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We compute the two and three loop corrections to the beta function for Yang-Mills theories in the background gauge field method and using the background gauge field as the only source. The calculations are based on the separation of the one loop effective potential into zero and positive modes and are entirely analytical. No two or three loop Feynman diagrams are considered in the process.

Motivation has a lot of important in any organization. If employees are not/less motivated then they cannot put their maximum efforts in the job so that is the problem which must be solved. This study is about motivational factors that how they are affecting work motivation of employees and for this purpose Maslow’s hierarchy of need theory is used to measure the motivation level of employees in the organization. Frequency and correlation analysis is used for the analysis and results explore that where strong and weak relationship with work motivation exists.   

Measurement systems are typically calibrated based on standard practices established by a metrology standards laboratory, for example the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), or dictated by an organization's metrology manual. Therefore, the calibration is designed and executed according to an established procedure. However, for many aerodynamic research measurement systems a universally accepted standard, traceable approach does not exist. Therefore, a strategy for how to develop a calibration protocol is left to the developer or user to define based on experience and recommended practice in their respective industry. Wind tunnel balances are one such measurement system. Many different calibration systems, load schedules and procedures have been developed for balances with little consensus on a recommended approach. Especially lacking is guidance the number of calibration data points needed. Regrettably, the number of data points tends to be correlated with the perceived quality of the calibration. Often, the number of data points is associated with ones ability to generate the data rather than by a defined need in support of measurement objectives. Hence the title of the paper was conceived to challenge recent observations in the wind tunnel balance community that shows an ever increasing desire for more data points per calibration absent of guidance to determine when there are enough. This paper presents fundamental concepts and theory to aid in the development of calibration procedures for wind tunnel balances and provides a framework that is generally applicable to the characterization and calibration of other measurement systems. Questions that need to be answered are for example: What constitutes an adequate calibration? How much data are needed in the calibration? How good is the calibration? This paper will assist a practitioner in answering these questions by presenting an underlying theory on how to evaluate a calibration based on objective measures. This will enable the developer and user to design calibrations with quantified performance in terms of their capability to meet the user's objectives and a basis for comparing existing calibrations that may have been developed in an ad-hoc manner.

We believe that prior research on conspiracy theories (CTs) has not put sufficient emphasis on qualitative difference between different CTs. Among other, we think that conspiracy theories differ from each other in their relevance. "Conspiracy theories are attempts to explain the ultimate causes of significant social and political events and circumstances with claims of secret plots by two or more powerful actors" (Douglas et al., 2019, p. 4, emphasis ours). This definition indicates that people strongly believe in CTs referring to particularly important events. In addition, conspiracy theories are believed to satisfy existential (helplessness, fear of existence, loss of control, ...), social (protection of social identity, possibility to show individuality, ...) and epistemic motives (gaining knowledge in the face of uncertainty, ...) (Douglas et al, 2019). Accordingly, an event, which a conspiracy refers to, has to trigger these motives in order to prompt people to explain it with conspiratorial narratives. We assume that events, which trigger these motives, are of more relevance on an individual level and will, thusly, be associated with comparatively stronger conspiratorial belief. Therefore, CTs may be divided into two categories: On the one hand, there are relevant CTs, which are associated with a stronger belief and are used more often to satisfy existential, social and epistemic motives. On the other hand, there are less relevant CTs, which are associated with a weaker belief because there isn't a need to satisfy existential, social and epistemic motives. Moreover, CTs can be used to satisfy individuals’ need for uniqueness (NfU; Imhoff & Lamberty, 2017).Besides, Imhoff & Lamberty (2017) also showed that people with a high need for uniqueness report a stronger belief in a specific CT, which were rejected by the majority (vs. accepted by a majority). We assume that relevant CTs (as defined above) are more useful compared to less relevant CTs because of their immanent characteristic to explain significant political and social events. Accordingly, a majority will be more inclined to believe in relevant (vs. Irrelevant) CTs and only a minority might believe in less relevant CTs. Therefore, following a less relevant CT is far more indicative of uniqueness compared to following a more relevant CT: we assume the people with a high need for uniqueness believe stronger in less relevant CTs than in relevant CTs.

Bone's mechanostat theory describes the adaptation of bone tissues to their mechanical environment. Many experiments have investigated and observed such structural adaptation. However, there is still much uncertainty about how to define the reference mechanical state at which bone structure is adapted and stable. Clinical and experimental observations show that this reference state varies both in space and in time, over a wide range of timescales. We propose an osteocyte-based mechanostat theory that links various timescales of structural adaptation with various dynamic features of the osteocyte network in bone. This theory assumes that osteocytes are formed adapted to their current local mechanical environment through modulation of morphological and genotypic osteocyte properties involved in mechanical sensitivity. We distinguish two main types of physiological responses by which osteocytes subsequently modify the reference mechanical state. One is the replacement of osteocytes during bone remodelling, which occurs over the long timescales of bone turnover. The other is cell desensitisation responses, which occur more rapidly and reversibly during an osteocyte's lifetime. The novelty of this theory is to propose that long-lasting morphological and genotypic osteocyte properties provide a material basis for a long-term mechanical memory of bone that is gradually reset by bone remodelling. We test this theory by simulating long-term mechanical disuse (modelling spinal cord injury), and short-term mechanical loadings (modelling daily exercises) with a mathematical model. The consideration of osteocyte desensitisation and of osteocyte replacement by remodelling is able to capture the different phenomena and timescales observed during the mechanical adaptation of bone tissues, lending support to this theory.

This is a pre-registration for the Master thesis of Benjamin Gheller at Gothenburg University. Purpose Sweden currently has a target to reach zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2045 (Karlsson, 2021). To accomplish this, the production industry needs to implement more sustainable processes that reduce waste and increase efficiency. The psychological aspect is an essential component of this goal. Innovative climate and behavior have been well studied within organizational psychology. A systematic review of 78 articles about innovation climate from 1994 to 2018 found many antecedents for an innovation climate at a team and organizational level (Newman et al., 2020). Workforce, workplace, team, and leader characteristics significantly influence innovative climates across multiple levels of an organization. This also results in numerous beneficial outcomes (such as less stress and higher performance). More recently, a systematic review by Corzo & Contreras-Pacheco (2024) looked at 49 articles retrieved between 2017 and 2021 and found three major individual areas of study within innovative behavior: individual personality traits, social sharing theory, and self-determination theory (SDT). This study uses the SDT perspective to investigate how managers can influence their employees’ innovative behavior by supporting their basic psychological needs. This study uses data from a project at Chalmers Technical University “Management and organizational model for innovative, effective and socially sustainable production teams”, or abbreviated in Swedish to the LOOP project (see more at the LOOP project webpage at Wänström et al., 2023). The LOOP project was a recent quantitative/qualitative project investigating various behaviors and perceptions of front-line employees, managers, and teams within production companies in Sweden. One part of the LOOP project was a quantitative questionnaire using multiple validated instruments linked to SDT. This study will use data collected from employees to perform a cross-sectional SEM. This study uses the basic needs theory within SDT, which suggests that there are three basic psychological needs required for autonomous motivation: Competency, Relatedness, and Autonomy. Satisfaction of these needs (otherwise known as Need Satisfaction) is theorized to lead to higher intrinsic motivation, which will result in greater performance and creativity at work (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Reviews of this theory have broadly supported the benefits of Need Satisfaction in many outcomes in organizational psychology (Van den Broeck et al., 2016), and has linked need satisfaction to well-being across time (Tang et al., 2020). Research on the specific link between need satisfaction and innovative behavior has also grown in recent years, but mostly in the field of education. Previous studies have found that need satisfaction improved intrinsic motivation, which consequently improved creativity and innovation (Devloo et al., 2015; Urban et al., 2024). Other studies have used need satisfaction as a mediator between organizational support and innovative behavior (Cai & Tang, 2022), and also between transformational leadership and innovative behavior (Messmann et al., 2022). Researchers are also exploring the influence of managers on an employee’s basic need satisfaction. In the workplace, the managers take responsibility for their employees’ productivity and performance. Their treatment of their employees can allow an employee to either thrive or languish in the workplace. A review of SDT for the work environment highlighted the importance of managers supplying basic need satisfaction to their employees (otherwise known as Need Support) (Gagné & Deci, 2005). This has led to the development of the Need Support scale, which measures the perceived support that a manager provides to the employees’ basic psychological needs of competence, relatedness and autonomy (Tafvelin & Stenling, 2018). These theories lead to the purpose of this study within the context of the production industry: if managers support the basic needs of their employees, will these employees demonstrate higher satisfaction with their basic needs, and therefore demonstrate more innovative behavior? There is one important nuance that is specific to the sample being analyzed. Previous research within the LOOP project has recognized that the front-line employees in this sample are perceived to have little influence on their role and the company (Eden, 2023). In other words, the autonomy provided by the job’s design is expected to be small. This should also be evident through the Work Design questionnaire, which collected information about perceived autonomy provided by the job’s design (Morgeson & Humphrey, 2006). It is important to note that the little autonomy provided by the job may influence the relationships between Need Support autonomy, and both Need Satisfaction autonomy/Team Innovative Behavior. In other words, managers may not be able to supply their employees with autonomy because the employees’ role does not allow for much autonomy. Therefore, there are two ways to statistically investigate this nuance. If work design autonomy variables do not exhibit enough variance within the data to be testable (for example, all employees report a “1” on a Likert scale), then this variable will only provide descriptive value that will help characterize the sample. However, as these variables are measuring “perceived autonomy”, employees may exhibit more variance. Thus, Work Design autonomy can be tested as a moderator for the relationships between Need Support autonomy and Need Satisfaction autonomy/Team Innovative Behavior. In conclusion, this statistical analysis will investigate the effect of basic need satisfaction on innovative behavior, and whether managers have a role in supplying support for these needs. And because this role offers less autonomy, it will also investigate if the autonomy provided by the job moderates the relationship between Need Support autonomy and Need Satisfaction autonomy/Team Innovative Behavior. Please see the hypothesized SEM model under “Figure 1 Hypothesized model”

This is a pre-registration for the Master thesis of Benjamin Gheller at Gothenburg University. Purpose Sweden currently has a target to reach zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2045 (Karlsson, 2021). To accomplish this, the production industry needs to implement more sustainable processes that reduce waste and increase efficiency. The psychological aspect is an essential component of this goal. Innovative climate and behavior have been well studied within organizational psychology. A systematic review of 78 articles about innovation climate from 1994 to 2018 found many antecedents for an innovation climate at a team and organizational level (Newman et al., 2020). Workforce, workplace, team, and leader characteristics significantly influence innovative climates across multiple levels of an organization. This also results in numerous beneficial outcomes (such as less stress and higher performance). More recently, a systematic review by Corzo & Contreras-Pacheco (2024) looked at 49 articles retrieved between 2017 and 2021 and found three major individual areas of study within innovative behavior: individual personality traits, social sharing theory, and self-determination theory (SDT). This study uses the SDT perspective to investigate how managers can influence their employees’ innovative behavior by supporting their basic psychological needs. This study uses data from a project at Chalmers Technical University “Management and organizational model for innovative, effective and socially sustainable production teams”, or abbreviated in Swedish to the LOOP project (see more at the LOOP project webpage at Wänström et al., 2023). The LOOP project was a recent quantitative/qualitative project investigating various behaviors and perceptions of front-line employees, managers, and teams within production companies in Sweden. One part of the LOOP project was a quantitative questionnaire using multiple validated instruments linked to SDT. This study will use data collected from employees to perform a cross-sectional SEM. This study uses the basic needs theory within SDT, which suggests that there are three basic psychological needs required for autonomous motivation: Competency, Relatedness, and Autonomy. Satisfaction of these needs (otherwise known as Need Satisfaction) is theorized to lead to higher intrinsic motivation, which will result in greater performance and creativity at work (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Reviews of this theory have broadly supported the benefits of Need Satisfaction in many outcomes in organizational psychology (Van den Broeck et al., 2016), and has linked need satisfaction to well-being across time (Tang et al., 2020). Research on the specific link between need satisfaction and innovative behavior has also grown in recent years, but mostly in the field of education. Previous studies have found that need satisfaction improved intrinsic motivation, which consequently improved creativity and innovation (Devloo et al., 2015; Urban et al., 2024). Other studies have used need satisfaction as a mediator between organizational support and innovative behavior (Cai & Tang, 2022), and also between transformational leadership and innovative behavior (Messmann et al., 2022). Researchers are also exploring the influence of managers on an employee’s basic need satisfaction. In the workplace, the managers take responsibility for their employees’ productivity and performance. Their treatment of their employees can allow an employee to either thrive or languish in the workplace. A review of SDT for the work environment highlighted the importance of managers supplying basic need satisfaction to their employees (otherwise known as Need Support) (Gagné & Deci, 2005). This has led to the development of the Need Support scale, which measures the perceived support that a manager provides to the employees’ basic psychological needs of competence, relatedness and autonomy (Tafvelin & Stenling, 2018). These theories lead to the purpose of this study within the context of the production industry: if managers support the basic needs of their employees, will these employees demonstrate higher satisfaction with their basic needs, and therefore demonstrate more innovative behavior? There is one important nuance that is specific to the sample being analyzed. Previous research within the LOOP project has recognized that the front-line employees in this sample are perceived to have little influence on their role and the company (Eden, 2023). In other words, the autonomy provided by the job’s design is expected to be small. This should also be evident through the Work Design questionnaire, which collected information about perceived autonomy provided by the job’s design (Morgeson & Humphrey, 2006). It is important to note that the little autonomy provided by the job may influence the relationships between Need Support autonomy, and both Need Satisfaction autonomy/Team Innovative Behavior. In other words, managers may not be able to supply their employees with autonomy because the employees’ role does not allow for much autonomy. Therefore, there are two ways to statistically investigate this nuance. If work design autonomy variables do not exhibit enough variance within the data to be testable (for example, all employees report a “1” on a Likert scale), then this variable will only provide descriptive value that will help characterize the sample. However, as these variables are measuring “perceived autonomy”, employees may exhibit more variance. Thus, Work Design autonomy can be tested as a moderator for the relationships between Need Support autonomy and Need Satisfaction autonomy/Team Innovative Behavior. In conclusion, this statistical analysis will investigate the effect of basic need satisfaction on innovative behavior, and whether managers have a role in supplying support for these needs. And because this role offers less autonomy, it will also investigate if the autonomy provided by the job moderates the relationship between Need Support autonomy and Need Satisfaction autonomy/Team Innovative Behavior. Please see the hypothesized SEM model under “Figure 1 Hypothesized model”

Acculturation patterns of immigrants into American society have been examined through various disciplinary perspectives--anthropology, sociology, psychology, psychiatry, and, more recently, communications. Although acculturation is defined somewhat differently by different disciplines, it can be generally interpreted as the overall process of change that occurs as an immigrant engages in continuous first-hand contact with a new socio-cultural system. Review of literature on acculturation from the 1930s to the 1970s indicates that the multi-disciplinary approach has contributed richness and flexibility to the research. It has also, however, resulted in confusion based on noncomplementary viewpoints of the various disciplines. These conflicting views are the result of numerous factors including different definitions and conceptualizations of acculturation, ideologically-based conflicts, and disciplinary limitations. Acculturation scholars will improve their research if they make a concerted effort to synthesize the diverse perspectives and develop a unified comprehensive theory of acculturation. (Author/DB)

"Need for a Comprehensive Restatement of Educational Theory" is an article from The School Review, Volume 17 . View more articles from The School Review . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-1077213

Introduction:  Romances and stories and in particular, children's literary creations have a significant potential to be utilized as a solution for children's behavioral and personality disorders as well as enhancing some of their abilities. Methodology:  Investigating the effect and impact of these stories requires the use of a branch of literary criticism which is within the scope of psychological criticism. In this matter, the theories of William Glasser, as one of the most positive psychologists in the field provide some useful theories to analyze these texts and concepts. It should be noted that one of the basic needs of human is his/her need for freedom that has been addressed in the Glasser's theory. As such, the current research evaluates 145 children's favorite books translated or written during 1921-2011. Moreover, this research conducts a psychological analysis using a qualitative-deductive content analysis approach for about 30 stories that freedom is an outstanding issue in their characters. The required data was gathered by a documentary method in which the purposeful sampling method was carried out to choose the sample of the study. Findings:  In this paper, the freedom is divided into two parts of positive and negative liberties. The positive liberty is related to those characters that often choose the right behavior after satisfying a natural and healthy need. On the other hand, the characters via negative liberty are those characters that violate people's rights to accomplish their goals. Conclusion:  The obtained results of the paper revealed that those characters that are motivated by positive liberty and choose the right behavior to satisfy their needs can achieve good results at the end of the story. Conversely, those characters that are motivated by negative liberty or choose to incorrect behavior to satisfy their needs for freedom may fail at the end of the story. Finally, it is worthwhile to suggest to all writers and critics of child and adolescent books that by studying children's psychology, they can better choose those studies that are appropriate for them. Furthermore, with the help of psychologists, both child and adolescent literature researchers will psychologically review all studies related to these young audiences. For this purpose, they can rely on Glasser's theory and other general theories of counseling and psychotherapy that are appropriate for the subject matter of the stories.

A survey of 20 university students of English as a Second Language in China revealed lack of understanding of the role of listening in communication. Students believed they had good understanding of English vocabulary but had difficulty understanding a speaker's main ideas. Only a minority agreed that listener feedback affects the speaker's message. This situation is attributed to the Chinese method of language teaching that emphasizes vocabulary development but neglects interpersonal communication. A need for greater emphasis on development of listening skills, particularly on the effect of cultural factors and of high and low context on interaction, is seen. A recommended strategy is to teach theoretical considerations that can enhance understanding of the listening process, focusing on general rather than specific listening skills, listening distractions (factual, semantic, mental, physical), listening distortions (need for inference, personal reflection on meaning and message, listener expectation), criteria affecting listener response (listener purpose, knowledge, skills, attitudes), and active listening techniques (listening to understand and provide feedback, avoiding strong judgments about speaker statements, listening for content and feelings, restatement to ensure understanding). It is noted that listening instruction can be incorporated in distance learning as well as classroom instruction. (Contains 14 references.) (MSE)

Pressure-temperature-volume (PVT) data have been obtained for poly(propylene glycol) of molecular weight 1025 containing LiCF3SO3 in the mole ratio 20:1. The PVT data were used to calculate the specific volumes, V/V(sub P = 0, TAU = 296 K), associated with the pressures and temperatures for previously published variable temperature, high-pressure electrical conductivity data. It is found that the electrical conductivity depends strongly on temperature at a constant volume. Consequently, traditional free volume theory is not consistent with the data. Finally, it is shown that the features of the electrical conductivity data can be accounted for by a recently developed generalized Vogel theory.

The studies on conspiracy theories suggest that those who believe in conspiracy theories are undereducated (Freeman & Bentall, 2017) and less intelligent (Stieger et al., 2013). However, that speaks neither to the self-concept of those who believe in conspiracy theories nor to the complexity of some conspiracy theories. On the one hand, the believers in conspiracy theories see themselves as detectives and investigators (Byford, 2011) who try to understand “what they have not been told”. Thereby, a tendency to engage in and enjoy thinking seems to be linked to an interest in conspiracy theories. However, previous studies did not find a significant relationship between the belief in conspiracy theory (BCT) and need for cognition (NfC; Cacioppo & Petty, 1982; Keller et al. 2000). A first correlational study returned support for our hypothesis, that the relation between NfC and BCT was of a quadratic nature. We hypothesized that recipients of a potentially conspiratorial message very low in NfC would not engage in conspiratorial thinking at all, recipients with a very high NfC would discard it. Recipients with a moderate NfC however, would show a sufficient engagement to consider a conspiracy theory valid but not enough to find its flaws. We attempt to replicate this effect in an experimental study. We adopted the logic of Petty et al. (2009) treating NfC and cognitive effort as functionally equivalent variables (in their case to test central vs. peripheral processing). Thus, we will manipulate participants’ cognitive effort while they are processing a message that can be interpreted as a description of a conspiracy (but is subtle enough not to elicit reactance).

Mayim Bialik explains to veteran journalist Bill Carter why the need for the health insurance led to her role on "The Big Bang Theory". Want to hear more of "The Bill Carter Interview"? Tune in to SiriusXM Insight (Channel 121), Mondays at 6 PM EST. Source: https://soundcloud.com/siriusxm-news-issues/mayim-bialik-explains-how-the-need-for-health-insurance-led-to-her-role-on-the-big-bang-theory Uploader: SiriusXM News & Issues

Modified gravity theories with a screening mechanism have acquired much interest recently in the quest for a viable alternative to General Relativity on cosmological scales, given their intrinsic property of being able to pass Solar System scale tests and, at the same time, to possibly drive universe acceleration on much larger scales. Here, we explore the possibility that the same screening mechanism, or its breaking at a certain astrophysical scale, might be responsible of those gravitational effects which, in the context of general relativity, are generally attributed to Dark Matter. We consider a recently proposed extension of covariant Galileon models in the so-called "beyond Horndeski" scenario, where a breaking of the Vainshtein mechanism is possible and, thus, some peculiar observational signatures should be detectable and make it distinguishable from general relativity. We apply this model to a sample of clusters of galaxies observed under the \textit{CLASH} survey, using both new data from gravitational lensing events and archival data from X-ray intra-cluster hot gas observations. In particular, we use the latter to model the gas density, and then use it as the only ingredient in the matter clusters' budget to calculate the expected lensing convergence map. Results show that, in the context of this extended Galileon, the assumption of having only gas and no Dark Matter at all in the clusters is able to match observations. We also obtain narrow and very interesting bounds on the parameters which characterize this model. In particular, we find that, at least for one of them, the general relativity limit is excluded at $2\sigma$ confidence level, thus making this model clearly statistically different and competitive with respect to general relativity.

Modified gravity theories with a screening mechanism have acquired much interest recently in the quest for a viable alternative to General Relativity on cosmological scales, given their intrinsic property of being able to pass Solar System scale tests and, at the same time, to possibly drive universe acceleration on much larger scales. Here, we explore the possibility that the same screening mechanism, or its breaking at a certain astrophysical scale, might be responsible of those gravitational effects which, in the context of general relativity, are generally attributed to Dark Matter. We consider a recently proposed extension of covariant Galileon models in the so-called "beyond Horndeski" scenario, where a breaking of the Vainshtein mechanism is possible and, thus, some peculiar observational signatures should be detectable and make it distinguishable from general relativity. We apply this model to a sample of clusters of galaxies observed under the \textit{CLASH} survey, using both new data from gravitational lensing events and archival data from X-ray intra-cluster hot gas observations. In particular, we use the latter to model the gas density, and then use it as the only ingredient in the matter clusters' budget to calculate the expected lensing convergence map. Results show that, in the context of this extended Galileon, the assumption of having only gas and no Dark Matter at all in the clusters is able to match observations. We also obtain narrow and very interesting bounds on the parameters which characterize this model. In particular, we find that, at least for one of them, the general relativity limit is excluded at $2\sigma$ confidence level, thus making this model clearly statistically different and competitive with respect to general relativity.

Modified gravity theories with a screening mechanism have acquired much interest recently in the quest for a viable alternative to General Relativity on cosmological scales, given their intrinsic property of being able to pass Solar System scale tests and, at the same time, to possibly drive universe acceleration on much larger scales. Here, we explore the possibility that the same screening mechanism, or its breaking at a certain astrophysical scale, might be responsible of those gravitational effects which, in the context of general relativity, are generally attributed to Dark Matter. We consider a recently proposed extension of covariant Galileon models in the so-called "beyond Horndeski" scenario, where a breaking of the Vainshtein mechanism is possible and, thus, some peculiar observational signatures should be detectable and make it distinguishable from general relativity. We apply this model to a sample of clusters of galaxies observed under the \textit{CLASH} survey, using both new data from gravitational lensing events and archival data from X-ray intra-cluster hot gas observations. In particular, we use the latter to model the gas density, and then use it as the only ingredient in the matter clusters' budget to calculate the expected lensing convergence map. Results show that, in the context of this extended Galileon, the assumption of having only gas and no Dark Matter at all in the clusters is able to match observations. We also obtain narrow and very interesting bounds on the parameters which characterize this model. In particular, we find that, at least for one of them, the general relativity limit is excluded at $2\sigma$ confidence level, thus making this model clearly statistically different and competitive with respect to general relativity.

Modified gravity theories with a screening mechanism have acquired much interest recently in the quest for a viable alternative to General Relativity on cosmological scales, given their intrinsic property of being able to pass Solar System scale tests and, at the same time, to possibly drive universe acceleration on much larger scales. Here, we explore the possibility that the same screening mechanism, or its breaking at a certain astrophysical scale, might be responsible of those gravitational effects which, in the context of general relativity, are generally attributed to Dark Matter. We consider a recently proposed extension of covariant Galileon models in the so-called "beyond Horndeski" scenario, where a breaking of the Vainshtein mechanism is possible and, thus, some peculiar observational signatures should be detectable and make it distinguishable from general relativity. We apply this model to a sample of clusters of galaxies observed under the \textit{CLASH} survey, using both new data from gravitational lensing events and archival data from X-ray intra-cluster hot gas observations. In particular, we use the latter to model the gas density, and then use it as the only ingredient in the matter clusters' budget to calculate the expected lensing convergence map. Results show that, in the context of this extended Galileon, the assumption of having only gas and no Dark Matter at all in the clusters is able to match observations. We also obtain narrow and very interesting bounds on the parameters which characterize this model. In particular, we find that, at least for one of them, the general relativity limit is excluded at $2\sigma$ confidence level, thus making this model clearly statistically different and competitive with respect to general relativity.

Modified gravity theories with a screening mechanism have acquired much interest recently in the quest for a viable alternative to General Relativity on cosmological scales, given their intrinsic property of being able to pass Solar System scale tests and, at the same time, to possibly drive universe acceleration on much larger scales. Here, we explore the possibility that the same screening mechanism, or its breaking at a certain astrophysical scale, might be responsible of those gravitational effects which, in the context of general relativity, are generally attributed to Dark Matter. We consider a recently proposed extension of covariant Galileon models in the so-called "beyond Horndeski" scenario, where a breaking of the Vainshtein mechanism is possible and, thus, some peculiar observational signatures should be detectable and make it distinguishable from general relativity. We apply this model to a sample of clusters of galaxies observed under the \textit{CLASH} survey, using both new data from gravitational lensing events and archival data from X-ray intra-cluster hot gas observations. In particular, we use the latter to model the gas density, and then use it as the only ingredient in the matter clusters' budget to calculate the expected lensing convergence map. Results show that, in the context of this extended Galileon, the assumption of having only gas and no Dark Matter at all in the clusters is able to match observations. We also obtain narrow and very interesting bounds on the parameters which characterize this model. In particular, we find that, at least for one of them, the general relativity limit is excluded at $2\sigma$ confidence level, thus making this model clearly statistically different and competitive with respect to general relativity.

Based on a native English-speaking teacher's perception that Chinese university students of English as a Second Language have greater skill in vocabulary than in the communication of ideas, a survey of students in one class investigated attitudes about the role of nonverbal communication in the communication process. Responses indicate a lack of understanding of nonverbal communication processes. Over half the students surveyed felt they were more expressive nonverbally when they are speaking English than when speaking Chinese, and most felt nonverbal communication in the two languages differs. A strong majority felt they could communicate better in English if they learned more nonverbal communication norms in English-speaking countries. The need for more emphasis on nonverbal communication is evident from these responses. High- and low-context communication processes illustrate the effect of culture on the listening process. Expectations can differ greatly in the two kinds of communication. At a minimum, theory that can enhance understanding of nonverbal communication processes should be taught, with emphasis placed on general ideas rather than specific skills. Work in proxemics, vocalics, kinesics, eye behavior, and tactile communication would contribute to awareness. A 13-item bibliography is included. (MSE)

Educational philosophy, broadly speaking, has turned sharply in the direction of nonideal theorizing in recent years. The thesis of this paper is that this turn is premature, and will ultimately bear very little fruit for educational philosophy as a discipline. The author's argument proceeds through a discussion of the history of nonideal theory in political philosophy, and the particular and unique historical milieu out of which it developed. This paper argues that educational philosophy has not developed in an even relatively analogous way to political philosophy, and that the historical and contemporary distance between the two fields gives us good reasons to be suspicious of the wholesale appropriation of methods and insights of the one for use in the other. The author issues a call to retain ideal theorizing--and even privilege it--in educational philosophy, and argues that a critical factor in the development of nonideal theory in political philosophy is precisely the fact that the discipline first had to pass through a long and arduous period of ideal theorizing. This connection underscores the need for philosophers of education to turn toward the foundational, the originary, and the primal questions of the field of educational philosophy rather than to the practical questions of application which have preoccupied many philosophers of education lately. These fundamental questions are where philosophers of education find the fertile ground that is uniquely theirs and where their philosophical roots should be planted.

On their own, student learning and development outcomes assessment data have limited utility for improving programming. We believe outcomes data should not be collected until two fundamental questions can be answered: "Why should this programming result in the desired outcome?" (i.e., program theory) and "Was the intended programming actually experienced by students?" (i.e., implementation fidelity). Some assessment professionals may find this proclamation radical. Our call is fueled by the creation of unjustified programming and curriculum, coupled with the collection of outcomes data that are not used for improvement efforts. We contend that it is only after program theory is articulated that faculty and student affairs professionals can collect relevant, useful outcomes data. Moreover, valid inferences from outcomes data are contingent on knowing what programming students experienced. This "expanded" assessment practice has potential to afford better-designed, more impactful, research-informed programming to students. As our students have opportunities to engage in well-implemented, should-be-effective programming, their learning should demonstrably improve. Thus, we call for professional standards and professionals themselves to integrate program theory and implementation fidelity into outcomes assessment practice.

In Yang-Mills theory, the charges of the left and right massless Fermions are independent of each other. We propose a new paradigm where we remove this freedom and densify the algebraic structure of Yang-Mills theory by integrating the scalar Higgs field into a new gauge-chiral 1-form which connects Fermions of opposite chiralities. Using the Bianchi identity, we prove that the corresponding covariant differential is associative if and only if we gauge a Lie-Kac super-algebra. In this model, spontaneous symmetry breakdown naturally occurs along an odd generator of the super-algebra and induces a representation of the Connes-Lott non commutative differential geometry of the 2-point finite space.

Using Brownian Dynamics computer simulations we show that the relaxation of a supercooled Brownian system is qualitatively the same as that of a Newtonian system. In particular, near the so-called mode-coupling transition temperature, dynamic properties of the Brownian system exhibit the same deviations from power-law behavior as those of the Newtonian one. Thus, similar dynamical events cut off the idealized mode-coupling transition in Brownian and Newtonian systems. We discuss implications of this finding for extended mode-coupling theory. In addition, we point out and discuss the difference between our findings and experimental results, and present an alternative interpretation of some of our simulation data.