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The decreasing tension between the United States and the Soviet Union obscures a harsh reality. In a world where the probability of a nuclear exchange between the two superpowers is at its lowest point since the early 1950s, American nuclear weapons are more vulnerable than ever to low intensity threats. Some terrorist organizations have become sophisticated enough to actually steal or destroy a warhead, while the Special Purpose Forces of the Soviet Union retain the capability to curtail the reliability of American strategic systems from within the United States or Europe. These two very real threats are derived from the same factors-the openness of American society, and the enormous difficulty of providing security for these weapons. Because it is difficult to separate terrorism issues, the analysis of possible outcomes goes beyond the weapons themselves to include nuclear materials and power plants. This paper will examine nuclear terrorism within the context of what the US government has come to call Low Intensity Conflict, or LIC. The SPETZNAZ threat is considered even though political developments in Europe indicate that the likelihood of such attacks is decreasing. Indeed, the Soviet Union could be part of the solution rather than the threat. This may result from a renunciation of terrorist support, and from the recognition that US-Soviet joint efforts could be the best insurance against nuclear terrorism which threatens both superpowers-especially as the Soviet Empire unravels.

The proton, carbon-13, and nitrogen-15 (natural abundance) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of four aliphatic ammonium nitrates (AAN's) which could find application as the fuel components in liquid propellant systems and the nitriogen-15 NMR spectrum of hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) which serves as the oxidizer heve been characterized in terms of their chemical shifts. The utility of NMR spectroscopy for analytical applications has been evaluated. It was found that while the AAN's can be analyzed by using either proton or carbon-13 NMR, NMR spectroscopy cannot be applied readily to the analysis of HAN. Nitrogen-15 NMR at natural abundance may be applied to analyze HAN, but the technique would be too time-consuming.

The following topics are addressed: (1) in-space propulsion impacts; (2) electric propulsion; (3) mission impacts of electric propulsion; and (4) summaries of electric propulsion status and solar and nuclear propulsion.

In the present thesis, we have carried a thorough investigation of nuclear structure properties. We start our investigation from the study of the magic property of nucleus in the super -heavy region. We know the magic combination of proton and neutron in the light and medium heavy region. But in the super-heavy region, it is still unclear. We applied SEI (simple effective interaction ) and RMF (relativistic mean field ) formalism with a different parameter sets to predict the magic combinations and it turned out Z=114, 120, 126 with N=184. We have also studied theisoscalar giant monopole resonance energy of nucleus of Z=114, 120,126, with scaling and constrained method using RETF formalism. Isoscalar giant monopole resonance (ISGMR) is also known as the breathing mode. We have a developed a new constrained type calculation for the ISGMR and IVGDR. Effects of delta meson on the neutron system also discuses extensively.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pol. Sci.)--Harvard University, 1967

We discuss exact analytical solutions of a variety of statistical models recently obtained for finite systems by a novel powerful mathematical method, the Laplace-Fourier transform. Among them are a constrained version of the statistical multifragmentation model, the Gas of Bags Model and the Hills and Dales Model of surface partition. Thus, the Laplace-Fourier transform allows one to study the nuclear matter equation of state, the equation of state of hadronic and quark gluon matter and surface partitions on the same footing. A complete analysis of the isobaric partition singularities of these models is done for finite systems. The developed formalism allows us, for the first time, to exactly define the finite volume analogs of gaseous, liquid and mixed phases of these models from the first principles of statistical mechanics and demonstrate the pitfalls of earlier works. The found solutions may be used for building up a new theoretical apparatus to rigorously study phase transitions in finite systems. The strategic directions of future research opened by these exact results are also discussed.

We discuss the implications of finite size effects on the determination of the order of a phase transition which may occur in infinite systems. We introduce a specific model to which we apply different tests. They are aimed to characterise the smoothed transition observed in a finite system. We show that the microcanonical ensemble may be a useful framework for the determination of the nature of such transitions.

Two-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been applied for the first time to a B11-H1 spin system. A heteronuclear experiment is performed on the closo-carborane, 2,4-C2B5H7, to give a 2D correlated spectrum in which chemical shift data of B11 and H1 are simultaneously displayed on a three-dimensional map. It is shown that the technique has the potential to resolve broad, overlapped B11 signals via the chemical shift of the protons to which they are scalar-coupled. (Author)

A charge-symmetry-breaking nucleon-nucleon force due to the up-down quark mass difference is evaluated in the quark cluster model. It is applied to the shell-model calculation for the isovector mass shifts of isospin multiplets and the isospin-mixing matrix elements in 1s0d-shell nuclei. We find that the contribution of the quark mass difference effect is large and agrees with experiment. This contribution may explain the Okamoto-Nolen-Schiffer anomaly, alternatively to the meson-mixing contribution, which is recently predicted to be reduced by the large off-shell correction.

A charge-symmetry-breaking nucleon-nucleon force due to the up-down quark mass difference is evaluated in the quark cluster model. It is applied to the shell-model calculation for the isovector mass shifts of isospin multiplets and the isospin-mixing matrix elements in 1s0d-shell nuclei. We find that the contribution of the quark mass difference effect is large and agrees with experiment. This contribution may explain the Okamoto-Nolen-Schiffer anomaly, alternatively to the meson-mixing contribution, which is recently predicted to be reduced by the large off-shell correction.

This short film from the early 1960s, produced by North American Aviation’s Atomics International division for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), uses footage, illustrations, animation and models to give viewers a look at the development of compact nuclear power sources for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s SNAP Program (Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power). The film opens with a shot of sunrise over a city. Viewers see powerlines running through a valley and into a residential area. There is an aerial view of a factory (01:36). This is followed by shots of atomic power stations, a nuclear submarine cruising, a nuclear ship being christened, and a missile taking off from a launch pad. The film shows a city lit up at night (02:43), then shots of the stars. Women operate a telephone switchboard. Men work in an air traffic control tower (04:07). Viewers also see a telescope, solar activity through the viewer of a telescope, a satellite launch, and basic animation of satellites orbiting in space (05:28). The film uses graphics and basic animation to show how atoms are used to create compact nuclear power sources by showing how atoms are split. Viewers see an animation of how this is done inside a nuclear reactor (07:46). Particles from radioactive isotopes break away. Headlines of newspapers (and then actual video footage) show President Dwight D. Eisenhower announcing the use of the first SNAP power unit (09:28). SNAP 3 is shown on a table, and then a closeup shot shows how the device is constructed. The Navy’s first Transit satellite is launched in September 1959 (10:22). A robotic arm moves a radioactive isotope fuel capsule (10:57). There are shots of the small nuclear generator that powers the satellite. Someone flame sprays the generator with a white ceramic coating. At the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins, two men work on the Navy Transit 4A Satellite (12:30). The Transit 4A is launched into orbit with a Thor-Ablestar rocket on 28 June 1961. Animation is used to depict the satellite in orbit (13:47). Atomics International engineers develop small nuclear reactors using SNAP power (14:37). Men move movable reflectors that sit inside the reactor. Animation gives a detailed look at how the 1,000-pound reactor works by splitting atoms. Two men look at a model of the in-development SNAP 8 reactor (15:46). The films also shows images of the design for the SNAP 10 reactor. A man operates robotic arms to build isotope fuel capsules (16:56). Men test heated isotope capsules against granite, steel, and concrete at an unnamed test site. Men test a fuel capsule on a test tower, detonating the tower (17:58). Viewers also see test capsules being detonated with TNT to simulate a rocket launch explosion. Two men work on the fuel cell reflectors of a SNAP reactor at the Johns Hopkins laboratory (19:29). There are shots of several SNAP units. SNAP 7C is shown in a laboratory (21:40), then being loaded off a ship in Antarctica. There is an illustration of a family watching television in their living room (23:24), which is followed by a clip of President John F. Kennedy’s address to the United Nations on 25 September 1961. Animation and illustrations are used to show spacecraft (like Surveyor) landing on the moon (25:10), as well as the Voyager space vehicle landing instruments on Venus and Mars, and the route of the Apollo missions to orbit and land on the moon. The film concludes with a shot of space and the stars. We encourage viewers to add comments and, especially, to provide additional information about our videos by adding a comment!  See something interesting?  Tell people what it is and what they can see by writing something for example: "01:00:12:00 -- President Roosevelt is seen meeting with Winston Churchill at the Quebec Conference." This film is part of the Periscope Film LLC archive, one of the largest historic military, transportation, and aviation stock footage collections in the USA. Entirely film backed, this material is available for licensing in 24p HD, 2k and 4k. For more information visit http://www.PeriscopeFilm.com

The effects of trip time, propulsion time, and specific powerplant mass are studied for optimized unmanned probe spacecraft on missions to Uranus with nuclear-electric propulsion systems. Electric propulsion is confined to a single thrust period at the beginning of each mission. Mission profiles include both high-thrust and electric-propulsion Earth-departure modes for planet flyby and orbital capture. Effects of propulsion time and propulsion system parameters are evaluated, and typical design features of the nuclear-electric spacecraft are outlined. Payload capability comparisons are made with systems employing ballistic transfer and solar-electric propulsion.

The Early Flight Fission-Test Facility (EFF-TF) can assist in the &sign and development of systems through highly effective non-nuclear testing of nuclear systems when technical issues associated with near-term space fission systems are "non-nuclear" in nature (e.g. system s nuclear operations are understood). For many systems. thermal simulators can he used to closely mimic fission heat deposition. Axial power profile, radial power profile. and fuel pin thermal conductivity can be matched. In addition to component and subsystem testing, operational and lifetime issues associated with the steady state and transient performance of the integrated reactor module can be investigated. Instrumentation at the EFF-TF allows accurate measurement of temperature, pressure, strain, and bulk core deformation (useful for accurately simulating nuclear behavior). Ongoing research at the EFF-TF is geared towards facilitating research, development, system integration, and system utilization via cooperative efforts with DOE laboratories, industry, universities, and other NASA centers. This paper describes the current efforts for the latter portion of 2003 and beginning of 2004.

The capability to perform testing at both the module/component level and in near prototypic reactor configurations using a non-nuclear test methodology allowed for evaluation of two components critical to the development of a potential nuclear fission power system for the lunar surface. A pair of 1 kW Stirling power convertors, similar to the type that would be used in a reactor system to convert heat to electricity, were integrated into a reactor simulator system to determine their performance using pumped NaK as the hot side working fluid. The performance in the pumped-NaK system met or exceed the baseline performance measurements where the converters were electrically heated. At the maximum hot-side temperature of 550 C the maximum output power was 2375 watts. A specially-designed test apparatus was fabricated and used to quantify the performance of an annular linear induction pump that is similar to the type that could be used to circulate liquid metal through the core of a space reactor system. The errors on the measurements were generally much smaller than the magnitude of the measurements, permitting accurate performance evaluation over a wide range of operating conditions. The pump produced flow rates spanning roughly 0.16 to 5.7 l/s (2.5 to 90 GPM), and delta p levels from less than 1 kPa to 90 kPa (greater than 0.145 psi to roughly 13 psi). At the nominal FSP system operating temperature of 525 C the maximum efficiency was just over 4%.

Although self-consistent multi-configuration methods have been used for decades to address the description of atomic and molecular many-body systems, only a few trials have been made in the context of nuclear structure. This work aims at the development of such an approach to describe in a unified way various types of correlations in nuclei, in a self-consistent manner where the mean-field is improved as correlations are introduced. The goal is to reconcile the usually set apart Shell-Model and Self-Consistent Mean-Field methods. This approach is referred as "variational multiparticle-multihole configuration mixing method". It is based on a double variational principle which yields a set of two coupled equations that determine at the same time the expansion coefficients of the many-body wave function and the single particle states. The formalism is derived and discussed in a general context, starting from a three-body Hamiltonian. Links to existing many-body techniques such as the formalism of Green's functions are established. First applications are done using the two-body D1S Gogny effective force. The numerical procedure is tested on the $^{12}$C nucleus in order to study the convergence features of the algorithm in different contexts. Ground state properties as well as single-particle quantities are analyzed, and the description of the first $2^+$ state is examined. This study allows to validate our numerical algorithm and leads to encouraging results. In order to test the method further, we will realize in the second article of this series, a systematic description of more nuclei and observables obtained by applying the newly-developed numerical procedure with the same Gogny force. As raised in the present work, applications of the variational multiparticle-multihole configuration mixing method will however ultimately require the use of an extended and more constrained Gogny force.

The audit objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the Navy's information papers with specific attention to the claimed economic impact of the proposed budget reduction. Specifically, the audit was to determine the validity of economic impact statements that the Naval Reactors Office provided to congressional staff members in response to potential budget cuts. Also, the audit was to determine whether the Naval Reactors Office's budget justification related specific requirements for reactor components to specific upgrades of ships and whether proposed requirements agreed with schedules for making the alterations.

The bibliography is a compilation of references on civil defense systems, preattack and postattack operations, in nuclear warfare. It updates an earlier bibliography, AD-705 900. References contained in this volume deal primarily with emergency source utilities, vulnerability of utilities, industries, schools and transportation; radiation exposure and control; control of diseases; capabilities of fire services, recovery and debris removal.

Light front formalism for composite systems is presented. Derivation of equations for bound state and scattering problems are given. Methods of constructing of elastic form factors and scattering amplitudes of composite particles are reviewed. Elastic form factors in the impulse approximation are calculated. Scattering amplitudes for relativistic bound states are constructed. Some model cases for transition amplitudes are considered. Deep inelastic form factors (structure functions) are expressed through light front wave functions. It is shown that taking into account of transverse motion of partons leads to the violation of Bjorken scaling and structure functions become square of transverse momentum dependent. Possible explanation of the EMC-effect is given. Problem of light front relativization of wave functions of lightest nuclei is considered. Scaling properties of deuteron, ${}^3He$ and ${}^4He$ light front wave functions are checked in a rather wide energy range.

Nuclear fission has been used as a reliable source for utility power in the United States for decades. Even in the 1940's, long before the United States had a viable space program, the theoretical benefits of nuclear power as applied to space travel were being explored. These benefits include long-life operation and high performance, particularly in the form of vehicle power density, enabling longer-lasting space missions. The configurations for nuclear rocket systems and chemical rocket systems are similar except that a nuclear rocket utilizes a fission reactor as its heat source. This thermal energy can be utilized directly to heat propellants that are then accelerated through a nozzle to generate thrust or it can be used as part of an electricity generation system. The former approach is Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) and the latter is Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP), which is then used to power thruster technologies such as ion thrusters. This paper will explore a number of indirect-NTP engine cycle configurations using assumed performance constraints and requirements, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each cycle configuration, and present preliminary performance and size results. This paper is intended to lay the groundwork for future efforts in the development of a practical NTP system or a combined NTP/NEP hybrid system.

Nuclear fission has been used as a reliable source for utility power in the United States for decades. Even in the 1940's, long before the United States had a viable space program, the theoretical benefits of nuclear power as applied to space travel were being explored. These benefits include long-life operation and high performance, particularly in the form of vehicle power density, enabling longer-lasting space missions. The configurations for nuclear rocket systems and chemical rocket systems are similar except that a nuclear rocket utilizes a fission reactor as its heat source. This thermal energy can be utilized directly to heat propellants that are then accelerated through a nozzle to generate thrust or it can be used as part of an electricity generation system. The former approach is Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) and the latter is Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP), which is then used to power thruster technologies such as ion thrusters. This paper will explore a number of indirect-NTP engine cycle configurations using assumed performance constraints and requirements, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each cycle configuration, and present preliminary performance and size results. This paper is intended to lay the groundwork for future efforts in the development of a practical NTP system or a combined NTP/NEP hybrid system.

Nuclear fission has been used as a reliable source for utility power in the United States for decades. Even in the 1940's, long before the United States had a viable space program, the theoretical benefits of nuclear power as applied to space travel were being explored. These benefits include long-life operation and high performance, particularly in the form of vehicle power density, enabling longer-lasting space missions. The configurations for nuclear rocket systems and chemical rocket systems are similar except that a nuclear rocket utilizes a fission reactor as its heat source. This thermal energy can be utilized directly to heat propellants that are then accelerated through a nozzle to generate thrust or it can be used as part of an electricity generation system. The former approach is Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) and the latter is Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP), which is then used to power thruster technologies such as ion thrusters. This paper will explore a number of indirect-NTP engine cycle configurations using assumed performance constraints and requirements, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each cycle configuration, and present preliminary performance and size results. This paper is intended to lay the groundwork for future efforts in the development of a practical NTP system or a combined NTP/NEP hybrid system.

We compare correlations and coherent structures in nuclei and financial markets. In the nuclear physics part we review giant resonances which can be interpreted as a coherent structure embedded in chaos. With similar methods we investigate the financial empirical correlation matrix of the DAX and Dow Jones. We will show, that if the time-zone delay is properly accounted for, the two distinct markets largely merge into one. This is reflected by the largest eigenvalue that develops a gap relative to the remaining, chaotic eigenvalues. By extending investigations of the specific character of financial collectivity we also discuss the criticality-analog phenomenon of the financial log-periodicity and show specific examples.

Initial studies of a variety of mission scenarios for the new Space Exploration Initiative, and the technologies necessary to enable or significantly enhance them, have identified the development of advanced space power systems whether solar, chemical or nuclear to be of prime importance. Lightweight, compact, reliable power systems for planetary rovers and a variety of surface vehicles, utility surface power, and power for advanced propulsion systems have been identified as critical needs for these missions. These mission scenarios, the concomitant power system requirements, and power system options considered are discussed. The significant potential benefits of nuclear power are identified for meeting the power needs of the above applications.

The sensitivity of nuclear symmetry energy elements at the saturation density to the binding energies of ultra neutron-rich nuclei (neutron to proton ratio $\sim$ 2) and the maximum mass of neutron star is explored within a relativistic mean field model. Values of the interaction parameters governing the isovector strengths and the symmetry elements are determined in tighter bounds. Assessments based on the sensitivity matrix reveal that the properties of extreme neutron-rich systems play a predominant role in narrowing down the uncertainties in the various symmetry energy parameters. The calculations are extended over a wide range of nuclear matter density and the results are discussed.

The sensitivity of nuclear symmetry energy elements at the saturation density to the binding energies of ultra neutron-rich nuclei (neutron to proton ratio $\sim$ 2) and the maximum mass of neutron star is explored within a relativistic mean field model. Values of the interaction parameters governing the isovector strengths and the symmetry elements are determined in tighter bounds. Assessments based on the sensitivity matrix reveal that the properties of extreme neutron-rich systems play a predominant role in narrowing down the uncertainties in the various symmetry energy parameters. The calculations are extended over a wide range of nuclear matter density and the results are discussed.

The sensitivity of nuclear symmetry energy elements at the saturation density to the binding energies of ultra neutron-rich nuclei (neutron to proton ratio $\sim$ 2) and the maximum mass of neutron star is explored within a relativistic mean field model. Values of the interaction parameters governing the isovector strengths and the symmetry elements are determined in tighter bounds. Assessments based on the sensitivity matrix reveal that the properties of extreme neutron-rich systems play a predominant role in narrowing down the uncertainties in the various symmetry energy parameters. The calculations are extended over a wide range of nuclear matter density and the results are discussed.

This item represents a case in PACER, the U.S. Government's website for federal case data. If you wish to see the entire case, please consult PACER directly.

Most thermionic reactors are designed to allow the fission gases to escape out of the emitter. A scheme to allow the fission gases to escape is proposed. Because of the low activity of the fission products, this method should pose no radiation hazards.

As human visions of space applications expand and as we probe further out into the universe, our needs for power will also expand, and missions will evolve which are enabled by nuclear power. A broad spectrum of missions which are enhanced or enabled by nuclear power sources have been defined. These include Earth orbital platforms, deep space platforms, planetary exploration, and terrestrial resource exploration. The recently proposed Space Exploration Initiative (SEI) to the Moon and Mars has more clearly defined these missions and their power requirements. Presented here are results of recent studies of radioisotope and nuclear reactor energy sources, combined with various energy conversion devices for Earth orbital applications, SEI lunar/Mars rovers, surface power, and planetary exploration.

Recently we have developed a novel chiral power counting scheme for an effective field theory of nuclear matter with nucleons and pions as degrees of freedom [1]. It allows for a systematic expansion taking into account both local as well as pion-mediated multi-nucleon interactions. We apply this power counting in the present study to the evaluation of the pion self-energy and the energy density in nuclear and neutron matter at next-to-leading order. To implement this power counting in actual calculations we develop here a non-perturbative method based on Unitary Chiral Perturbation Theory for performing the required resummations. We show explicitly that the contributions to the pion self-energy with in-medium nucleon-nucleon interactions to this order cancel. The main trends for the energy density of symmetric nuclear and neutron matter are already reproduced at next-to-leading order. In addition, an accurate description of the neutron matter equation of state, as compared with sophisticated many-body calculations, is obtained by varying only slightly a subtraction constant around its expected value. The case of symmetric nuclear matter requires the introduction of an additional fine-tuned subtraction constant, parameterizing the effects from higher order contributions. With that, the empirical saturation point and the nuclear matter incompressiblity are well reproduced while the energy per nucleon as a function of density closely agrees with sophisticated calculations in the literature.

On the basis of the kinetic equation with selfconsistent relativistic mean fields acting on baryons and antibaryons, we study dynamical response of the nucleus to an antiproton implanted in its interior. By solving numerically the time-dependent Vlasov equation, we show that the compressed state is formed on a rather short time scale of about 4-10 fm/c. This justifies the assumption, that the antiproton annihilation may happen in the compressed nuclear environment. The evolution of the nucleus after antiproton annihilation is described by the same kinetic equation including collision terms. We show, that nucleon kinetic energy spectra and the total invariant mass distributions of produced mesons are quite sensitive observables to the antiproton annihilation in the compressed nucleus.

The goal of this presentation is to highlight various computational techniques used to study dynamics of quantum many-body systems. We examine the projection and variable phase methods being applied to multi-channel problems of scattering and tunneling; here the virtual, energy-forbidden channels and their treatment are of particular importance. The direct time-dependent solutions using Trotter-Suzuki propagator expansion provide yet another approach to exploring the complex dynamics of unstable systems. While presenting computational tools, we briefly revisit the general theory of the quantum decay of unstable states. The list of questions here includes those of the internal dynamics in decaying systems, formation and evolution of the radiating state, and low-energy background that dominates at remote times. Mathematical formulations and numerical approaches to time-dependent problems are discussed using the quasi-stationary methods involving effective Non-Hermitian Hamiltonian formulation.

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Armed Services [H.A.S.C. No. 110-25] INTEGRATED NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS FOR FUTURE NAVAL SURFACE COMBATANTS Date(s) Held: 2007-03-01 110th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-110hhrg37535 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.AR 5/2 Witnesses: Etter, Hon. Dr. Delores M., Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition); Adm. Kirkland H. Donald, Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, U.S. Navy; Vice Adm. Paul E. Sullivan, Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command, U.S. Navy; Vice Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert, Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Integration of Capabilities and Resources, U.S. Navy; and Rear Adm. Barry J. McCullough, Director of Surface Warfare, U.S. Navy beginning on Related Items:

A study was conducted to investigate the suitability of existing facilities to support operational environmental testing of nuclear weapons security systems prior to shipboard deployment of the systems. In this context, security systems are comprised of hardware components, operational procedures, and security force personnel. The desired functional objectives of the facility are: (1) provide test and evaluation capabilities for shipboard security systems; (2) provide the capability to perform realistic intruder penetration trails; and (3) provide the capability to develop and validate security system operational procedures. The investigation included an analysis to determine operational environmental testing requirements applicable to shipboard security systems; a survey of existing test facilities to identify capabilities and availabilities; and an analysis of military construction programming options in the event construction of a new facility is necessary. Principal simulation capabilities required of the facility involve shipboard operational factors which significantly affect the operability and reliability of security systems. These factors are: shipboard compartments and weather deck areas; shipboard equipment and interface characteristics; and shipboards environmental effects. No suitable existing facility was identified that could support this range of operational environmental testing.

Common nuclear radiation hardness criteria are developed and recommended for air Force wide adoption. The criteria are based upon human 'mission kill' doses, technical capability to harden, and representative missions of manned penetrators. The criteria levels should provide balanced and cost effective life cycle hardness values. They also provide well defined keep out ranges/lethal volumes needed as input for future bomber defense systems. More importantly the common criteria would decrease logistic support costs, increase the useability and interoperability of electronic equipment, and support the development of integrated hardness maintenance programs. (Author)

This paper addresses nuclear hardness assurance as it relates to system acquisition, prerequisition, prerequisite efforts necessary for an affordable hardness assurance program, and the key aspects of the management of the program. (Author)

An AIAA Special Project Report was recently produced by AIAA's Nuclear and Future Flight Propulsion Technical Committee and is currently in peer review. The Report provides recommended design practices for conceptual engineering studies of nuclear fusion space propulsion systems. Discussion and recommendations are made on key topics including design reference missions, degree of technological extrapolation and concomitant risk, thoroughness in calculating mass properties (nominal mass properties, weight-growth contingency and propellant margins, and specific impulse), and thoroughness in calculating power generation and usage (power-flow, power contingencies, specific power). The report represents a general consensus of the nuclear fusion space propulsion system conceptual design community and proposes 15 recommendations. This paper expands on the Report by providing specific examples illustrating how to apply each of the recommendations.

A dynamic model of a high-power Stirling convertor has been developed for space nuclear power systems modeling. The model is based on the Component Test Power Convertor (CTPC), a 12.5-kWe free-piston Stirling convertor. The model includes the fluid heat source, the Stirling convertor, output power and heat rejection. The Stirling convertor model includes the Stirling cycle thermodynamics, heat flow, mechanical mass-spring damper systems, and the linear alternator. The model was validated against test data. Both nonlinear and linear versions of the model were developed. The linear version algebraically couples two separate linear dynamic models; one model of the Stirling cycle and one model of the thermal system, through the pressure factors. Future possible uses of the Stirling system dynamic model are discussed. A pair of commercially available 1-kWe Stirling convertors is being purchased by NASA Glenn Research Center. The specifications of those convertors may eventually be incorporated into the dynamic model and analysis compared to the convertor test data. Subsequent potential testing could include integrating the convertors into a pumped liquid metal hot-end interface. This test would provide more data for comparison to the dynamic model analysis.

This report summarizes the activities that develop and maintain the core competencies, technical and operational, needed for accomplishment of the Defense Department's nuclear missions. It responds to issues regarding the Defense Department's core nuclear competencies raised in recent Senate Armed Services Committee and Mouse National Security Committee reports.

An analytical study was undertaken to develop the capability of predicting nuclear shock wave propagation through air entrainment systems of hardened facilities. All solutions presented in this report are one- dimensional. Two finite-difference schemes for approximately the hyperbolic partial differential equations of fluid dynamics are used: the pseudo-viscosity scheme in a variable area Lagrange formulation, and the Lax-Wendroff two-step scheme in an Eulerian formulation. Shock wave attenuation due to viscous losses at ducting walls is included. A comparison of the results of the analysis with shock tube experimental data shows both formulations to be adequate.

An analytical study was undertaken to develop the capability of predicting nuclear shock wave propagation through air entrainment systems of hardened facilities. All solutions presented in this report are one- dimensional. Two finite-difference schemes for approximately the hyperbolic partial differential equations of fluid dynamics are used: the pseudo-viscosity scheme in a variable area Lagrange formulation, and the Lax-Wendroff two-step scheme in an Eulerian formulation. Shock wave attenuation due to viscous losses at ducting walls is included. A comparison of the results of the analysis with shock tube experimental data shows both formulations to be adequate.

An analytical study was undertaken to develop the capability of predicting nuclear shock wave propagation through air entrainment systems of hardened facilities. All solutions presented in this report are one- dimensional. Two finite-difference schemes for approximately the hyperbolic partial differential equations of fluid dynamics are used: the pseudo-viscosity scheme in a variable area Lagrange formulation, and the Lax-Wendroff two-step scheme in an Eulerian formulation. Shock wave attenuation due to viscous losses at ducting walls is included. A comparison of the results of the analysis with shock tube experimental data shows both formulations to be adequate.

We consider the adiabatic demagnetization in the rotating reference frame (ADRF) of a system of dipolar coupled nuclear spins $s=1/2$ in the external magnetic field. The demagnetization starts with the offset of the external magnetic field (in frequency units) from the Larmor frequency being several times greater than the local dipolar field. For different subsystem sizes, we have found from numerical simulations the temperatures at which subsystems of a one-dimensional nine-spin chain and a plane nine-spin cluster become entangled. These temperatures are of the order of microkelvins and are almost independent of the subsystem size. There is a weak dependence of the temperature on the space dimension of the system.

Effective nuclear densities probed by kaon- and anti-kaon-nucleus systems are studied theoretically both for bound and low energy scattering states. As for the anti-kaon bound states, we investigate kaonic atoms. We find that the effective density depends on the atomic states significantly and we have the possibility to obtain the anti-kaon properties at various nuclear densities by observing the several kaonic atom states. We also find the energy dependence of the probed density by kaon and anti-kaon scattering states. We find that the study of the effective nuclear density will help to find the proper systems to investigate the meson properties at various nuclear densities.

The ever-increasing payload capabilities of space-vehicle booster systems require lightweight, long-lived, high-power, reliable electrical power- generating systems. The space power requirements vary from several hundred watts of auxiliary power into the megawatt range for large electrical propulsion applications. the nuclear space power plants, because of the low specific weight, become extremely attractive in the range of several hundred watts and appear to be the only feasible system for power levels over about 30 kw. The paper reviews developments in this area.

In this work we illustrate the basic development of the constrained molecular dynamics applied to the N-body problem in nuclear physics. The heavy computational taskes related to quantum effects, to the presence of the "hard core" repulsive interaction have been worked out by defining a set of transformations based on the concept of impulsive forces. In particular in the implemented version II of the Constrained Molecular Dynamics model the problem related to the non conservation of the total angular momentum has been solved. This problem can affect others semiclassical microscopic approaches as due to the "hard core" repulsive interaction or to the use of stochastic forces. The effect of the restored conservation law on the fusion cross section for 40Ca+40Ca system is also briefly discussed.

We describe and implement twisted boundary conditions for the deuteron and triton systems within finite-volumes using the nuclear lattice EFT formalism. We investigate the finite-volume dependence of these systems with different twists angles. We demonstrate how various finite-volume information can be used to improve calculations of binding energies in such a framework. Our results suggests that with appropriate twisting of boundaries, infinite-volume binding energies can be reliably extracted from calculations using modest volume sizes with cubic length $L\approx8-14$ fm. Of particular importance is our derivation and numerical verification of three-body analogue of `i-periodic' twist angles that eliminate the leading order finite-volume effects to the three-body binding energy.

A high-altitude nuclear detonation several hundred kilometers above the central United States will subject much of the nation to an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) consisting of intense steep-front short-duration transient electromagnetic fields followed by a geomagnetic disturbance with a duration of tens of seconds. Since 1983, the Department of Energy has been actively pursuing a research program to assess the potential impacts of one or more EMP events on the nation's electric energy supply. A nominal EMP environment suitable for assessing geographically large systems has been used to provide an indication of EMP impacts on electric power systems. It was found that a single high-altitude burst, which significantly disturbs the geomagnetic field, could cause significant load and generation loss, but permanent damage would be isolated. Multiple bursts would increase the disturbance. Nevertheless, based on the effects of a nominal EMP environment, a long-term black-out is not expected since major components such as power transformers are not likely to be damaged.

The 4% per year decline in the age specific prostate cancer mortality in the USA has come at the cost of treating a significant number of men who did not require therapy and are living with adverse events that diminish their quality of life. To identify patients with lethal prostate cancer we are deploying a systems biology approach to develop a risk scoring system. The systems biology approach is making use of the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and biological data that has implicated Nuclear factor kappa B (NF B) activation in the development lethal prostate cancer. Specifically, we hypothesize that lethal prostate cancer results from exogenous insults causing NF B activation which sets up a vicious cycle with further inflammatory insults and culminates in sustained NF B activation and carcinogenic changes in the microenvironment. This persistent activation results in progression of prostate cancer to a lethal disease. We aim to identify patients with lethal prostate cancer using a systems biology approach focused on the NF B pathway which will enable the construction of a risk scoring system to identify patients with localized but potentially lethal prostate cancer in need of therapy.

We show that the s-wave pion-nuclear potential which reproduces the deeply bound pionic states in Pb, recently discovered at GSI, is remarkably close to the one constructed directly from low energy theorems based on chiral symmetry. Converting this information into an effective pion mass we find $m_\pi^\star/m_\pi\simeq 1.13$ in the center of the Pb nucleus, and $m_\pi^\star/m_\pi\simeq 1.07$ in symmetric nuclear matter.