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We investigate the issue of bandwidth estimation in a nonparametric functional regression model with function-valued, continuous real-valued and discrete-valued regressors under the framework of unknown error density. Extending from the recent work of Shang (2013, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis), we approximate the unknown error density by a kernel density estimator of residuals, where the regression function is estimated by the functional Nadaraya-Watson estimator that admits mixed types of regressors. We derive a kernel likelihood and posterior density for the bandwidth parameters under the kernel-form error density, and put forward a Bayesian bandwidth estimation approach that can simultaneously estimate the bandwidths. Simulation studies demonstrated the estimation accuracy of the regression function and error density for the proposed Bayesian approach. Illustrated by a spectroscopy data set in the food quality control, we applied the proposed Bayesian approach to select the optimal bandwidths in a nonparametric functional regression model with mixed types of regressors.

The main purpose is to estimate the regression function of a real random variable with functional explanatory variable by using a recursive nonparametric kernel approach. The mean square error and the almost sure convergence of a family of recursive kernel estimates of the regression function are derived. These results are established with rates and precise evaluation of the constant terms. Also, a central limit theorem for this class of estimators is established. The method is evaluated on simulations and real data set studies.

We consider the problem of estimating the slope parameter in functional linear regression, where scalar responses Y1,...,Yn are modeled in dependence of second order stationary random functions X1,...,Xn. An orthogonal series estimator of the functional slope parameter with additional thresholding in the Fourier domain is proposed and its performance is measured with respect to a wide range of weighted risks covering as examples the mean squared prediction error and the mean integrated squared error for derivative estimation. In this paper the minimax optimal rate of convergence of the estimator is derived over a large class of different regularity spaces for the slope parameter and of different link conditions for the covariance operator. These general results are illustrated by the particular example of the well-known Sobolev space of periodic functions as regularity space for the slope parameter and the case of finitely or infinitely smoothing covariance operator.

We consider the recursive estimation of a regression functional where the explanatory variables take values in some functional space. We prove the almost sure convergence of such estimates for dependent functional data. Also we derive the mean quadratic error of the considered class of estimators. Our results are established with rates and asymptotic appear bounds, under strong mixing condition.

In this paper, a nonparametric estimator is proposed for estimating the L1-median for multivariate conditional distribution when the covariates take values in an infi?nite dimensional space. The multivariate case is more appropriate to predict the components of a vector of random variables simultaneously rather than predicting each of them separately. While estimating the conditional L1-median function using the well-known Nadarya-Waston estimator, we establish the strong consistency of this estimator as well as the asymptotic normality. We also present some simulations and provide how to built conditional con?fidence ellipsoids for the multivariate L1-median regression in practice. Some numerical study in chemiometrical real data are carried out to compare the multivariate L1-median regression with the vector of marginal median regression when the covariate X is a curve as well as X is a random vector.

This article investigates nonparametric estimation of variance functions for functional data when the mean function is unknown. We obtain asymptotic results for the kernel estimator based on squared residuals. Similar to the finite dimensional case, our asymptotic result shows the smoothness of the unknown mean function has an effect on the rate of convergence. Our simulaton studies demonstrate that estimator based on residuals performs much better than that based on conditional second moment of the responses.

Motivated by modeling and analysis of mass-spectrometry data, a semi- and nonparametric model is proposed that consists of a linear parametric component for individual location and scale and a nonparametric regression function for the common shape. A multi-step approach is developed that simultaneously estimates the parametric components and the nonparametric function. Under certain regularity conditions, it is shown that the resulting estimators is consistent and asymptotic normal for the parametric part and achieve the optimal rate of convergence for the nonparametric part when the bandwidth is suitably chosen. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and finite-sample performance of the method. The method is also applied to a SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry data set from a study of liver cancer patients.

Motivated by modeling and analysis of mass-spectrometry data, a semi- and nonparametric model is proposed that consists of a linear parametric component for individual location and scale and a nonparametric regression function for the common shape. A multi-step approach is developed that simultaneously estimates the parametric components and the nonparametric function. Under certain regularity conditions, it is shown that the resulting estimators is consistent and asymptotic normal for the parametric part and achieve the optimal rate of convergence for the nonparametric part when the bandwidth is suitably chosen. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and finite-sample performance of the method. The method is also applied to a SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry data set from a study of liver cancer patients.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics use monthly, by-state employment totals from the Current Population Survey (CPS) as a key input to develop employment estimates for counties within the states. The monthly CPS by-state totals, however, express high levels of volatility that compromise the accuracy of resulting estimates composed for the counties. Typically-employed models for small area estimation produce de-noised, state-level employment estimates by borrowing information over the survey months, but assume independence among the collection of by-state time series, which is typically violated due to similarities in their underlying economies. We construct Gaussian process and Gaussian Markov random field alternative functional prior specifications, each in a mixture of multivariate Gaussian distributions with a Dirichlet process (DP) mixing measure over the parameters of their covariance or precision matrices. Our DP mixture of functions models allow the data to simultaneously estimate a dependence among the months and between states. A feature of our models is that those functions assigned to the same cluster are drawn from a distribution with the same covariance parameters, so that they are similar, but don't have to be identical. We compare the performances of our two alternatives on synthetic data and apply them to recover de-noised, by-state CPS employment totals for data from $2000-2013$.

We address the estimation of quantiles from heavy-tailed distributions when functional covariate information is available and in the case where the order of the quantile converges to one as the sample size increases. Such "extreme" quantiles can be located in the range of the data or near and even beyond the boundary of the sample, depending on the convergence rate of their order to one. Nonparametric estimators of these functional extreme quantiles are introduced, their asymptotic distributions are established and their finite sample behavior is investigated.

In functional data analysis (FDA), covariance function is fundamental not only as a critical quantity for understanding elementary aspects of functional data but also as an indispensable ingredient for many advanced FDA methods. This paper develops a new class of nonparametric covariance function estimators in terms of various spectral regularizations of an operator associated with a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Despite their nonparametric nature, the covariance estimators are automatically positive semi-definite without any additional modification steps. An unconventional representer theorem is established to provide a finite dimensional representation for this class of covariance estimators, which leads to a closed-form expression of the corresponding $L^2$ eigen-decomposition. Trace-norm regularization is particularly studied to further achieve a low-rank representation, another desirable property which leads to dimension reduction and is often needed in advanced FDA approaches. An efficient algorithm is developed based on the accelerated proximal gradient method. This resulted estimator is shown to enjoy an excellent rate of convergence under both fixed and random designs. The outstanding practical performance of the trace-norm-regularized covariance estimator is demonstrated by a simulation study and the analysis of a traffic dataset.

In functional data analysis (FDA), covariance function is fundamental not only as a critical quantity for understanding elementary aspects of functional data but also as an indispensable ingredient for many advanced FDA methods. This paper develops a new class of nonparametric covariance function estimators in terms of various spectral regularizations of an operator associated with a reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Despite their nonparametric nature, the covariance estimators are automatically positive semi-definite without any additional modification steps. An unconventional representer theorem is established to provide a finite dimensional representation for this class of covariance estimators, which leads to a closed-form expression of the corresponding $L^2$ eigen-decomposition. Trace-norm regularization is particularly studied to further achieve a low-rank representation, another desirable property which leads to dimension reduction and is often needed in advanced FDA approaches. An efficient algorithm is developed based on the accelerated proximal gradient method. This resulted estimator is shown to enjoy an excellent rate of convergence under both fixed and random designs. The outstanding practical performance of the trace-norm-regularized covariance estimator is demonstrated by a simulation study and the analysis of a traffic dataset.