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Observations regarding the use of advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, sensitivity analysis (SA), and design codes in gradient-based multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) reflect our perception of the interactions required of CFD and our experience in recent aerodynamic design optimization studies using CFD. Sample results from these latter studies are summarized for conventional optimization (analysis-SA codes) and simultaneous analysis and design optimization (design code) using both Euler and Navier-Stokes flow approximations. The amount of computational resources required for aerodynamic design using CFD via analysis-SA codes is greater than that required for design codes. Thus, an MDO formulation that utilizes the more efficient design codes where possible is desired. However, in the aerovehicle MDO problem, the various disciplines that are involved have different design points in the flight envelope; therefore, CFD analysis-SA codes are required at the aerodynamic 'off design' points. The suggested MDO formulation is a hybrid multilevel optimization procedure that consists of both multipoint CFD analysis-SA codes and multipoint CFD design codes that perform suboptimizations.

Observations regarding the use of advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, sensitivity analysis (SA), and design codes in gradient-based multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) reflect our perception of the interactions required of CFD and our experience in recent aerodynamic design optimization studies using CFD. Sample results from these latter studies are summarized for conventional optimization (analysis - SA codes) and simultaneous analysis and design optimization (design code) using both Euler and Navier-Stokes flow approximations. The amount of computational resources required for aerodynamic design using CFD via analysis - SA codes is greater than that required for design codes. Thus, an MDO formulation that utilizes the more efficient design codes where possible is desired. However, in the aerovehicle MDO problem, the various disciplines that are involved have different design points in the flight envelope; therefore, CFD analysis - SA codes are required at the aerodynamic 'off design' points. The suggested MDO formulation is a hybrid multilevel optimization procedure that consists of both multipoint CFD analysis - SA codes and multipoint CFD design codes that perform suboptimizations.

Observations regarding the use of advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, sensitivity analysis (SA), and design codes in gradient-based multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO)) reflect our perception of the interactions required of CFD and our experience in recent aerodynamic design optimization studies using CFD. Sample results from these latter studies are summarized for conventional optimization (analysis-SA codes) and simultaneous analysis and design optimization (design code) using both Euler and Navier-Stokes flow approximations. The amount of computational resources required for aerodynamic design using CFD via analysis-SA codes is greater than that required for design codes. Thus, an MDC) formulation that utilizes the more efficient design codes where possible is desired. However, in the aerovehicle MDO problem, the various disciplines that are involved have different design points in the flight envelope; therefore, CFD analysis-SA codes are required at the aerodynamic 'off design' points. The suggested MDO formulation is a hybrid multilevel optimization procedure that consists of both multipoint CFD analysis-SA codes and multipoint CFD design codes that perform suboptimizations.

1Apologia Pro Vita Sua

By John Henry Newman

A religious autobiography of unsurpassed interest, the simple confidential tone of which "revolutionized the popular estimate of its author," establishing the strength and sincerity of the convictions which had led him into the Roman Catholic Church(Wikipedia)."No autobiography in the English language has been more read; to the nineteenth century it bears a relation not less characteristic than Boswell's 'Johnson' to the eighteenth." Rev. Wm. Barry, D.D.

2Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine

By John Henry Newman

After a long struggle against liberal tendencies in the Church of England and an unsuccessful attempt to establish the position of Anglicanism as a branch of historical Christianity whose doctrines could be proven to be identical with those of the primitive Church, John Henry Newman came to the painful realization that he could no longer remain a member of the Anglican Church. Increasingly drawn to Catholicism, he was nevertheless repulsed by the idea that the Roman Church, while preserving many ancient doctrines, had contaminated the faith by mixing into it its own invented traditions. Or could it be that these "new" doctrines were truly already present from the beginning, having only become more explicit and better understood with the passage of the centuries? "So, I determined to write an essay on Doctrinal Development; and then, if, at the end of it, my convictions in favour of the Roman Church were not weaker, to make up my mind to seek admission into her fold" (Newman, Apologia Pro Vita Sua). - Summary by ekortright

3Callista

By John Henry Newman

Callista, A Tale of the Third Century, was written by John Henry Newman, who was a scholarly and personable Anglican theologian who became a Catholic priest and cardinal, bringing a good number of Protestant friends along with him into the Roman faith. He wrote Callista as the fruit of a challenge (dare we say “bet”?) with Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman that each man would write a novel about the early church. Wiseman wrote Fabiola and Newman wrote Callista, publishing it in 1855. The title character is a beautiful and talented, but unhappy Greek woman living in pagan Roman North Africa in the third century. She is wooed by a lonely young Christian man, for whom she shows little interest, though she deeply desires to know more about his Christian faith. However, the third century was a dangerous time for Christians, with the onset of persecution under the Emperor Decius. The colorful cast of characters react to the persecution in different ways, but some are put to the ultimate test of whether they will maintain their faith at the price of torture and painful death. Cardinal Newman's writing style is often lively, and occasionally humorous, especially in his conversations. But there is no denying that modern readers may find parts of it quite wordy, particularly in the descriptions of geography (beware Chapter 1!). Most readers are likely to find themselves caring very much about the characters, and cheering for their victories, in addition to learning quite a bit about 3rd century history along the way. (summary by Carol Pelster)

As a rule, when Cardinal Newman's poetry is mentioned, people think of "The Pillar of the Cloud," better known as "Lead, Kindly Light." This lyric is only one of the many beautiful poems written by an author whose fame as a writer of the finest modern prose in the English language has eclipsed his reputation as a poet. Nevertheless, he wrote a very great poem, "The Dream of Gerontius"—a poem which the intellectual world admires more and more every year, and which yields its best only after careful study and consideration. It has been described as a metrical meditation on death. It is more than that; it is the realization by means of a loving heart and a poetic imagination of the state of a just soul after death,—Gerontius typifying not the soul of a particular person imagined by Cardinal Newman, but your soul, my soul, any soul which may be fortunate enough to satisfy the judging and merciful God. No poet has ever presented the condition of the soul, as made known by the theology of the Catholic Church, so forcibly and appealingly as Cardinal Newman. - Summary by Maurice Francis Egan

5Idea of a University

By John Henry Newman

John Henry Newman (1801-90) was an Anglican clergyman and Oxford academic whose study of early Christianity led him to convert to the Catholic Church in 1845. At that time Catholics were banned from attending the ancient British universities. The issue was particularly acute in Ireland with its majority Catholic population, so the British government decided to found some non-denominational colleges there which would admit all but which also were not allowed to have Catholic theology faculties in them. The pope of that time, Pius IX, urged the Irish bishops instead to found a Catholic university. Newman, as the leading intellectual Catholic convert, was appointed its founding Rector. He gave a series of public lectures, arguing the case for a Catholic university (such as existed elsewhere in Europe) and also that a university should include theology among its subjects. He also argued for academic education in its own right, against the 'utilitarians' who said that all education should just be practical and immediately 'useful'. Newman later added some other articles on educational topics, such as the relation between science and religion. The resulting book, 'The Idea of a University', became a classic of educational philosophy which is still referenced in debates about the nature and purpose of education today. - Summary by Andrew Nash

John Henry Newman's sermons enter the human heart easily and with transformative power. Lucid thinking, beautiful English prose, an integrated theology, insightful spiritual psychology, and a meditative biblical focus combine to make his sermons live even though many of them were written and preached almost 200 years ago. A convert to Roman Catholicism from the Anglican Church, Newman was made a Cardinal and had a wide influence on Catholic thought. More recently, his spiritual depth and personal holiness have been recognized, and in 2020 he was canonized becoming Saint John Henry Cardinal Newman. - Summary by Russell Hobbs

What language do the human heart and soul speak? Many would say they speak poetry and song. But what if reason and spirituality join heart and soul? John Henry Newman's sermons were an attempt at that higher language. Divine reality, complex human experience, powerful use of the English language, an integrated philosophical system, and love for his listener were combined by Newman into food for the whole person. First as Anglican priest, then as Catholic convert, he gave himself to his listeners and readers. The sermons in this book come from his Catholic period and exemplify why Saint Cardinal John Henry Newman is still appreciated today, 130 years after his death. - Summary by Russell Hobbs

Historically, Newman dedicated this essay (1858) to his friend William Monsell who was an Irish parliamentarian in County Limerick, recently converted to Roman Catholicism (1850) and later to become Lord Emly, Baron of Tervoe (1874). As Newman himself states in his Advertisement, "An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent" is largely gathered from lectures and essays he delivered while he was rector of the Catholic University of Ireland, which he helped to found (1854). Content-wise, this work attempts to study the modes of language, or "grammar", in which the intelligibility of faith can be expressed. - Summary by M.S.C. Lambert, LC

Published between 1833 and 1841, the 90 Tracts were written by various members of "The Oxford Movement". They cover various aspects of Anglo-Catholic doctrine and other theological matters. The lead was taken by John Henry Newman (who made the largest contribution), but several other churchmen associated with Oxford University were also involved, among them John Keble, Hurrell Froude, and Edward Pusey. Among the newly written tracts were also re-prints of works from previous generations. The Tracts are of various lengths, ranging from a few pages to book-length works. The format and cheap prices, meant that the Tracts were widely disseminated. Volumes 1 and 2 also had new translations of the works of the early Fathers of the church appended to the end.<br><br> Volume 1 contains Tracts 1 to 46, along with 18 "Records of the Church". These last include all the extant epistles of St. Ignatius, alongside works by Justin Martyr, Irenæus, Clement of Alexandria, and Tertullian. Four accounts of martyrdoms and a tale of St. John round out the collection. (Summary by Beeswaxcandle)

John Henry Newman was an English theologian, academic, writer and poet. Initially a Fellow of Oxford University, where he helped to found the Evangelical Oxford Movement, he later converted to Roman Catholicism and became a Cardinal. <BR><BR> The Dream of Gerontius follows the journey of a man through death and purgatory to the sight of God. It has been described as a metrical meditation on death. It is more than that; it is the realization by means of a loving heart and a poetic imagination of the state of a just soul after death,—Gerontius typifying not the soul of a particular person imagined by Cardinal Newman, but your soul, my soul, any soul which may be fortunate enough to satisfy the judging and merciful God. No poet has ever presented the condition of the soul, as made known by the theology of the Catholic Church, so forcibly and appealingly as Cardinal Newman.<BR><BR> The Poem owes much of its imagery to Dante's Divine Comedy. It was adapted as a Choral Oratorio by Edward Elgar. <BR><BR> (Summary by Alan Mapstone and the Editor) <BR><BR>Cast List<BR><BR> Gerontius: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/8425">Larry Wilson</a> Assistants: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/7170">Alan Mapstone</a> The Priest: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/17662">Inkell</a> Angel: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/19584">ShrimpPhish</a> Demons: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/6754">ToddHW</a> Choir of Angelicals: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/7170">Alan Mapstone</a> Angels of the Sacred Stair: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/17713">Brian Fullen</a> Angel of the Agony: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/18543">Agnes Robert Behr</a> Souls in Purgatory: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/19612">Jon Hunter</a> Narration: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/7170">Alan Mapstone</a>