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Reversals in poor and normal second-grade readers were studied in relation to their whole phonological error pattern in reading real words and nonsense syllables. Error categories included sequence and orientation reversals, other consonants, vowels, and total error. Reversals occurred in quantity only in poor readers, with large individual differences. Overall error pattern was similar for good and poor readers. The two types of reversals were uncorrelated in poor readers, therefore not reflecting a single process. No aspect of the error patterns was found to be correlated with cerebral dominance assessed by an auditory rivalry technique. More errors occurred on nonsense syllables than on real words, but the error pattern was similar, suggesting that errors reflect phonological structure more than meaning. Since confusions among reversible letters presented in isolation occurred infrequently, their optical properties cannot be solely responsible for their confusions in reading. Comparisons of substitutions in the real word and nonsense lists support this conclusion. Reading of individual syllables was highly correlated with paragraph reading, suggesting that the beginning reader's problems are more concerned with synthesis of phonological segments than with strategies for scanning connected text. Tables and a bibliography are included. (Author/VJ)

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The paper examines the nature and remediation of reversal errors in five severely learning disabled boys (9-11 years old). Results of four phases (baseline and incentive conditions) are analyzed for timed and untimed performance of letter recognition. Among results cited are that for all Ss, errors in naming occurred with the letters p, d, b, and q, and not for the other letters. Data on the four letters are presented separately for two experiments. Results from both timed and untimed experiments are said to provide persuasive evidence that, in general, the reversal errors made by the Ss were easily manipulated. Findings are explained to support an educational rather than neurological explanation for reversals. Persistence of reversal problems is traced to assumptions by educators that the errors are neurological in origin and that direct intervention is unwarranted. (CL)

The paper examines the nature and remediation of reversal errors in five severely learning disabled boys (9-11 years old). Results of four phases (baseline and incentive conditions) are analyzed for timed and untimed performance of letter recognition. Among results cited are that for all Ss, errors in naming occurred with the letters p, d, b, and q, and not for the other letters. Data on the four letters are presented separately for two experiments. Results from both timed and untimed experiments are said to provide persuasive evidence that, in general, the reversal errors made by the Ss were easily manipulated. Findings are explained to support an educational rather than neurological explanation for reversals. Persistence of reversal problems is traced to assumptions by educators that the errors are neurological in origin and that direct intervention is unwarranted. (CL)

Spontaneous photon scattering by an atomic qubit is a notable example of environment-induced error and is a fundamental limit to the fidelity of quantum operations. In the scattering process the qubit loses its distinctive and coherent character owing to its entanglement with the photon. Using a single trapped ion we show that by utilizing the information carried by the photon we are able to coherently reverse this process and correct for the scattering error. We further used quantum process tomography to characterize the photon-scattering error and its correction scheme and demonstrate a correction fidelity greater than 85% whenever a photon was measured.

Rose Wilder Lane was a newspaper reporter, free-lance writer, political activist, and the daughter of Laura Ingalls Wilder, author of the "Little House" series of popular children's books. In this biography of Henry Ford, Ms. Lane worked directly with Ford to tell his story from his birth to his founding of the Ford Motor Company and his use of modern assembly lines to mass produce his cars. (Summary by Lee Ann Howlett.)

2Mizora: A Prophecy.

By Mary E Bradley Lane

After being exiled from her home and family, Vera Zarovich finds herself in Mizora, a civilization at the center of the Earth made up entirely of women. This text recounts her experiences there and what she learns during in time in this "utopian" civilization. - Summary by casmith512

3Peaks of Shala

By Rose Wilder Lane

This book was published in 1923. From the author's own Introduction: "I would not have this book considered too seriously. It is not an attempt to untangle one thread in the Balkan snarl; it is not a study of primitive peoples; it is not a contribution to the world’s knowledge, and I hope no one will read it to improve the mind. It should be read as the adventures in it were lived, with a gayly inquiring mind, a taste for strange peoples and unknown trails, and a delight in the unexpected. Here I give you only what I saw, felt, and most casually learned while adventuring among the tribes in the interior northern Albanian mountains..." <br><br> Three brave American Zonyas (women) venture into the mountains of Northern Albania at a time not long after the Great War, when the boundaries (and even the right to exist) of the Balkan states were still hotly disputed. The author tells us why: "the people are living as they lived twenty centuries ago, before the Greek or the Roman or the Slav was ever known. There are prehistoric cities up there, old legends, songs, customs that no one knows anything about. No stranger’s ever even seen them." <br><br> What better reason to risk life, health, and limb? <br><br> (Summary by Steven Seitel)