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One of the main problems that affect the data integrity of passive RFID systems is the collision between the tags. A popular anticollision algorithm which dominates the standards in HF and UHF passive RFID systems is Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) and some variations of FSA. Throughput and Average time delay of the RFID system which determines the performance/efficiency of the system are reduced rapidly when the number of tags inside the interrogation zone is increased. Using larger frame sizes is not always the solution. This thesis discusses and compares the existing protocols, and proposes a variation of FSA, called Progressing Scanning (PS) algorithm. The PS algorithm divides the tags in the interrogation zone into smaller groups, and gives the ability to the reader to communicate each time with one of them. For performance analysis, the PS algorithm was evaluated with the parameters of a typical passive RFID system at 2.45 GHz . The results showed that the PS algorithm can improve the efficiency of the RFID system and provide a reliable solution for cases with a high density of tags in the area (over 800 tags ).

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 11 . Abstract The traditional Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, in which the information maintained in tags is passive and static, has no intelligent decision-making ability to suit application and environment dynamics. The Second-Generation RFID (2G-RFID) system, referred as 2G-RFID-sys, is an evolution of the traditional RFID system to ensure better quality of service in future networks. Due to the openness of the active mobile codes in the 2G-RFID system, the realization of conveying intelligence brings a critical issue: how can we make sure the backend system will interpret and execute mobile codes in the right way without misuse so as to avoid malicious attacks? To address this issue, this paper expands the concept of Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) by introducing context-aware computing, and then designs a secure middleware for backend systems, named Two-Level Security Enhancement Mechanism or 2L-SEM, in order to ensure the usability and validity of the mobile code through contextual authentication and role analysis. According to the given contextual restrictions, 2L-SEM can filtrate the illegal and invalid mobile codes contained in tags. Finally, a reference architecture and its typical application are given to illustrate the implementation of 2L-SEM in a 2G-RFID system, along with the simulation results to evaluate how the proposed mechanism can guarantee secure execution of mobile codes for the system.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 11 . Abstract The traditional Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, in which the information maintained in tags is passive and static, has no intelligent decision-making ability to suit application and environment dynamics. The Second-Generation RFID (2G-RFID) system, referred as 2G-RFID-sys, is an evolution of the traditional RFID system to ensure better quality of service in future networks. Due to the openness of the active mobile codes in the 2G-RFID system, the realization of conveying intelligence brings a critical issue: how can we make sure the backend system will interpret and execute mobile codes in the right way without misuse so as to avoid malicious attacks? To address this issue, this paper expands the concept of Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) by introducing context-aware computing, and then designs a secure middleware for backend systems, named Two-Level Security Enhancement Mechanism or 2L-SEM, in order to ensure the usability and validity of the mobile code through contextual authentication and role analysis. According to the given contextual restrictions, 2L-SEM can filtrate the illegal and invalid mobile codes contained in tags. Finally, a reference architecture and its typical application are given to illustrate the implementation of 2L-SEM in a 2G-RFID system, along with the simulation results to evaluate how the proposed mechanism can guarantee secure execution of mobile codes for the system.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 11 . Abstract The traditional Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system, in which the information maintained in tags is passive and static, has no intelligent decision-making ability to suit application and environment dynamics. The Second-Generation RFID (2G-RFID) system, referred as 2G-RFID-sys, is an evolution of the traditional RFID system to ensure better quality of service in future networks. Due to the openness of the active mobile codes in the 2G-RFID system, the realization of conveying intelligence brings a critical issue: how can we make sure the backend system will interpret and execute mobile codes in the right way without misuse so as to avoid malicious attacks? To address this issue, this paper expands the concept of Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) by introducing context-aware computing, and then designs a secure middleware for backend systems, named Two-Level Security Enhancement Mechanism or 2L-SEM, in order to ensure the usability and validity of the mobile code through contextual authentication and role analysis. According to the given contextual restrictions, 2L-SEM can filtrate the illegal and invalid mobile codes contained in tags. Finally, a reference architecture and its typical application are given to illustrate the implementation of 2L-SEM in a 2G-RFID system, along with the simulation results to evaluate how the proposed mechanism can guarantee secure execution of mobile codes for the system.

Design and implementation of a cryptographic algorithm based on the AES advanced encryption standard for UHF RFID systems

Design and implementation of a cryptographic algorithm based on the AES advanced encryption standard for UHF RFID systems

Design and implementation of a cryptographic algorithm based on the AES advanced encryption standard for UHF RFID systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in missing tag detection to reduce and avoid inventory shrinkage. In this application, promptly finding out the missing event is of paramount importance. However, existing missing tag detection protocols cannot efficiently handle the presence of a large number of unexpected tags whose IDs are not known to the reader, which shackles the time efficiency. To deal with the problem of detecting missing tags in the presence of unexpected tags, this paper introduces a two-phase Bloom filter-based missing tag detection protocol (BMTD). The proposed BMTD exploits Bloom filter in sequence to first deactivate the unexpected tags and then test the membership of the expected tags, thus dampening the interference from the unexpected tags and considerably reducing the detection time. Moreover, the theoretical analysis of the protocol parameters is performed to minimize the detection time of the proposed BMTD and achieve the required reliability simultaneously. Extensive experiments are then conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed BMTD. The results demonstrate that the proposed BMTD significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in missing tag detection to reduce and avoid inventory shrinkage. In this application, promptly finding out the missing event is of paramount importance. However, existing missing tag detection protocols cannot efficiently handle the presence of a large number of unexpected tags whose IDs are not known to the reader, which shackles the time efficiency. To deal with the problem of detecting missing tags in the presence of unexpected tags, this paper introduces a two-phase Bloom filter-based missing tag detection protocol (BMTD). The proposed BMTD exploits Bloom filter in sequence to first deactivate the unexpected tags and then test the membership of the expected tags, thus dampening the interference from the unexpected tags and considerably reducing the detection time. Moreover, the theoretical analysis of the protocol parameters is performed to minimize the detection time of the proposed BMTD and achieve the required reliability simultaneously. Extensive experiments are then conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed BMTD. The results demonstrate that the proposed BMTD significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely used in missing tag detection to reduce and avoid inventory shrinkage. In this application, promptly finding out the missing event is of paramount importance. However, existing missing tag detection protocols cannot efficiently handle the presence of a large number of unexpected tags whose IDs are not known to the reader, which shackles the time efficiency. To deal with the problem of detecting missing tags in the presence of unexpected tags, this paper introduces a two-phase Bloom filter-based missing tag detection protocol (BMTD). The proposed BMTD exploits Bloom filter in sequence to first deactivate the unexpected tags and then test the membership of the expected tags, thus dampening the interference from the unexpected tags and considerably reducing the detection time. Moreover, the theoretical analysis of the protocol parameters is performed to minimize the detection time of the proposed BMTD and achieve the required reliability simultaneously. Extensive experiments are then conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed BMTD. The results demonstrate that the proposed BMTD significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions.

CBP?s Trusted Traveler Systems Using RFID Technology Require Enhanced Security (Redacted) OIG-06-36 http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIGr-06-36_May06.pdf (Unofficial mirror of http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/241350-cbps-trusted-traveler-systems-using-rfid.html)

CBP?s Trusted Traveler Systems Using RFID Technology Require Enhanced Security (Redacted) OIG-06-36 http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIGr-06-36_May06.pdf (Unofficial mirror of http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/241350-cbps-trusted-traveler-systems-using-rfid.html)

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an emerging technology that has been recently used in numerous business and public fields. Most military applications of RFID have focused on logistics systems. Since RFID investment requires high initial cost and its benefits are hard to see in the short term, it needs an appropriate investment decision model. The purpose of this research is to propose a Cost of Ownership (COO) model for RFID integration into the Military Logistics System (MLS). The study primarily focuses on the question, whether the cost of integrating and operating the Turkish Naval Logistics System (TNLS) with RFID is worth investing. The results of this study provide a strategic roadmap allowing decision makers to determine if the logistics system considered is a good candidate for RFID technology integration based on the comparison of the COOs of the current and the RFID integrated MLS. This study also enlightens possible cost parameters and their impacts on the total cost of RFID technology implementation in MLS.

This thesis focuses on a return on investment (ROI) strategy for radio frequency identification (RFID) item-level tagging of assets by organizations that maintain manual inventory and tracking systems. The basis of strategy exists in leveraging benefits offered in repeated use of automated identify data and capture technology, RFID. The business model used for this thesis focuses on organizations that provide reference material management services (RMMS) (e.g. library reference material, employee privacy information records, laptops, etc) to internal and external customers. Although technology has created a means to digitized reference material, many organizations are required to maintain manual record systems for various reasons. In addition, a digitized capability does not address the issue of accounting for other pilferable items such as laptops, personal digital assistants, etc. Therefore, evaluating capabilities available in RFID technology could lead to strategic options for eliminating the challenges posed by the lack of item visibility that exist in a manual RMMS business processes. Strategy development will derive from lessons learned in documented RMMS case studies that implemented an RFID solution. This thesis discusses and analyzes companies in private sector industry that have reported positive ROI with tangible benefits by implementing RFID for the purpose of asset control/management.

This thesis focuses on a return on investment (ROI) strategy for radio frequency identification (RFID) item-level tagging of assets by organizations that maintain manual inventory and tracking systems. The basis of strategy exists in leveraging benefits offered in repeated use of automated identify data and capture technology, RFID. The business model used for this thesis focuses on organizations that provide reference material management services (RMMS) (e.g. library reference material, employee privacy information records, laptops, etc) to internal and external customers. Although technology has created a means to digitized reference material, many organizations are required to maintain manual record systems for various reasons. In addition, a digitized capability does not address the issue of accounting for other pilferable items such as laptops, personal digital assistants, etc. Therefore, evaluating capabilities available in RFID technology could lead to strategic options for eliminating the challenges posed by the lack of item visibility that exist in a manual RMMS business processes. Strategy development will derive from lessons learned in documented RMMS case studies that implemented an RFID solution. This thesis discusses and analyzes companies in private sector industry that have reported positive ROI with tangible benefits by implementing RFID for the purpose of asset control/management.

This thesis focuses on a return on investment (ROI) strategy for radio frequency identification (RFID) item-level tagging of assets by organizations that maintain manual inventory and tracking systems. The basis of strategy exists in leveraging benefits offered in repeated use of automated identify data and capture technology, RFID. The business model used for this thesis focuses on organizations that provide reference material management services (RMMS) (e.g. library reference material, employee privacy information records, laptops, etc) to internal and external customers. Although technology has created a means to digitized reference material, many organizations are required to maintain manual record systems for various reasons. In addition, a digitized capability does not address the issue of accounting for other pilferable items such as laptops, personal digital assistants, etc. Therefore, evaluating capabilities available in RFID technology could lead to strategic options for eliminating the challenges posed by the lack of item visibility that exist in a manual RMMS business processes. Strategy development will derive from lessons learned in documented RMMS case studies that implemented an RFID solution. This thesis discusses and analyzes companies in private sector industry that have reported positive ROI with tangible benefits by implementing RFID for the purpose of asset control/management.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract The main objective of Radio Frequency Identification systems is to provide fast identification for tagged objects. However, there is always a chance of collision, when tags transmit their data to the reader simultaneously. Collision is a time-consuming event that reduces the performance of RFID systems. Consequently, several anti-collision algorithms have been proposed in the literature. Dynamic Framed Slotted ALOHA (DFSA) is one of the most popular of these algorithms. DFSA dynamically modifies the frame size based on the number of tags. Since the real number of tags is unknown, it needs to be estimated. Therefore, an accurate tag estimation method has an important role in increasing the efficiency and overall performance of the tag identification process. In this paper, we propose a novel estimation technique for DFSA anti-collision algorithms that applies birthday paradox theory to estimate the number of tags accurately. The analytical discussion and simulation results prove that the proposed method increases the accuracy of tag estimation and, consequently, outperforms previous schemes.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 11 . Abstract This paper proposes an efficient management system utilizing a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) antenna control unit which is moving along with the path of boxes of materials on the conveyor belt by manipulating a motor. The proposed antenna control unit, which is driven by a motor and is located on top of the gate, has an array structure of two antennas with parallel connection. The array structure helps improve the directivity of antenna beam pattern and the readable RFID distance due to its configuration. In the experiments, as the control unit follows moving materials, the reading time has been improved by almost three-fold compared to an RFID system employing conventional fixed antennas. The proposed system also has a recognition rate of over 99% without additional antennas for detecting the sides of a box of materials. The recognition rate meets the conditions recommended by the Electronic Product Code glbal network (EPC)global for commercializing the system, with three antennas at a 20 dBm power of reader and a conveyor belt speed of 3.17 m/s. This will enable a host of new RFID conveyor belt gate systems with increased performance.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled information collection are disclosed, including an enclosure, a collector coupled to the enclosure, an interrogator, a processor, and one or more RFID field sensors, each having an individual identification, disposed within the enclosure. In operation, the interrogator transmits an incident signal to the collector, causing the collector to generate an electromagnetic field within the enclosure. The electromagnetic field is affected by one or more influences. RFID sensors respond to the electromagnetic field by transmitting reflected signals containing the individual identifications of the responding RFID sensors to the interrogator. The interrogator receives the reflected signals, measures one or more returned signal strength indications (\"RSSI\") of the reflected signals and sends the RSSI measurements and identification of the responding RFID sensors to the processor to determine one or more facts about the influences. Other embodiments are also described.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled information collection are disclosed, including an enclosure, a collector coupled to the enclosure, an interrogator, a processor, and one or more RFID field sensors, each having an individual identification, disposed within the enclosure. In operation, the interrogator transmits an incident signal to the collector, causing the collector to generate an electromagnetic field within the enclosure. The electromagnetic field is affected by one or more influences. RFID sensors respond to the electromagnetic field by transmitting reflected signals containing the individual identifications of the responding RFID sensors to the interrogator. The interrogator receives the reflected signals, measures one or more returned signal strength indications (\"RSSI\") of the reflected signals and sends the RSSI measurements and identification of the responding RFID sensors to the processor to determine one or more facts about the influences. Other embodiments are also described.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled information collection are disclosed, including an enclosure, a collector coupled to the enclosure, an interrogator, a processor, and one or more RFID field sensors, each having an individual identification, disposed within the enclosure. In operation, the interrogator transmits an incident signal to the collector, causing the collector to generate an electromagnetic field within the enclosure. The electromagnetic field is affected by one or more influences. RFID sensors respond to the electromagnetic field by transmitting reflected signals containing the individual identifications of the responding RFID sensors to the interrogator. The interrogator receives the reflected signals, measures one or more returned signal strength indications (\"RSSI\") of the reflected signals and sends the RSSI measurements and identification of the responding RFID sensors to the processor to determine one or more facts about the influences. Other embodiments are also described.

This item represents a case in PACER, the U.S. Government's website for federal case data. If you wish to see the entire case, please consult PACER directly.

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 This paper proposes a flexible and novel architecture of Internet of Things (IOT) in a high density and mobility environment. Our proposed architecture solves the problem of over-loading on the network by monitoring the total number of changed objects changing global location crossing the fringe boundaries rather than the actual number of objects present or those that move within the local area. We have modified the reader architecture of the EPCglobal Architecture. The components and the working of the model has been illustrated in detail. We have also discussed the physical implementation of our model taking the examples of a smart home sample application and the performance results have been tabulated and represented graphically.

This thesis focuses on a return on investment (ROI) strategy for radio frequency identification (RFID) item-level tagging of assets by organizations that maintain manual inventory and tracking systems. The basis of strategy exists in leveraging benefits offered in repeated use of automated identify data and capture technology, RFID. The business model used for this thesis focuses on organizations that provide reference material management services (RMMS) (e.g. library reference material, employee privacy information records, laptops, etc) to internal and external customers. Although technology has created a means to digitized reference material, many organizations are required to maintain manual record systems for various reasons. In addition, a digitized capability does not address the issue of accounting for other pilferable items such as laptops, personal digital assistants, etc. Therefore, evaluating capabilities available in RFID technology could lead to strategic options for eliminating the challenges posed by the lack of item visibility that exist in a manual RMMS business processes. Strategy development will derive from lessons learned in documented RMMS case studies that implemented an RFID solution. This thesis discusses and analyzes companies in private sector industry that have reported positive ROI with tangible benefits by implementing RFID for the purpose of asset control/management.

This research grant had 2 primary purposes and components: 1) to eliminate time and man hours that hospital personnel spent searching for equipment in a large health care facility. Asset tags were installed on hospital equipment to electronically locate the medical devices. This report will detail all findings of the use and equipment features. 2) To devise a system for Emergency Department staff to efficiently collect insurance co-payments. A wireless system to notify staff was installed for Emergency personnel to assist in the collection of insurance co-payments.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an emerging technology that has been recently used in numerous business and public fields. Most military applications of RFID have focused on logistics systems. Since RFID investment requires high initial cost and its benefits are hard to see in the short term, it needs an appropriate investment decision model. The purpose of this research is to propose a Cost of Ownership (COO) model for RFID integration into the Military Logistics System (MLS). The study primarily focuses on the question, whether the cost of integrating and operating the Turkish Naval Logistics System (TNLS) with RFID is worth investing. The results of this study provide a strategic roadmap allowing decision makers to determine if the logistics system considered is a good candidate for RFID technology integration based on the comparison of the COOs of the current and the RFID integrated MLS. This study also enlightens possible cost parameters and their impacts on the total cost of RFID technology implementation in MLS.

This paper presents the capabilities of using Pseudorandom noise (PN) codes as a channel-coding scheme for the tag to reader communication. A comparative of the standardized coding scheme and the PN is presented. To take advantage of the PN code's orthogonality an example is shown using gold sequences of length 31 coding 16 symbols, which encodes the information that is backscattered by the tag. At the reader the corresponding correlation receiver is implemented to detect any of the 16 possible symbols. The decision is made using a maximum-likelihood method. This coding scheme will be compared to the EPCglobal GEN 2 standardized Miller codes in order to establish its advantages and disadvantages.

Methods, apparatuses and systems for radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled information collection are disclosed, including an enclosure, a collector coupled to the enclosure, an interrogator, a processor, and one or more RFID field sensors, each having an individual identification, disposed within the enclosure. In operation, the interrogator transmits an incident signal to the collector, causing the collector to generate an electromagnetic field within the enclosure. The electromagnetic field is affected by one or more influences. RFID sensors respond to the electromagnetic field by transmitting reflected signals containing the individual identifications of the responding RFID sensors to the interrogator. The interrogator receives the reflected signals, measures one or more returned signal strength indications ("RSSI") of the reflected signals and sends the RSSI measurements and identification of the responding RFID sensors to the processor to determine one or more facts about the influences. Other embodiments are also described.

One of the main problems that affect the data integrity of passive RFID systems is the collision between the tags. A popular anticollision algorithm which dominates the standards in HF and UHF passive RFID systems is Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA) and some variations of FSA. Throughput and Average time delay of the RFID system which determines the performance/efficiency of the system are reduced rapidly when the number of tags inside the interrogation zone is increased. Using larger frame sizes is not always the solution. This thesis discusses and compares the existing protocols, and proposes a variation of FSA, called Progressing Scanning (PS) algorithm. The PS algorithm divides the tags in the interrogation zone into smaller groups, and gives the ability to the reader to communicate each time with one of them. For performance analysis, the PS algorithm was evaluated with the parameters of a typical passive RFID system at 2.45GHz . The results showed that the PS algorithm can improve the efficiency of the RFID system and provide a reliable solution for cases with a high density of tags in the area

Methods, apparatuses and systems for radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled information collection are disclosed, including an enclosure, a collector coupled to the enclosure, an interrogator, a processor, and one or more RFID field sensors, each having an individual identification, disposed within the enclosure. In operation, the interrogator transmits an incident signal to the collector, causing the collector to generate an electromagnetic field within the enclosure. The electromagnetic field is affected by one or more influences. RFID sensors respond to the electromagnetic field by transmitting reflected signals containing the individual identifications of the responding RFID sensors to the interrogator. The interrogator receives the reflected signals, measures one or more returned signal strength indications (\"RSSI\") of the reflected signals and sends the RSSI measurements and identification of the responding RFID sensors to the processor to determine one or more facts about the influences. Other embodiments are also described.

The objective of this research is to review the underlying principles based on quality of care in the health sector. Major components of quality of care include patient safety, effectiveness, and efficiency, which are some of the measures considered. The research demonstrates the use of emerging Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to reduce health care costs. It also facilitates the automating and streamlining of healthcare management process (e.g., identify and locate patient and equipment) in health facilities (such as hospitals, home health monitoring, physicianâs offices, elderly care facilities, fitness centres and health research studies). Based on the above analysis, the research outlines the design and application of real-time RFID-enabled Health Information System (HIS) applications.