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Background: A number of school systems worldwide have proposed and implemented later school start times as a means of avoiding the potentially negative impacts that early morning schedules can have on adolescent students. Even mild sleep deprivation has been associated with significant health and educational concerns: increased risk for accidents and injuries, impaired learning, aggression, memory loss, poor self-esteem, and changes in metabolism. Although researchers have begun to explore the effects of delayed school start time, no one has conducted a rigorous review of evidence to determine whether later school start times support adolescent health, education, and well-being. Objectives: We aimed to assess the effects of a later school start time for supporting health, education, and well-being in high school students. Secondary objectives were to explore possible differential effects of later school start times in student subgroups and in different types of schools; to identify implementation practices, contextual factors, and delivery modes associated with positive and negative effects of later start times; and to assess the effects of later school start times on the broader community (high school faculty and staff, neighborhood, and families). Search methods: We conducted the main search for this review on 28 October 2014 and updated it on 8 February 2016. We searched CENTRAL as well as 17 key electronic databases (including MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC, PsycINFO, and Sociological Abstracts), current editions of relevant journals and organizational websites, trial registries, and Google Scholar. Selection criteria: We included any randomized controlled trials, controlled before-and-after studies, and interrupted time series studies with sufficient data points that pertained to students aged 13 to 19 years and that compared different school start times. Studies that reported either primary outcomes of interest (academic outcomes, amount or quality of sleep, mental health indicators, attendance, or alertness) or secondary outcomes (health behaviors, health and safety indicators, social outcomes, family outcomes, school outcomes, or community outcomes) were eligible. Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors independently determined inclusion and exclusion decisions through screening titles, abstracts, and full-text reports. Two review authors independently extracted data for all eligible studies. We presented findings through a narrative synthesis across all studies. When two or more study samples provided sufficient information to permit effect size calculations, we conducted random-effects meta-analyses to synthesize effects across studies. Results: Our search located 17 eligible records reporting on 11 unique studies with 297,994 participants; the studies examined academic outcomes, amount and quality of sleep, mental health indicators, attendance, and student alertness. Overall, the quality of the body of evidence was very low, as we rated most studies as being at high or unclear risk of bias with respect to allocation, attrition, absence of randomization, and the collection of baseline data. Therefore, we cannot be confident about the effects of later school start times. Preliminary evidence from the included studies indicated a potential association between later school start times and academic and psychosocial outcomes, but quality and comparability of these data were low and often precluded quantitative synthesis. Four studies examined the association between later school start times and academic outcomes, reporting mixed results. Six studies examined effects on total amount of sleep and reported significant, positive relationships between later school start times and amount of sleep. One study provided information concerning mental health outcomes, reporting an association between decreased depressive symptoms and later school start times. There were mixed results for the association between later school start times and absenteeism. Three studies reported mixed results concerning the association between later school start times and student alertness. There was limited indication of potential adverse effects on logistics, as the qualitative portions of one study reported less interaction between parents and children, and another reported staffing and scheduling difficulties. Because of the insufficient evidence, we cannot draw firm conclusions concerning adverse effects at this time. It is important to note the limitations of this evidence, especially as randomized controlled trials and high-quality primary studies are difficult to conduct; school systems are often unwilling or unable to allow researchers the necessary control over scheduling and data collection. Moreover, this evidence does not speak to the process of implementing later school starts, as the included studies focused on reporting the effects rather than exploring the process. Authors' conclusions: This systematic review on later school start times suggests several potential benefits for this intervention and points to the need for higher quality primary studies. However, as a result of the limited evidence base, we could not determine the effects of later school start times with any confidence. [Additional funding was provided by: (1) Department of Public Health Sciences, Canada; and (2) Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Population Health Intervention Research Network, Canada.]

1Astounding Stories 04, April 1930

By Arthur J. Burks, Ray Cummings, Tom Curry, Thomas H. Knight, Captain S. P. Meek and Anthony Pelcher

The fourth issue of <i>Astounding Stories</i> continues Ray Cummings serial "Brigands of the Moon", along with pulp sci-fi stories by Capt. S. P. Meek, Anthony Pelcher and other authors. - Summary by Alan Winterrowd

2Astounding Stories 06, June 1930

By Ray Cummings, Tom Curry, Charles Willard Diffin, Murray Leinster and James P. Olsen

Issue six of this seminal science-fiction magazine concludes the Ray Cummings story "Brigands of the Moon", and continues Murray Leinster's "Murder Madness". In addition there are three short stories, by various authors, and a short novel by Charles W. Diffin - Summary by Alan Winterrowd

3Astounding Stories 07, July 1930

By Arthur J. Burks, Tom Curry, Charles Willard Diffin, Murray Leinster, Captain S. P. Meek, Harl Vincent and Sewell Peaslee Wright

Issue seven of this seminal science-fiction magazine - Summary by Annise

4Astounding Stories 16, April 1931

By Ray Cummings, Tom Curry, Paul Ernst, Anthony Gilmore, Edmond Hamilton, Jack Williamson and Sewell Peaslee Wright

<b>Contents of this issue :-</b><br>MONSTERS OF MARS EDMOND HAMILTON - Three Martian-Duped Earth-Men Swing Open the Gates of Space That for So Long Had Barred the Greedy Hordes of the Red Planet. (A Complete Novelette.) <br> THE EXILE OF TIME RAY CUMMINGS - From Somewhere Out of Time Come a Swarm of Robots Who Inflict on New York the Awful Vengeance of the Diabolical Cripple Tugh. (Beginning a Four-Part Novel.) <br> HELL'S DIMENSION TOM CURRY - Professor Lambert Deliberately Ventures into a Vibrational Dimension to Join His Fiancée in Its Magnetic Torture-Fields. <br> THE WORLD BEHIND THE MOON PAUL ERNST - Two Intrepid Earth-Men Fight It Out with the Horrific Monsters of Zeud's Frightful Jungles. <br> FOUR MILES WITHIN ANTHONY GILMORE - Far Down into the Earth Goes a Gleaming Metal Sphere Whose Passengers Are Deadly Enemies. (A Complete Novelette.) <br> THE LAKE OF LIGHT JACK WILLIAMSON - In the Frozen Wastes at the Bottom of the World Two Explorers Find a Strange Pool of White Fire—and Have a Strange Adventure. <br> THE GHOST WORLD SEWELL PEASLEE WRIGHT - Commander John Hanson Records Another of His Thrilling Interplanetary Adventures with the Special Patrol Service. <br> THE READERS' CORNER ALL OF US - A Meeting Place for Readers of Astounding Stories.