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Reversing Language Shift by Joshua A. Fishman
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1ERIC ED428926: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?
By ERIC
This paper discusses the status of the endangered Kwak'wala language on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and efforts to revive it. Kwak'wala, also known as Kwakiutl, belongs to the Kwakiutlian group of the Wakashan language family. Following a description of Kwak'wala's historic decline and current status (mostly elderly speakers comprising about 4 percent of the population), the paper discusses characteristics of successful language revitalization efforts. Examples from indigenous populations around the world illustrate the importance of these five characteristics: a sense of group solidarity, emphasis on literacy, environments that allow immersion in the target language, use of the language in the media, and a large or isolated population of speakers and potential speakers. Drawing on the characteristics and activities of successful programs, suggestions are outlined for the design of a Kwak'wala revitalization program. Efforts to implement these suggestions had varying degrees of success. Most community members expressed a desire to revive Kwak'wala but were not willing to do much themselves, preferring instead to shift responsibility to the schools. After some initial enthusiasm, community interest faded and classes dwindled to a few individuals, although some were very motivated. The most successful community activity was a short-term culture and language immersion camp. It appears that unless the community is willing to radically change the way it approaches Kwak'wala, the language will die completely in a few decades. Contains 25 references. (SV)
“ERIC ED428926: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?” Metadata:
- Title: ➤ ERIC ED428926: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?
- Author: ERIC
- Language: English
“ERIC ED428926: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?” Subjects and Themes:
- Subjects: ➤ ERIC Archive - American Indian Education - American Indian Languages - Canada Natives - Community Attitudes - Community Responsibility - Foreign Countries - Language Maintenance - Language Usage - Program Design - Second Language Instruction - Anonby, Stan J.
Edition Identifiers:
- Internet Archive ID: ERIC_ED428926
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The book is available for download in "texts" format, the size of the file-s is: 33.69 Mbs, the file-s for this book were downloaded 85 times, the file-s went public at Mon Dec 28 2015.
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2Rebuilding The Celtic Languages : Reversing Language Shift In The Celtic Countries
This paper discusses the status of the endangered Kwak'wala language on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, and efforts to revive it. Kwak'wala, also known as Kwakiutl, belongs to the Kwakiutlian group of the Wakashan language family. Following a description of Kwak'wala's historic decline and current status (mostly elderly speakers comprising about 4 percent of the population), the paper discusses characteristics of successful language revitalization efforts. Examples from indigenous populations around the world illustrate the importance of these five characteristics: a sense of group solidarity, emphasis on literacy, environments that allow immersion in the target language, use of the language in the media, and a large or isolated population of speakers and potential speakers. Drawing on the characteristics and activities of successful programs, suggestions are outlined for the design of a Kwak'wala revitalization program. Efforts to implement these suggestions had varying degrees of success. Most community members expressed a desire to revive Kwak'wala but were not willing to do much themselves, preferring instead to shift responsibility to the schools. After some initial enthusiasm, community interest faded and classes dwindled to a few individuals, although some were very motivated. The most successful community activity was a short-term culture and language immersion camp. It appears that unless the community is willing to radically change the way it approaches Kwak'wala, the language will die completely in a few decades. Contains 25 references. (SV)
“Rebuilding The Celtic Languages : Reversing Language Shift In The Celtic Countries” Metadata:
- Title: ➤ Rebuilding The Celtic Languages : Reversing Language Shift In The Celtic Countries
- Language: English
“Rebuilding The Celtic Languages : Reversing Language Shift In The Celtic Countries” Subjects and Themes:
- Subjects: ➤ Celtic languages -- Revival - Celtic languages, Continental -- Revival - Celtic languages -- Study and teaching - Celtic languages, Continental -- Study and teaching - Language revival
Edition Identifiers:
- Internet Archive ID: rebuildingceltic0000unse
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The book is available for download in "texts" format, the size of the file-s is: 1199.67 Mbs, the file-s for this book were downloaded 83 times, the file-s went public at Mon May 22 2023.
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3ERIC ED431570: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?
By ERIC
Among the indigenous peoples of British Columbia are the Kwakwaka'wakw--at least 12 tribes that speak Kwak'wala, a language of the Kwakiutlian group of the Wakashan language family. This master's thesis reports on the condition of Kwak'wala, outlines a proposal for its revitalization, and describes an attempt to implement the proposal. Chapter 1 examines the history of Kwak'wala-speaking peoples, relationships between speakers of the five Kwak'wala dialects, and factors in the shift from Kwak'wala to English. This chapter also provides details on the extent of Kwak'wala usage and formal instruction in Port Hardy, Alert Bay, Gilford Island, Campbell River, and urban centers such as Victoria. Chapter 2 reviews successful language revival projects (such as Catalan, Hebrew, Navajo, Irish, Maori, and French in Quebec) that demonstrate the importance of five factors: large population of speakers and potential speakers, solidarity through culture or a larger social movement, literacy, immersion environments, and media use of the language. These five essential elements are used in chapter 3 to develop a proposal for reviving Kwak'wala that focuses on a clear vision, the paramount role of the family and community, and the proper role of formal language instruction at various levels of schooling and for adults. Chapter 4 describes efforts to implement the proposal in Alert Bay and community resistance to most approaches that were not school-based. It concludes that Kwak'wala will die in a few decades unless the community radically changes its approach to the language. Contains 61 references and a map of Kwakwaka'wakw settlements. (SV)
“ERIC ED431570: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?” Metadata:
- Title: ➤ ERIC ED431570: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?
- Author: ERIC
- Language: English
“ERIC ED431570: Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwak'wala Be Revived?” Subjects and Themes:
- Subjects: ➤ ERIC Archive - Adult Education - American Indian Education - American Indian Languages - Canada Natives - Community Attitudes - Community Education - Community Responsibility - Elementary Secondary Education - Foreign Countries - Language Maintenance - Language Usage - Preschool Education - Second Language Instruction - Anonby, Stan J.
Edition Identifiers:
- Internet Archive ID: ERIC_ED431570
Downloads Information:
The book is available for download in "texts" format, the size of the file-s is: 100.19 Mbs, the file-s for this book were downloaded 259 times, the file-s went public at Tue Dec 29 2015.
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