when a team of U.S. military entomologists led efforts to characterize, prevent, and control leishmaniasis at Tallil Air Base (TAB), Iraq, during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Soon after arriving at TAB on 22 March 2003, military entomologists determined that 1) high numbers of sand flies were present at TAB, 2) individual soldiers were receiving many sand fly bites in a single night, and 3) Leishmania parasites were present in 1.5% of the female sand flies as determined using a real-time (fluorogenic) Leishmania-generic polymerase chain reaction assay. The rapid determination that leishmaniasis was a specific threat in this area allowed for the establishment of a comprehensive Leishmaniasis Control Program (LCP) over 5 mo before the first case of leishmaniasis was confirmed in a U.S. soldier deployed to Iraq. The LCP had four components: 1) risk assessment, 2) enhancement of use of personal protective measures by all personnel at TAB, 3) vector and reservoir control, and 4) education of military personnel about sand flies and leishmaniasis. The establishment of the LCP at TAB before the onset of any human disease conclusively demonstrated that entomologists can play a critical role during military deployments.

The development and survival of sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae) larvae fed feces of Syrian hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, that had been fed a diet containing novaluron were evaluated. In total, six larval diets were used in sand fly larval bioassays. Four groups of larvae were fed feces of hamsters that had been maintained on a diet containing either 0,9.88, 98.8, or 988 ppm novaluron. Two additional groups were fed a larval diet composed of equal parts composted rabbit feces and rabbit chow containing either 0 or 988 ppm novaluron. No pupation, hence no adult emergence, occurred when larvae were fed feces of hamsters that were fed diets containing novaluron. The mortality of sand flies fed feces of treated hamsters occurred during larval molts. The results of this study suggest that a control strategy using rodent baits containing novaluron to control phlebotomine sand flies and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis may be possible.

Rodent baits containing systemic insecticides are potential tools to interrupt the cycle of transmission of Leishmania parasites by killing sand flies that take bloodmeals from rodents as adults. Bio-indicators that can be used in conjunction with rodent-targeted sand fly control methods also have been developed to demonstrate that the insecticide treatments are reaching the targeted life stages of sand flies and to quantify the effect of the insecticide treatments on sand fly populations. This article presents new results from a field study on the use of rodent bait containing a systemic insecticide in Kenya. The objective of this field study was to incorporate the fluorescent dye rhodamine B into rodent baits to determine the level of blood feeding by the sand fly Phlebotomus duboscqi on targeted rodents, and to demonstrate the effect of rodent bait containing the systemic insecticide ivermectin on blood-feeding adult females of P. duboscqi. Over 50% of the blood-fed females of P. duboscqi collected at sites that were treated with rodent baits containing rhodamine B alone were positive for the presence of rhodamine B while no blood-fed females of P. duboscqi collected at the sites treated with rodent baits containing rhodamine B plus ivermectin were positive for the presence of rhodamine B. The results of this field trial constitute proof of concept for the targeted control of an epidemiologically significant portion of the population of the sand fly vector of Leishmania major, and demonstrate the potential for the interruption of the transmission of L. major using applications of systemic insecticide-treated rodent baits.

Ivermectin was evaluated as a potential rodent feed-through for the control of immature stages of Phlebotomus papatasi. The survival of sand fly larvae fed feces of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) that had been fed a diet containing 0, 2, 6, 10, 20, 60, or 100 ppm ivermectin was measured. Sand fly larvae fed the feces of ivermectin-treated hamsters had significantly reduced survival, with 100% mortality of larvae fed feces of hamsters fed a diet containing 20, 60, and 100 ppm ivermectin. The results of this study suggest that a control strategy using rodent baits containing ivermectin to control phlebotomine sand flies may be possible. Because rodent reservoirs and sand fly vectors of Leishmania major live in close association in many parts of the Middle East, the control of transmission of the agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis also may be possible.

Ivermectin was evaluated as a potential rodent feed-through for the control of immature stages of Phlebotomus papatasi. The survival of sand fly larvae fed feces of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) that had been fed a diet containing 0, 2, 6, 10, 20, 60, or 100 ppm ivermectin was measured. Sand fly larvae fed the feces of ivermectin-treated hamsters had significantly reduced survival, with 100% mortality of larvae fed feces of hamsters fed a diet containing 20, 60, and 100 ppm ivermectin. The results of this study suggest that a control strategy using rodent baits containing ivermectin to control phlebotomine sand flies may be possible. Because rodent reservoirs and sand fly vectors of Leishmania major live in close association in many parts of the Middle East, the control of transmission of the agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis also may be possible.

Sand production like water and gas production is one of the perennial problems plaguing the oil industry because of its safety, economics or environmental impact on production. In order to properly optimise production and monitor sand controlled well, it is imperative to evaluate the well performance, sand control effectiveness and durability of the treatment type installed in order to achieve the main aim of hydrocarbon production. The principal methods of sand control that are available to oil industry in Nigeria are internal gravel pack (IGP) and sand control using chemicals (SCON). This paper compares the principal methods of sand control measures installed in terms of their effect on performance, durability and sand control effectiveness in Niger Delta. Production and well data from 10 different wells were gotten for their flow rate, sand production and water production. Actual and ideal productivity index are calculated. Well inflow quality indicator (WIQI) was used as a criteria to determine the performance of the well for their treatment types. A graph of the production data was plotted against time (years). A bar chart of the treatment type before installation is plotted against time (years) and also a bar chart of sand produced after the treatment type installed was made to determine the durability and sand production effectiveness of the treatment types installed. The result show that SCON wells have better performance than IGP wells with WIQI values ranges from 0.6 – 1 to that of 0.2 – 0.6 for IGP wells. SCON wells recorded 2-4 years to that of 6 – 12 years of IGP wells for durability. SCON wells recorded sand production of about 55Ib/1000bbl, to that of 34Ib/1000bbl, for IGP wells after their installations. Based on these findings IGP wells are recommended for Niger Delta formation.

Sand production like water and gas production is one of the perennial problems plaguing the oil industry because of its safety, economics or environmental impact on production. In order to properly optimise production and monitor sand controlled well, it is imperative to evaluate the well performance, sand control effectiveness and durability of the treatment type installed in order to achieve the main aim of hydrocarbon production. The principal methods of sand control that are available to oil industry in Nigeria are internal gravel pack (IGP) and sand control using chemicals (SCON). This paper compares the principal methods of sand control measures installed in terms of their effect on performance, durability and sand control effectiveness in Niger Delta. Production and well data from 10 different wells were gotten for their flow rate, sand production and water production. Actual and ideal productivity index are calculated. Well inflow quality indicator (WIQI) was used as a criteria to determine the performance of the well for their treatment types. A graph of the production data was plotted against time (years). A bar chart of the treatment type before installation is plotted against time (years) and also a bar chart of sand produced after the treatment type installed was made to determine the durability and sand production effectiveness of the treatment types installed. The result show that SCON wells have better performance than IGP wells with WIQI values ranges from 0.6 – 1 to that of 0.2 – 0.6 for IGP wells. SCON wells recorded 2-4 years to that of 6 – 12 years of IGP wells for durability. SCON wells recorded sand production of about 55Ib/1000bbl, to that of 34Ib/1000bbl, for IGP wells after their installations. Based on these findings IGP wells are recommended for Niger Delta formation.

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Damage by wind-blown sand and its control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway in China 作者： LI Congjuan 1,2 WANG Yongdong 1,2 LEI Jiaqiang 1,2 XU Xinwen 1,2 WANG Shijie 1,2,3 FAN Jinglong 1,2 LI Shengyu 1,2 作者单位： 1. National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China 2. Taklimakan Desert Research Station, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Korla 841000, China 3. Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China 通讯作者： WANG Yongdong Email:[email protected] LEI Jiaqiang Email:[email protected] 提交时间： 2021-01-22 摘要: Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world, especially in the arid desert regions. Combating desertification, therefore, is an urgent task on a regional or even global scale. The Taklimakan Desert in China is the second largest mobile desert in the world and has been called the ''Dead Sea'' due to few organisms can exist in such a harsh environment. The Taklimakan Desert Highway, the longest desert highway (a total length of 446 km) across the mobile desert in the world, was built in the 1990s within the Taklimakan Desert. It has an important strategic significance regarding oil and gas resources exploration and plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of southern Xinjiang, China. However, wind-blow sand seriously damages the smoothness of the desert highway and, in this case, mechanical sand control system (including sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards) was used early in the life of the desert highway to protect the road. Unfortunately, more than 70% of the sand barrier fences and straw checkerboards have lost their functions, and the desert highway has often been buried and frequently blocked since 1999. To solve this problem, a long artificial shelterbelt with the length of 437 km was built along the desert highway since 2000. However, some potential problems still exist for the sustainable development of the desert highway, such as water shortage, strong sandstorms, extreme environmental characteristics and large maintenance costs. The study aims to provide an overview of the damages caused by wind-blown sand and the effects of sand control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway. Ultimately, we provide some suggestions for the biological sand control system to ensure the sustainable development of the Taklimakan Desert Highway, such as screening drought-resistant species to reduce the irrigation requirement and ensure the sound development of groundwater, screening halophytes to restore vegetation in the case of soil salinization, and planting cash crops, such as Cistanche, Wolfberry, Apocynum and other cash crops to decrease the high cost of maintenance on highways and shelterbelts. wind-blown sand sand barrier fences artificial shelterbelt mechanical sand control measure biological sand control measure sustainable development Taklimakan Desert Highway 期刊： Journal of Arid Land 分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 引用： ChinaXiv:202101.00071 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202101.00071V1 ) DOI:10.1007/s40333-020-0071-0 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202101.00071.V1 推荐引用方式： LI Congjuan,WANG Yongdong,LEI Jiaqiang,XU Xinwen,WANG Shijie,FAN Jinglong,LI Shengyu.(2021).Damage by wind-blown sand and its control measures along the Taklimakan Desert Highway in China.Journal of Arid Land.doi:10.1007/s40333-020-0071-0 版本历史 [V1] 2021-01-22 16:37:20 ChinaXiv:202101.00071V1 下载全文

This study evaluated the toxicity and duration of 3 residual insecticides against the Old World sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi, an important vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, on 2 types of tent material used by the US military in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Vinyl and cotton duck tent surface were treated at maximum labeled rate of lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS, Zeneca Inc, Wilmington, DE) bifenthrin (Talstar P. Professional, FMC Corportation, Philadelphia, PA) and permethrin (Insect Repellent, Clothing Application 40%, then subsequently stored in indoor, shaded space at room temperature 60%-70% relative humidity (RH) 22 degree C-25 degree C) and under sunlight and ambient air temperatures outdoors (20%-30% RH, 29 degree C- 44 degree C) Insecticide susceptible colony flies (F110) obtained from the insectary of US Navy Medical research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, were exposed to treated tent surfaces for 30 minutes periods twice monthly for up to 5 months, then once monthly thereafter, using the World Health Organization cone assay Lambda-cyhalothrin treated cotton duck tent material stored indoors killed P. papatasi for 8 months, while the complementary sun- exposed cotton duck material killed adult flies for 1 month before the efficacy dropped to less than 80 %.

Mayor Kurt Wilson is joined by Brian Watson, Director of Environmental/Public Works, at the site of the Ace Sand Phase I project on Riverside Road. This is the first project of the River Parks Master Plan, which will redefine Roswell’s riverscape. When Ace Sand Phase I is complete—in fall 2024—the park will feature a multi-use trail, boardwalk, pedestrian trails, and a series of adult fitness facilities. But it will also incorporate creative and innovative features to manage storm and flood waters and to stabilize the riverbank.

Population dynamics and control studies on Culicoides sand flies were continued at Parris Island, SC, and Yankeetown, FL. Adult seasonal patterns were monitored by NJ light traps. Five species, C. barbosai Wirth and Blanton, C. furens (Poey), C. hollensis Melander and Brues, C. melleus (Coquillett), and C. mississippiensis Hoffman are considered abundant. C. barbosai, C. furens and C. melleus are present from mid-April through late October; C. hollensis and C. mississippiensis peak in the spring and fall of the year. A comparison of several population survey techniques indicated that CDC-type traps baited with CO2 gas and used in conjunction with New Jersey traps should give a reliable estimate of Culicoides activity during chemical control tests. Twenty-one different larval habitats were identified at Parris Island. These data suggest that a properly timed effective larvicide could reduce adult emergence by 53% by treating 30% of the marsh. In chemical control studies, laboratory treated screens, field ground ULV and aerial ULV tests were conducted. NRDC-161 and permethrin gave ca. 100% mortality 168 days after the screens were treated at .125% A.I. (wt/vol. technical in acetone) for NRDC-161 and at .5% for permethrin. Deet-treated net jackets were tested in Panama and provided ca. 90% protection.

A common problem during floods along the lower Mississippi River is the formation of sand boils on the landward sides of levees. If the hydrostatic pressure in the pervious substratum landward of a levee becomes greater than the submerged weight of the topstratum, the uplift pressure may cause heaving and rupture at weak spots with a resulting concentration of seepage flow in the form of sand boils. This, in turn, can lead to piping and instability of the levees during critical high-water periods. The disposition of pervious versus impervious floodplain deposits beneath the levee and the angle at which such bodies are crossed by the overlying levees are controlling factors in the localization of sand boils. Thus recognition of alluvial landforms forming the riverbanks, the types of soils association with them, and their detailed mapping in plan and profile are important factors in levee design. Corrective design involves: (a) detailed delineation of the surface and subsurface geology (b) careful selection of borrow pits to avoid stripping critically thin topstratum deposits, and (c) the use of riverside of landside berms of blankets and/or the installation of relief wells.

This DURIP equipment supplement provided the apparatus needed for development and execution of a unique method in femtosecond pulse shaping. In particular, the method allows a single laser beam with a single femtosecond pulse to be transformed into many spatially separate beams, each one with a specified sequence of femtosecond pulses.

Leishmaniasis remains a global health problem because of the substantial holes that remain in our understanding of sand fly ecology and the failure of traditional vector control methods. The specific larval food source is unknown for all but a few sand fly species, and this is particularly true for the vectors of Leishmania parasites. We provide methods and materials that could be used to understand, and ultimately break, the transmission cycle of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. We demonstrated in laboratory studies that analysis of the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes found naturally in plant and animal tissues was highly effective for linking adult sand flies with their larval diet, without having to locate or capture the sand fly larvae themselves. In a field trial, we also demonstrated using this technique that half of captured adult sand flies had fed as larvae on rodent feces. Through the identification of rodent feces as a sand fly larval habitat, we now know that rodent baits containing insecticides that have been shown in previous studies to pass into the rodents' feces and kill sand fly larvae also could play a future role in sand fly control. In a second study we showed that rubidium incorporated into rodent baits could be used to demonstrate the level of bloodfeeding by sand flies on baited rodents, and that the elimination of sand flies that feed on rodents can be achieved using baits containing an insecticide that circulates in the blood of baited rodents. Combined, the techniques described could help to identify larval food sources of other important vectors of the protozoa that cause visceral or dermal leishmaniasis. Unveiling aspects of the life cycles of sand flies that could be targeted with insecticides would guide future sand fly control programs for prevention of leishmaniasis.

Population dynamics and control studies on Culicoides biting midges were continued at Parris Island, South Carolina, and Yankeetown, Florida. Studies on immature populations were conducted at both sites. At Parris Island the most productive breeding areas were under large logs in the marsh proper or areas shaded by oak trees. At Yankeetown during a 10 wk study, Dishtichlis vegetated areas were most productive. No large difference was detected between the larval densities from the gridded marsh area (also studied in 1981) and the surrounding marsh areas. In chemical control studies, evaluations of permethrin and NRDC-161 as window screen treatments were continued. Aerial ULV tests using 1.0 oz Dibrom 14/acre resulted in a significant reduction of natural populations of adult Culicoides at Parris Island.

Sand flies belong to the subfamily Phlebotominae of the dipteran family Psychodidae. Sand flies are small, with a body about 3mm in length being typical for many species. They are noted for hairy bodies and wings and relatively long legs. At rest, the wings are held nearly erect and in a characteristic upright V-formation, unlike most other biting flies. Sand flies have nearly silent flight (Killick-Kendrick 1999, Maroli et al. 2012), presumably from the presence of hairs on their wings, which in combination with their small size, may explain their ability to inflict multiple bites on humans and remain undetected. Only females are able to pierce the skin of their vertebrate hosts to imbibe blood. Although not always felt, sand fly bites usually produce small, round, reddish bumps that may start itching hours or days later. Some species are selective in their feeding habits, but others feed on any suitable animal they encounter. They use their mouthparts to lacerate the host s skin, disrupting cells and causing a blood pool to form, from which they obtain their blood meal. Like most blood-feeding ectoparasites, they inject salivary proteins and other biochemicals into the bite wound, which then serve to inhibit blood clotting and promote blood flow. In addition to being a tremendous nuisance when their biting interferes with and degrades mission performance, sand flies have been implicated as vectors of several disease agents, including those responsible for the various forms of leishmaniasis. Sand flies have been, and will continue to be, a major preventive medicine issue during military exercises and operations conducted within their geographic range. For these reasons, sand fly surveillance and control are key responsibilities of utmost importance for preventive medicine personnel. Control of sand flies can be difficult because immature habitats are poorly understood, which makes them difficult to target with available control measures.

The benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron was evaluated as a rodent feed-through for the control of immature stages of Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae). The development and survival of second instars of P. papatasi larvae that were fed feces from Syrian hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus, that had been fed a diet containing 0, 8.97, 89.7, or 897 ppm diflubenzuron was evaluated. No pupation or adult emergence occurred when larvae were fed feces from hamsters that were fed diets containing diflubenzuron. The mortality of sand flies fed feces from treated hamsters was coincident with pupation of the controls, suggesting a specific effects on the larval-to-pupal molt. The results of this study suggest that a control strategy using rodent baits containing diflubenzuron for phlebotomine sand flies and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis may be possible.

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This article is from Parasites & Vectors , volume 4 . Abstract Background: Leishmania donovani is transmitted by the bite of the sand fly, Phlebotomus argentipes. This parasite is the agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), an endemic disease in Bihar, India, where prevention has relied mainly on DDT spraying. Pesticide resistance in sand fly populations, environmental toxicity, and limited resources confound this approach. A novel paratransgenic strategy aimed at control of vectorial transmission of L. donovani is presented using Bacillus subtilis, a commensal bacterium isolated from the sand fly gut. In this work, B. subtilis expressing Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) was added to sterilized larval chow. Control pots contained larval chow spiked either with untransformed B. subtilis or phosphate-buffered saline. Fourth-instar P. argentipes larvae were transferred into the media and allowed to mature. The number of bacterial colony forming units, relative abundance and the mean microbial load were determined per developmental stage. Results: Addition of B. subtilis to larval chow did not affect sand fly emergence rates. B. cereus and Lys fusiformis were identified at each developmental stage, revealing transstadial passage of endogenous microbes. Larvae exposed to an exogenous bolus of B. subtilis harbored significantly larger numbers of bacteria. Bacterial load decreased to a range comparable to sand flies from control pots, suggesting an upper limit to the number of bacteria harbored. Emerging flies reared in larval chow containing transformed B. subtilis carried large numbers of these bacteria in their gut lumens. Strong GFP expression was detected in these paratransgenic flies with no spread of transformed bacteria to other compartments of the insects. This is the first demonstration of paratransgenic manipulation of P. argentipes. Conclusions: Paratransgenic manipulation of P. argentipes appears feasible. Expression of leishmanicidal molecules via commensal bacteria commonly found at breeding sites of P. argentipes could render adult sand flies refractory to L. donovani infection.

a Study at :  Biodeterioration of external painted walls Cause sand control