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Quantum computing promises unprecedented computational power but poses a grave threat to today’s encryption schemes. This chapter explains the nature of that threat, the urgency of transitioning to post‑quantum cryptography (PQC), and the global efforts underway to secure our digital future. It analyzes vulnerabilities in classical systems (RSA, ECC), surveys leading PQC approaches including lattice‑based (CRYSTALS‑Kyber, Dilithium), multivariate (Rainbow, GeMSS), code‑ and hash‑based, and isogeny‑based constructions and examines real‑world applications in blockchain, secure communications, IoT, and government adoption, highlighting implementation challenges and future research directions.