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We present optical spectra for a representative sample of 27 nearby (z < 0.2) 2MASS-selected AGN with red near-IR colours (J-K 2.0). The spectra were taken with the ISIS spectrograph on the WHT with the aim of determining the nature of the red 2MASS AGN, in particular whether they are young quasars obscured by their natal cocoon of gas and dust. We compare our findings with those obtained for comparison samples of PG quasars and unobscured type 1 AGN. The spectra show a remarkable variety, including moderately reddened type 1 objects (45%), type 1 objects that appear similar to traditional UV/optical selected AGN (11%), narrow-line Seyfert 1 AGN (15%), type 2 AGN (22%) and HII/composite objects (7%). The high Balmer decrements that we measure in many of the type 1 objects are consistent with their red J-KS colours being due to moderate levels of dust extinction (0.2 < E(B-V) < 1.2). However, we measure only modest velocity shifts and widths for the broader [OIII]{\lambda}5007 emission line components that are similar to those measured in the comparison samples. This suggests that the outflows in the red 2MASS objects are not unusual compared with those of optical/UV selected AGN of similar luminosity. In addition, the Eddington ratios for the 2MASS sample are relatively modest. Overall, based on their optical spectra, we find no clear evidence that the population of red, 2MASS selected AGN at low redshifts represents young quasars. Most plausibly, these objects are normal type 1 AGN that are moderately obscured by material in the outer layers of the circum-nuclear tori or in the disks of the host galaxies.

We present optical spectra for a representative sample of 27 nearby (z < 0.2) 2MASS-selected AGN with red near-IR colours (J-K 2.0). The spectra were taken with the ISIS spectrograph on the WHT with the aim of determining the nature of the red 2MASS AGN, in particular whether they are young quasars obscured by their natal cocoon of gas and dust. We compare our findings with those obtained for comparison samples of PG quasars and unobscured type 1 AGN. The spectra show a remarkable variety, including moderately reddened type 1 objects (45%), type 1 objects that appear similar to traditional UV/optical selected AGN (11%), narrow-line Seyfert 1 AGN (15%), type 2 AGN (22%) and HII/composite objects (7%). The high Balmer decrements that we measure in many of the type 1 objects are consistent with their red J-KS colours being due to moderate levels of dust extinction (0.2 < E(B-V) < 1.2). However, we measure only modest velocity shifts and widths for the broader [OIII]{\lambda}5007 emission line components that are similar to those measured in the comparison samples. This suggests that the outflows in the red 2MASS objects are not unusual compared with those of optical/UV selected AGN of similar luminosity. In addition, the Eddington ratios for the 2MASS sample are relatively modest. Overall, based on their optical spectra, we find no clear evidence that the population of red, 2MASS selected AGN at low redshifts represents young quasars. Most plausibly, these objects are normal type 1 AGN that are moderately obscured by material in the outer layers of the circum-nuclear tori or in the disks of the host galaxies.

"On the Dependence of What Apparently Takes Place in Nature upon What Actually Occurs in the Universe of Real Existences" is an article from Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 42 . View more articles from Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-983726

Oppenheimer and Snyder found in 1939 that gravitational collapse in vacuum produces a "frozen star", i.e., the collapsing matter only asymptotically approaches the gravitational radius (event horizon) of the mass, but never crosses it within a finite time for an external observer. Based upon our recent publication on the problem of gravitational collapse in the physical universe for an external observer, the following results are reported here: (1) Matter can indeed fall across the event horizon within a finite time and thus BHs, rather than "frozen stars", are formed in gravitational collapse in the physical universe. (2) Matter fallen into an astrophysical black hole can never arrive at the exact center; the exact interior distribution of matter depends upon the history of the collapse process. Therefore gravitational singularity does not exist in the physical universe. (3) The metric at any radius is determined by the global distribution of matter, i.e., not only by the matter inside the given radius, even in a spherically symmetric and pressureless gravitational system. This is qualitatively different from the Newtonian gravity and the common (mis)understanding of the Birkhoff's Theorem. This result does not contract the "Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi" solution for an external observer.

xi, 95 p. 19 cm

xi, 95 p. 19 cm

There is something unknown in the cosmos. Something big. Which causes the acceleration of the Universe expansion, that is perhaps the most surprising and unexpected discovery of the last decades, and thus represents one of the most pressing mysteries of the Universe. The current standard $\Lambda$CDM model uses two unknown entities to make everything fit: dark energy and dark matter, which together would constitute more than 95% of the energy density of the Universe. A bit like saying that we have understood almost nothing, but without openly admitting it. Here we start from the recent theoretical results that come from the extension of general relativity to antimatter, through CPT symmetry. This theory predicts a mutual gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter. Our basic assumption is that the Universe contains equal amounts of matter and antimatter, with antimatter possibly located in cosmic voids, as discussed in previous works. From this scenario we develop a simple cosmological model, from whose equations we derive the first results. While the existence of the elusive dark energy is completely replaced by gravitational repulsion, the presence of dark matter is not excluded, but not strictly required, as most of the related phenomena can also be ascribed to repulsive-gravity effects. With a matter energy density ranging from $\sim5%$ (baryonic matter alone, and as much antimatter) to $\sim25%$ of the so-called critical density, the present age of the Universe varies between about 13 and $15\rm\,Gyr$. The SN Ia test is successfully passed, with residuals comparable with those of the $\Lambda$CDM model in the observed redshift range, but with a clear prediction for fainter SNe at higher $z$. Moreover, this model has neither horizon nor coincidence problems, and no initial singularity is requested. In conclusion, we have replaced all the tough problems of the current

There is something unknown in the cosmos. Something big. Which causes the acceleration of the Universe expansion, that is perhaps the most surprising and unexpected discovery of the last decades, and thus represents one of the most pressing mysteries of the Universe. The current standard $\Lambda$CDM model uses two unknown entities to make everything fit: dark energy and dark matter, which together would constitute more than 95% of the energy density of the Universe. A bit like saying that we have understood almost nothing, but without openly admitting it. Here we start from the recent theoretical results that come from the extension of general relativity to antimatter, through CPT symmetry. This theory predicts a mutual gravitational repulsion between matter and antimatter. Our basic assumption is that the Universe contains equal amounts of matter and antimatter, with antimatter possibly located in cosmic voids, as discussed in previous works. From this scenario we develop a simple cosmological model, from whose equations we derive the first results. While the existence of the elusive dark energy is completely replaced by gravitational repulsion, the presence of dark matter is not excluded, but not strictly required, as most of the related phenomena can also be ascribed to repulsive-gravity effects. With a matter energy density ranging from $\sim5%$ (baryonic matter alone, and as much antimatter) to $\sim25%$ of the so-called critical density, the present age of the Universe varies between about 13 and $15\rm\,Gyr$. The SN Ia test is successfully passed, with residuals comparable with those of the $\Lambda$CDM model in the observed redshift range, but with a clear prediction for fainter SNe at higher $z$. Moreover, this model has neither horizon nor coincidence problems, and no initial singularity is requested. In conclusion, we have replaced all the tough problems of the current

Book digitized by Google from the library of the University of California and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.

☼      SCOTT MATHESON HITCHCOCK   ☼ The True Nature of the Vacuum, the New Ether, Missing Mass, Dark Energy, Black Holes, Casimir Detectors as Vacuum Probes, the Casimir Vacuum Energy Effect on the Speed of Light, and the Evolution of the Universe Scott Matheson Hitchcock 03/02/22 ABSTRACT A new theory about the true nature of the ‘ deep’ vacuum sea of energy with predictions about black holes, gravity waves, missing matter, dark energy, the Casimir Effect, and the speed of light is presented . The sum of the energies of the various states of the vacuum [a.k.a. tri-vacuum] in an expanding mini-bang multi-vacuum universe is equivalent to the energy of the observable and predicted missing mass and dark energy of the universe. The various states of the vacuum are defined and illustrated. The main assumption of this theory is that the vacuum is not empty but in fact is most of the universe in the form of a deep energy ocean upon whose surface floats all observable matter. The vacuum [‘empty’ space - i.e. the space surrounding, separating, and defining all matter in this sea of energy] is at least 99.9999999% of the total energy and mass of the universe with the remaining 0.0000001% being observable matter such as fundamental particles, photons, atoms, molecules, and the things built from them such as planets, stars, galaxies, and us.  The vacuum for all intents and purposes is the universe! This theory shows that the old conventional ‘ether’ is now the ‘surface’ of the multi-vacuum [tri-vacuum] or new ether. Methods for testing this theory are outlined including a proposal for a Casimir Vacuum Space [CVS] Detector that can test this theory. The Casimir Detector acts like a vacuum ‘pump’ on the space between detector plates thus lowering the vacuum energy in this region. It is not really a pump but more like a filter keeping certain photon or particle resonances and energies out of the CVS thus lowering the total energy in this space relative to the ‘ normal ’ vacuum of empty space that fills the universe and is the arena for the evolution of all observable matter and phenomena. Scott has found some things about time  and other topics  which  have  been collected together  at this  web site. https://archive.org/details/@scott_matheson_hitchcock368 One of the many of Scott's  key  research insights  is  identification of one of the probable primary high profile  source s  of  the  time reversal and the time travel myth s   that have  wrongly  permeated the physics and the science fiction communities : A FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHLY INFLUENTIAL SOURCE OF THE WIDELY ACCEPTED TIME REVERSAL FALLACY IS FEYNMAN’S “ The Theory of Positrons ”  [1949] see the links listed below. From the abstract: "A particle moving forward in time (electron) in a potential may be scattered forward in time (ordinary scattering) or   backward  (pair annihilation). When moving backward (positron) it may be scattered backward  in time  (positron scattering) or forward (pair production).” The fatal error here is  assuming   that one could  move backwards ‘in’ time   as one could move  backwards in space . SEE THE FOLLOWING: TIME MAPS How We Make Maps Of Time Myths Of Physics Collection Feynman Positron Time Reversal Proposal in 1949 is WRONG Time and the Myth of T-symmetry: Why T-symmetry is wrong What Time Is And What Time Is Not   Grand Unification Theory using Time to unify the fundamental interactions and forces NOTE Scott has been pondering the nature of time for many years and while unintentionally re-inventing ideas on his own that he was unaware of, he has tried to give credit to those whose insights came before him. SCOTT MATHESON HITCHCOCK ’ S   ideas, images, BIG DRAWINGS [  His large drawings follow the proportions of the perfect 'golden' rectangle with a ratio of 1 on the vertical edge to Fibonacci's Phi, the golden mean of 1.618... actual sizes were 42" [107 cm] high by 68" [ 173 cm] wide... the most aesthetically pleasing geometry for mental excursions beyond the realms of art into the nearby world of physics!  ] and personal explorations and insights   cover various topics including but limited to the following; art, philosophy, the topological 9-fold human, holography, physics, cosmology, the mini-bang universe, T-computer, arrow of time, direction of time, the True Nature of Time, myths in physics, non-empty vacuum of space: dark matter, dark energy, missing matter, missing mass, big bang, space-time diagrams, time reversal, time travel, Feynman clocks, Grand Unification Theory [GUT] using Time to unify gravity, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force, causal networks, quantum properties of the vacuum, conservation of information law and META-INFORMATION STATES, The Big Bang is the result of many Mini-Bangs leading to the Prediction of Remnants such as Black Holes in the center of Cosmic Voids or bubbles in a MULTI-VACUUM Universe, complex systems, photons are vacuum solitons, photosynthetic quantum computers predicted by me confirmed, evolution and entropy, surface tension of the universe, SETI, The Drake Equation [a.k.a. the Green Bank Equation], and the Overestimation of the Probability of Life in the Rest of the Universe, The Topological Human as a 9-Fold Torus, The True Nature of the Vacuum, the New Ether, Missing Mass, Dark Energy, Black Holes, Casimir Detectors as Vacuum Probes, the Casimir Vacuum Energy Effect on the Speed of Light, and the Evolution of the Universe, we have consciousness which is a hybrid of both DNA driven determinism and non-deterministic free will, and of course  what would this adventure be all about without finding the   meaning of life See other papers covering the topics listed above by this author at: https://archive.org/details/@scott_matheson_hitchcock368

A specific theoretical framework is important for designing and conducting an experiment, and for interpretation of its results. The field of gravitational physics is expanding, and more clarity is needed. It appears that some popular notions, such as `inflation' and `gravity is geometry', have become more like liabilities than assets. A critical analysis is presented and the ways out of the difficulties are proposed.

A specific theoretical framework is important for designing and conducting an experiment, and for interpretation of its results. The field of gravitational physics is expanding, and more clarity is needed. It appears that some popular notions, such as `inflation' and `gravity is geometry', have become more like liabilities than assets. A critical analysis is presented and the ways out of the difficulties are proposed.

A specific theoretical framework is important for designing and conducting an experiment, and for interpretation of its results. The field of gravitational physics is expanding, and more clarity is needed. It appears that some popular notions, such as `inflation' and `gravity is geometry', have become more like liabilities than assets. A critical analysis is presented and the ways out of the difficulties are proposed.

A specific theoretical framework is important for designing and conducting an experiment, and for interpretation of its results. The field of gravitational physics is expanding, and more clarity is needed. It appears that some popular notions, such as `inflation' and `gravity is geometry', have become more like liabilities than assets. A critical analysis is presented and the ways out of the difficulties are proposed.

A specific theoretical framework is important for designing and conducting an experiment, and for interpretation of its results. The field of gravitational physics is expanding, and more clarity is needed. It appears that some popular notions, such as `inflation' and `gravity is geometry', have become more like liabilities than assets. A critical analysis is presented and the ways out of the difficulties are proposed.

On the basis of our quantum cosmological approach we show that there can be two previously unknown types of collective states in the universe. One of them relates to a gravitational field, another is connected with a matter (scalar) field which fills the universe on all stages of its evolution. The increase in number of the quanta of the collective excitations of the gravitational field manifests itself as an expansion of the universe. The collective excitations of the scalar field above its true vacuum reveal themselves mainly in the form of dark matter and energy. Under the action of the gravitational forces they decay and produce the non-baryonic dark matter, optically bright and dark baryons. We have calculated the corresponding energy densities which prove to be in good agreement with the data from the recent observations.

On the basis of our quantum cosmological approach we show that there can be two previously unknown types of collective states in the universe. One of them relates to a gravitational field, another is connected with a matter (scalar) field which fills the universe on all stages of its evolution. The increase in number of the quanta of the collective excitations of the gravitational field manifests itself as an expansion of the universe. The collective excitations of the scalar field above its true vacuum reveal themselves mainly in the form of dark matter and energy. Under the action of the gravitational forces they decay and produce the non-baryonic dark matter, optically bright and dark baryons. We have calculated the corresponding energy densities which prove to be in good agreement with the data from the recent observations.

Book digitized by Google from the library of the New York Public Library and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.

The Nature of Order

The Nature of Order

256 p. 18 cm