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Natural Killer Cell Memory in Context

This project is looking at the effect of highlighting an object via social information on what infants store in working memory

This project is looking at the effect of highlighting an object via social information on what infants store in working memory

This project is looking at the effect of highlighting an object via social information on what infants store in working memory

this study aims to look at infants' memory of a last hidden object when the hiding is attended by another person

Cultural differences do not only impact the social aspects of an individual but also their cognitive aspects, such as their information processing abilities and memory (Wang, 2021). These cognitive differences occur because of differences in values held by different cultures and are reflected in how people perceive, think, solve problems, learn, and interact with others (Witkin et al., 1977). Previous studies have found that the perceptual processes involved in attending to environmental information and encoding it into memory differ across cultures (Hope et al., 2022). For example, Western individualistic countries, such as the USA, European, and Australia, tend to use an analytic perception, which refers to the tendency of individuals to separate the focal object (the main object of an event) from its background, which is the context of where the event happened. On the other hand, Eastern collectivist countries (i.e., China, Japan, Korea) tend to use holistic perception, referring to the tendency of individuals to view the focal object and its background as one whole, as well as emphasizing relations between said object and background (Nisbett et al., 2001). The differentiation of memory between Western and Eastern cultures is based on differences in information processing and visual attention (Chua et al., 2005; Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). For example, in Masuda and Nisbett's study (Chua et al., 2005), they presented American and Japanese participants with video clips of naturalistic underwater scenes containing focal objects within a background and asked them to describe the scenes. Japanese participants were more inclined than American participants to mention the background and the relationships between the focal object and its surroundings (e.g., "a large fish was swimming toward the green seaweed"). Another study also found that when viewing images of natural scenes featuring a focal object and its background, American participants allocated their attention to the focal object more quickly with a longer duration than Chinese participants. In contrast, Chinese participants tended to shift their gaze toward the background more frequently than American participants (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). These studies suggested that Western and East Asian participants exhibit analytic and holistic perceptual processes in their memory, respectively, as a result of culturally socialized influences. Taken together, culture and background context are essential factors that can affect memory. However, the previous studies have primarily focused on the comparison of memory between Eastern and Western cultures instead of examining variations within a culture. However, even within a given culture, variations might exist that might drive differences in memory. A prime example is Indonesia that as an Eastern collectivist country has diverse demographics and ethnic groups each with its own unique culture (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). This unique multiculturalism within one country may also lead to variations in memory among Indonesia’s citizens (Triandis, 1995). One factor that may demonstrate differences in memory among Indonesian citizens is cultural orientation, which reflects the place of residence (Rooks et al., 2016). Previous research has shown that urban residents tend to be more analytic than rural residents, because urban areas are more exposed to influence from Western countries and cultures compared to rural areas (Ma et al., 2015). Thus, rural residents tend to exhibit a holistic perception, while urban residents use a more analytic perception (Goz et al., 2016). In the current study, we predict that rural residents in Indonesia will tend to be collectivistic and exhibit a holistic perception. In contrast, urban residents in Indonesia will tend to be individualistic and exhibit a more analytic perception. We also predict that the memories of rural (holistic) and urban (analytic) residents will remain consistent regardless of whether they are presented with rural or urban background contexts. Another factor that may affect memory in Indonesia is generation, referring to a group of people who are born in a similar period of time and participate in shared practices, identities, and beliefs (Lamb, 2015). Studies have indicated that generation Z (individuals born in 1997–2012) tends to be more individualistic compared to previous generations, such as generation X (individuals born in 1965–1980) (Jamal, 2020; Pichler et al., 2021; Tang, 2019). This individualism is reflected in their emphasis on self-actualization, where they prioritize personal interests over those of others (Rahmatia et al., 2024). In contrast, generation X tends to hold collectivistic values (Marcus et al., 2022; Twenge et al., 2012), often conforming to social norms and avoiding direct confrontation to maintain interpersonal relationships (Triwijayati et al. 2022,). Therefore, in the current study we predict a difference in memory between generation X and Z. Generation Z will tend to be individualistic and show an analytic perception, while generation X is expected to be collectivistic with a holistic perception. In summary, previous research indicated that there can be variations in memory within a culture. This research will focus on examining the memory of traffic accident eyewitness memory in Indonesia. Understanding how memory influences witness memory in this context is crucial, as it may affect how individuals report traffic incidents. This insight can be valuable for the authorities when reconstructing events and identifying suspects. This is especially relevant as Indonesia has a high rate of traffic accidents (Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022). Therefore, this study will answer the following questions: 1. When rural and urban residents are witnessing traffic accidents in urban and rural background contexts, will there be any differences in their memory of the traffic accident incidents? And which differences exist in the memory between generation X and generation Z? 2. Does background context interact with residential areas and generation in affecting memory of traffic accident incidents? A mixed quasi-experimental design with 2 (background context: urban vs rural background) x 2 (place of residence: urban vs rural) x 2 (generation: generation X vs Z) will be used, with background context as a within-subject factor, and both place of residence and generation as between-subject factors. We will test 160 individuals born between 1965–1980 (generation X) and 1997–2007 (generation Z, with a minimum age of 18), Javanese, and have resided for at least eight years in either urban areas (Jabodetabek) or rural areas (Pekalongan). Participants will receive videos about traffic accidents that developed by the researchers to describe rural and urban road conditions in Indonesia. Memories (holistic vs analytic) will be measured using recall and recognition tasks.

Cultural differences do not only impact the social aspects of an individual but also their cognitive aspects, such as their information processing abilities and memory (Wang, 2021). These cognitive differences occur because of differences in values held by different cultures and are reflected in how people perceive, think, solve problems, learn, and interact with others (Witkin et al., 1977). Previous studies have found that the perceptual processes involved in attending to environmental information and encoding it into memory differ across cultures (Hope et al., 2022). For example, Western individualistic countries, such as the USA, European, and Australia, tend to use an analytic perception, which refers to the tendency of individuals to separate the focal object (the main object of an event) from its background, which is the context of where the event happened. On the other hand, Eastern collectivist countries (i.e., China, Japan, Korea) tend to use holistic perception, referring to the tendency of individuals to view the focal object and its background as one whole, as well as emphasizing relations between said object and background (Nisbett et al., 2001). The differentiation of memory between Western and Eastern cultures is based on differences in information processing and visual attention (Chua et al., 2005; Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). For example, in Masuda and Nisbett's study (Chua et al., 2005), they presented American and Japanese participants with video clips of naturalistic underwater scenes containing focal objects within a background and asked them to describe the scenes. Japanese participants were more inclined than American participants to mention the background and the relationships between the focal object and its surroundings (e.g., "a large fish was swimming toward the green seaweed"). Another study also found that when viewing images of natural scenes featuring a focal object and its background, American participants allocated their attention to the focal object more quickly with a longer duration than Chinese participants. In contrast, Chinese participants tended to shift their gaze toward the background more frequently than American participants (Masuda & Nisbett, 2001). These studies suggested that Western and East Asian participants exhibit analytic and holistic perceptual processes in their memory, respectively, as a result of culturally socialized influences. Taken together, culture and background context are essential factors that can affect memory. However, the previous studies have primarily focused on the comparison of memory between Eastern and Western cultures instead of examining variations within a culture. However, even within a given culture, variations might exist that might drive differences in memory. A prime example is Indonesia that as an Eastern collectivist country has diverse demographics and ethnic groups each with its own unique culture (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). This unique multiculturalism within one country may also lead to variations in memory among Indonesia’s citizens (Triandis, 1995). One factor that may demonstrate differences in memory among Indonesian citizens is cultural orientation, which reflects the place of residence (Rooks et al., 2016). Previous research has shown that urban residents tend to be more analytic than rural residents, because urban areas are more exposed to influence from Western countries and cultures compared to rural areas (Ma et al., 2015). Thus, rural residents tend to exhibit a holistic perception, while urban residents use a more analytic perception (Goz et al., 2016). In the current study, we predict that rural residents in Indonesia will tend to be collectivistic and exhibit a holistic perception. In contrast, urban residents in Indonesia will tend to be individualistic and exhibit a more analytic perception. We also predict that the memories of rural (holistic) and urban (analytic) residents will remain consistent regardless of whether they are presented with rural or urban background contexts. Another factor that may affect memory in Indonesia is generation, referring to a group of people who are born in a similar period of time and participate in shared practices, identities, and beliefs (Lamb, 2015). Studies have indicated that generation Z (individuals born in 1997–2012) tends to be more individualistic compared to previous generations, such as generation X (individuals born in 1965–1980) (Jamal, 2020; Pichler et al., 2021; Tang, 2019). This individualism is reflected in their emphasis on self-actualization, where they prioritize personal interests over those of others (Rahmatia et al., 2024). In contrast, generation X tends to hold collectivistic values (Marcus et al., 2022; Twenge et al., 2012), often conforming to social norms and avoiding direct confrontation to maintain interpersonal relationships (Triwijayati et al. 2022,). Therefore, in the current study we predict a difference in memory between generation X and Z. Generation Z will tend to be individualistic and show an analytic perception, while generation X is expected to be collectivistic with a holistic perception. In summary, previous research indicated that there can be variations in memory within a culture. This research will focus on examining the memory of traffic accident eyewitness memory in Indonesia. Understanding how memory influences witness memory in this context is crucial, as it may affect how individuals report traffic incidents. This insight can be valuable for the authorities when reconstructing events and identifying suspects. This is especially relevant as Indonesia has a high rate of traffic accidents (Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, 2022). Therefore, this study will answer the following questions: 1. When rural and urban residents are witnessing traffic accidents in urban and rural background contexts, will there be any differences in their memory of the traffic accident incidents? And which differences exist in the memory between generation X and generation Z? 2. Does background context interact with residential areas and generation in affecting memory of traffic accident incidents? A mixed quasi-experimental design with 2 (background context: urban vs rural background) x 2 (place of residence: urban vs rural) x 2 (generation: generation X vs Z) will be used, with background context as a within-subject factor, and both place of residence and generation as between-subject factors. We will test 160 individuals born between 1965–1980 (generation X) and 1997–2007 (generation Z, with a minimum age of 18), Javanese, and have resided for at least eight years in either urban areas (Jabodetabek) or rural areas (Pekalongan). Participants will receive videos about traffic accidents that developed by the researchers to describe rural and urban road conditions in Indonesia. Memories (holistic vs analytic) will be measured using recall and recognition tasks.

Recent infant research has consistently shown that post-encoding naps play a decisive role in long-term memory consolidation (cf. Hupbach et al., 2009; Seehagen et al., 2019). However, not all memories are equally likely to get consolidated during sleep (Stickgold & Walker, 2013). Similar to patterns observed in adult populations, initial evidence from infant sleep research suggests that information perceived of future relevance might be selectively maintained or strengthened during sleep shortly after learning (Konrad et al., 2019; Seehagen et al., 2015). Witnessing an unexpected event might represent such a salient learning context to infants, as they show increased looking to and learning about objects involved in such events (Stahl & Feigenson, 2015). In this study, we will assess the role of post-encoding naps for the consolidation of visual memories acquired in the context of an expectation violating event (VoE), in 6- and 11-month-old infants.

Recent infant research has consistently shown that post-encoding naps play a decisive role in long-term memory consolidation (cf. Hupbach et al., 2009; Seehagen et al., 2019). However, not all memories are equally likely to get consolidated during sleep (Stickgold & Walker, 2013). Similar to patterns observed in adult populations, initial evidence from infant sleep research suggests that information perceived of future relevance might be selectively maintained or strengthened during sleep shortly after learning (Konrad et al., 2019; Seehagen et al., 2015). Witnessing an unexpected event might represent such a salient learning context to infants, as they show increased looking to and learning about objects involved in such events (Stahl & Feigenson, 2015). In this study, we will assess the role of post-encoding naps for the consolidation of visual memories acquired in the context of an expectation violating event (VoE), in 6- and 11-month-old infants.

Working memory (short WM) is the system responsible for holding mental representations temporarily available for later use in thought or action (Oberauer et al., 2018). Because WM has a severely limited capacity, WM content needs to be constantly updated to focus on current, relevant information. To enable seamless updating, there should be a mechanism that removes outdated information from WM. Recent studies show that under some conditions irrelevant content can be removed from WM with remarkable efficiency (e.g., Oberauer, 2018; Williams & Woodman, 2012): Oberauer (2018) had participants learn a set of six words (set-size 6 baseline) or three words (set-size 3 baseline) for a subsequent recognition test. In the recognition test, one of the previously studied words was presented in a randomly selected frame. The word could either match the word originally presented in that frame (50% of all trials) or not (mismatch, 50% of all trials). In a third condition (set size 6-3), six words were presented, but a random subset of three words was followed directly by a forget cue thereby reducing the need to remember the initial set of six memory items by three. In the set-size 6-3 condition, participants performed just as well on the later WM test of the cued to-be-remembered (TBR) items as in the set-size 3 baseline. Oberauer (2018) concluded that thus the memory items had been removed instantaneously and completely from WM. In two recent experiments we investigated what happens with the mental representations of stimuli in WM when they are cued to be forgotten (TBF). To gauge memory for the TBF words directly, on three trials we probed one of the TBF words in one of the TBF frames. We refer to this test as a TBF test. Here, we found evidence that people are able to selectively remove irrelevant information from WM by combining the DF paradigm used in long-term memory (LTM) studies (e.g., Bjork, 1970) with the item-removal paradigm in WM (Oberauer, 2018). The present study is an extension of this work: Here, we will test to what extent not only memory for item-context bindings but also item memory itself is affected by a forget instruction. For this, we will expand the local-probe recognition test used in our previous experiments by presenting three test words in one of the TBR/TBF frames (3AFC): One word will match the previously presented word in that frame (“old-match”), another word will be a word from one of the other frames (“old-mismatch”), and the third word will be a new word that was not presented before. We will test whether participants have item memory for the TBF words but not for the TBF word-location bindings. If they do, participants should be able to correctly identify the two TBF words as “old” words and thus, rarely select the “new” words at test in TBF trials. Yet, if item-context memory is obstructed, they should struggle to correctly discriminate between the old match and mismatch word. Consequently, we will test participants’ likelihood to (1) select an old word over a new word [p(old)] and (2), given they selected an old word, participants’ likelihood to select the correct match over the mismatch word [p(match|old)].

Our project will examine the effects of event-focused vs. non-event focused drawing task vs. a verbal-only control, on autobiographical memory and subjective well-being in an interview context.

The effects of early-life stress on brain and behavior are manifold. In particular, exposure to stressful events during childhood is known to alter cognitive faculties such as attention, memory, and emotion regulation (Bücker et al., 2012; Marusak et al., 2014), and increase risk for developing both internalizing and externalizing disorders (Green et al., 2010). Children exposed to early-life stress demonstrate differential responses to emotional stimuli (Gee et al., 2013; Humphreys et al., 2016) and during cognitive tasks assessing attention and working memory (Bücker et al., 2012; Lee & Hoaken, 2007). Emotion-cognition interactions may be highly relevant for daily functioning during childhood, yet such interactions have remained relatively less explored. In the present study we aim to examine how experiences of early-life stress are associated with emotion processing and working memory (as assessed via the emotional N-back task in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study; (Casey, Cannonier, Conley, Cohen, Barch, Heitzeg, et al., 2018) during childhood. Specifically, we plan to examine whether early-life stress is related to behavioral performance during the N-back task and functional connectivity supporting working memory and emotion processing. We also plan to investigate interactions between emotion and working memory (i.e., whether emotion processing differs during high working memory blocks for children who have experienced more stress). Finally, we plan to investigate possible protective factors, in particular social support, that could buffer against the effects of stress. Delineating the effects of stress on working memory and emotion processing as well as factors that promote resilience has the potential to enhance our understanding of how stress influences cognitive and emotional development, and inform interventions targeted toward mitigating the effects of stressful experiences on development.

The effects of early-life stress on brain and behavior are manifold. In particular, exposure to stressful events during childhood is known to alter cognitive faculties such as attention, memory, and emotion regulation (Bücker et al., 2012; Marusak et al., 2014), and increase risk for developing both internalizing and externalizing disorders (Green et al., 2010). Children exposed to early-life stress demonstrate differential responses to emotional stimuli (Gee et al., 2013; Humphreys et al., 2016) and during cognitive tasks assessing attention and working memory (Bücker et al., 2012; Lee & Hoaken, 2007). Emotion-cognition interactions may be highly relevant for daily functioning during childhood, yet such interactions have remained relatively less explored. In the present study we aim to examine how experiences of early-life stress are associated with emotion processing and working memory (as assessed via the emotional N-back task in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study; (Casey, Cannonier, Conley, Cohen, Barch, Heitzeg, et al., 2018) during childhood. Specifically, we plan to examine whether early-life stress is related to behavioral performance during the N-back task and functional connectivity supporting working memory and emotion processing. We also plan to investigate interactions between emotion and working memory (i.e., whether emotion processing differs during high working memory blocks for children who have experienced more stress). Finally, we plan to investigate possible protective factors, in particular social support, that could buffer against the effects of stress. Delineating the effects of stress on working memory and emotion processing as well as factors that promote resilience has the potential to enhance our understanding of how stress influences cognitive and emotional development, and inform interventions targeted toward mitigating the effects of stressful experiences on development.

This article is from BMC Medical Education , volume 13 . Abstract Background: Psychologists have previously demonstrated that information recall is context dependent. However, how this influences the way we deliver medical education is unclear. This study aimed to determine if changing the recall context from the learning context affects the ability of medical students to recall information. Methods: Using a free recall experimental model, fourteen medical student participants were administered audio lists of 30 words in two separate learning environments, a tutorial room and an operating theatre. They were then asked to recall the words in both environments. While in the operating theatre participants wore appropriate surgical clothing and assembled around an operating table. While in the tutorial room, participants dressed casually and were seated around a table. Students experienced the same duration (15 minutes) and disruption in both environments. Results: The mean recall score from the 28 tests performed in the same environment was 12.96 +/− 3.93 (mean, SD). The mean recall score from the 28 tests performed in an alternative environment to the learning episode was 13.5 +/− 5.31(mean, SD), indicating that changing the recall environment from the learning environment does not cause any statistical difference (p=0.58). The average recall score of participants who learned and recalled in the tutorial room was 13.0 +/− 3.84 (mean, SD). The average recall score of participants who learnt and recalled in the operating theatre was 12.92 +/− 4.18 (mean, SD), representing no significant difference between the two environments for learning (p=0.4792). Conclusions: The results support the continued use of tutorial rooms and operating theatres as appropriate environments in which to teach medical students, with no significant difference in information recall seen either due to a same context effect or specific context effect.

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Spatial navigation requires memory representations of landmarks and other navigation cues. The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is anatomically positioned between limbic areas important for memory formation, such as the hippocampus (HPC) and the anterior thalamus, and cortical regions along the dorsal stream known to contribute importantly to long-term spatial representation, such as the posterior parietal cortex. Damage to the RSC severely impairs allocentric representations of the environment, including the ability to derive navigational information from landmarks. The specific deficits seen in tests of human and rodent navigation suggest that the RSC supports allocentric representation by processing the stable features of the environment and the spatial relationships among them. In addition to spatial cognition, the RSC plays a key role in contextual and episodic memory. The RSC also contributes importantly to the acquisition and consolidation of long-term spatial and contextual memory through its interactions with the HPC. Within this framework, the RSC plays a dual role as part of the feedforward network providing sensory and mnemonic input to the HPC and as a target of the hippocampal-dependent systems consolidation of long-term memory.

Investigating the communication-induced memory bias in the context of third-party social interactions. In this study we use a screen-based violation of expectation (VOE) paradigm to investigate whether 9-month-old infants process qualitatively different information about novel objects when an object is introduced in a third-party communicative referential versus non-communicative referential context. In 12 test trial videos, an object will be shown together with two adults (action phase). The communicative context between the two actors will be manipulated in a way that they either look at the object together after previous mutual eye contact (communicative context) or they look at it individually without sharing mutual eye contact at any point (non-communicative context). After each video, the scene will be occluded before it reveals one of three different outcomes: the object infants had just seen in the action phase (no change, baseline), the object they had just seen but at a novel position (location change), or a new object (identity change). By manipulating both the third-party communicative context and features of the object in the subsequent outcome phase, we aim to examine whether observed communicative context biases infants to encode surface features which support learning about object kinds (i.e., object identity) over spatial-temporal information (i.e., object location).

Investigating the communication-induced memory bias in the context of third-party social interactions. In this study we use a screen-based violation of expectation (VOE) paradigm to investigate whether 9-month-old infants process qualitatively different information about novel objects when an object is introduced in a third-party communicative referential versus non-communicative referential context. In 12 test trial videos, an object will be shown together with two adults (action phase). The communicative context between the two actors will be manipulated in a way that they either look at the object together after previous mutual eye contact (communicative context) or they look at it individually without sharing mutual eye contact at any point (non-communicative context). After each video, the scene will be occluded before it reveals one of three different outcomes: the object infants had just seen in the action phase (no change, baseline), the object they had just seen but at a novel position (location change), or a new object (identity change). By manipulating both the third-party communicative context and features of the object in the subsequent outcome phase, we aim to examine whether observed communicative context biases infants to encode surface features which support learning about object kinds (i.e., object identity) over spatial-temporal information (i.e., object location).

We test the influence of odor based target memory reactivation with a 4th grade elementary class on ungraded weekly math tests, based on the content of regularly held math classes and regular graded math exams for a whole semester. Odor Cues will be present for learning, sleeping and testing phases. Additionally we test math anxiety with the MARS 4-6 instrument at the start and end of the testing period. Testing period is split into two even time frames in order to have a fair treatment contribution as we use Half of the class as treatment and the other half as control group whereas the groups switch after 9 weeks of treatment.

This is the second experiment in a larger study examining set-size effects in cued recall from long-term memory. In the first experiment we showed that retrieval times are longer if participants learned more word-pairs. In this second study we ask whether this effect is context dependent. Meaning that if word-pairs are associated with context cues and these cues are presented during recall, then the set size effect depends on how many word-pairs are associated with a given context cue. In other words: if many word-pairs are associated with a context cues RTs should be slower then if only few word-pairs are.

Note this registration has been withdrawn: Stage 1 IPA at PCI RR

The generalized context model (GCM) is one of the prominent models for category learning and memory. It is an exemplar model of classification, as it states that people represent categories by storing individual exemplars in memory and classify objects by their similarity to the stored exemplars \citep{nosofsky_attention_1986}. Exemplars can be represented as points in a multidimensional psychological space, with different attributes being different dimensions. Similarity in these attributes is a decreasing function of their distance in space. When observers are presented with an item, they sum the similarity of that item to the stored exemplars and, along with other parameters such as how strongly the exemplar is stored in memory, determine whether or not it belongs to a certain category. Among the parameters in the model there are two, c (sensitivity to dissimilarity) and m (memory strength), that are highly correlated when varying item lag while keeping other parameters constant. We will test the hypothesis that these parameters are the same parameter, by fitting an adjusted version of the model, where c and m are constrained to be equal, to existing datasets that were used in GCM-research.

First Year Project, investigating the influence of temporal context reinstatement on recognition memory

It has long been observed that the sensory format of information at presentation affects working memory performance, one example being the so-called bimodal advantage. The bimodal advantage refers to improved recall performance for memoranda that were presented visually and auditorily at the same time (see e.g., Delogu et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210902998054, Goolkasian & Foos, 2005, https://doi.org/10.2307/30039043, Lewandowski & Kobus, 1993, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup0603_3 for review see Penney, 1975, https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076166). It has been argued that the bimodal advantage arises through working memory representations richer in physical features afforded to information presented in both modalities (Nairne, 1990, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213879 , Neath, 2000, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214356). However, this scenario only seems to hold for tasks where participants recall the identity of an object/piece of information, and not when they recall an object feature when another one of its features is cued (Allen et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802281386). Namely, when the binding between visually-presented and auditorily-presented object features is tested, recall is just as good as recall for bindings between two visually-presented object features (Allen et al., 2009 https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802281386, Cinar et al., 2023 [poster presented at ESCOP 2023]). It is strange that the bimodal advantage is observed in object recall but not feature recall, since visual and auditory features are assumed to be bound together in both task types, and thus, working memory representations of audiovisually-presented information should be richer in both task types. That said, the effects of presentation format (perception) and task demands on representation format (working memory) are not exhaustively understood. To address these issues, we conceived a sequential series of audiovisual binding experiments, testing feature recall. The series will begin with an initial replication experiment of Cinar et al. (2023). If the bimodal advantage is once again not observed (i.e., we replicate their findings), we will investigate why, i.e., how the information is actually represented in working memory. If the bimodal is found in this initial experiment, then we will once again investigate why, i.e., whether it originated from perceptual or memory-based effects. The decision pathway is shown in the attached image.

It has long been observed that the sensory format of information at presentation affects working memory performance, one example being the so-called bimodal advantage. The bimodal advantage refers to improved recall performance for memoranda that were presented visually and auditorily at the same time (see e.g., Delogu et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210902998054, Goolkasian & Foos, 2005, https://doi.org/10.2307/30039043, Lewandowski & Kobus, 1993, https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup0603_3 for review see Penney, 1975, https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076166). It has been argued that the bimodal advantage arises through working memory representations richer in physical features afforded to information presented in both modalities (Nairne, 1990, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03213879 , Neath, 2000, https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03214356). However, this scenario only seems to hold for tasks where participants recall the identity of an object/piece of information, and not when they recall an object feature when another one of its features is cued (Allen et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802281386). Namely, when the binding between visually-presented and auditorily-presented object features is tested, recall is just as good as recall for bindings between two visually-presented object features (Allen et al., 2009 https://doi.org/10.1080/13506280802281386, Cinar et al., 2023 [poster presented at ESCOP 2023]). It is strange that the bimodal advantage is observed in object recall but not feature recall, since visual and auditory features are assumed to be bound together in both task types, and thus, working memory representations of audiovisually-presented information should be richer in both task types. That said, the effects of presentation format (perception) and task demands on representation format (working memory) are not exhaustively understood. To address these issues, we conceived a sequential series of audiovisual binding experiments, testing feature recall. The series will begin with an initial replication experiment of Cinar et al. (2023). If the bimodal advantage is once again not observed (i.e., we replicate their findings), we will investigate why, i.e., how the information is actually represented in working memory. If the bimodal is found in this initial experiment, then we will once again investigate why, i.e., whether it originated from perceptual or memory-based effects. The decision pathway is shown in the attached image.

The aim of this study is to uncover potential cross-linguistic differences in information content of witness narratives and explore their effect on attention and memory. The focus is on description of complex motion events which include multiple paths and manners of motion, several objects being moved and placed in different positions and locations, as well as different event endings (completed or ongoing motion). The chosen motion event aspects have been selected based on previous research into certain semantic and grammatical aspects of a language which might affect information content of narratives. This includes the expression of Path and Manner, final position of the placed object (vertical or horizontal), and focus on either endpoints or ongoingness of events. Recent research also addressed whether and to which extent these language distinctions affect attention and memory, which yielded varied results (e.g., Bosse & Papafragou, 2010, 2018; Gennari et al. 2002; Flecken et al. 2014; Baier et al., 2022). We aim to establish if the semantic and grammatical aspects of language affect speakers' perceived saliency of certain event elements as well as the level of granularity of their descriptions; and how this is reflected in their attention and memory for specific aspects of the events. Moving away from past research, we aim to connect the individual motion event aspects and use complex motion event stimuli which tell a story (rather than single event videos). Furthermore, we take a probabilistic rather than binary approach to the issue and also consider pragmatic, contextual factors such as the importance of the instructions received. We believe this will result in a more ecologically valid study with result being applicable for example in the context of forensic linguistics.

The aim of this study is to uncover potential cross-linguistic differences in information content of witness narratives and explore their effect on attention and memory. The focus is on description of complex motion events which include multiple paths and manners of motion, several objects being moved and placed in different positions and locations, as well as different event endings (completed or ongoing motion). The chosen motion event aspects have been selected based on previous research into certain semantic and grammatical aspects of a language which might affect information content of narratives. This includes the expression of Path and Manner, final position of the placed object (vertical or horizontal), and focus on either endpoints or ongoingness of events. Recent research also addressed whether and to which extent these language distinctions affect attention and memory, which yielded varied results (e.g., Bosse & Papafragou, 2010, 2018; Gennari et al. 2002; Flecken et al. 2014; Baier et al., 2022). We aim to establish if the semantic and grammatical aspects of language affect speakers' perceived saliency of certain event elements as well as the level of granularity of their descriptions; and how this is reflected in their attention and memory for specific aspects of the events. Moving away from past research, we aim to connect the individual motion event aspects and use complex motion event stimuli which tell a story (rather than single event videos). Furthermore, we take a probabilistic rather than binary approach to the issue and also consider pragmatic, contextual factors such as the importance of the instructions received. We believe this will result in a more ecologically valid study with result being applicable for example in the context of forensic linguistics.

Putin has bombed the Babyn Yar memorial site. This is the history he is desecrating. Join us on Patreon: https://bit.ly/ICU_02_DE Subscribe to our World War Two series: https://www.youtube.com/c/worldwartwo?sub_confirmation=1 Like TimeGhost on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TimeGhost-1667151356690693/ Hosted by: Spartacus Olsson and Indy Neidell Director: Astrid Deinhard Producers: Astrid Deinhard and Spartacus Olsson Executive Producers: Astrid Deinhard, Indy Neidell, Spartacus Olsson Creative Producer: Marek Kamiński Community Management: Ian Sowden Written by: Spartacus Olsson and Joram Appel Research by: Joram Appel Edited by: Miki Cackowski Artwork and color grading by: Mikołaj Uchman Sound design by: Marek Kamiński Colorizations: Carlos Ortega Pereira, BlauColorizations, https://www.instagram.com/blaucoloriz... Julius Jääskeläinen - https://www.facebook.com/JJcolorization/ Tzo15 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mikolaj Uchman Spartacus Olsson Sources: Bundesarchiv Yad Vashem 3725/4, 7717/273, 5705/29, 5705/43, 3150/37, 5705/48, 5705/53, 5705/54, 5705/21, 2725/7, 5705/12, 5705/20, 5705/22, 4788/72, 5705/26, 5705/40, 4613/1055, 3521/134, 3521/133 USHMM Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe from the Noun Project: Skull by Muhamad Ulum, soldier by Simon Child Soundtracks from the Epidemic Sound: Cobby Costa - Flight Path Andreas Jamsheree - Guilty Shadows 4 Jon Bjork - For the Many Farell Wooten - Blunt Object Fabien Tell - Never Forget Gunnar Johnsen - Not Safe Yet Archive by Screenocean/Reuters https://www.screenocean.com. A TimeGhost chronological documentary produced by OnLion Entertainment GmbH.

Stage 1 IPA at PCI RR

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 7 . Abstract A number of studies have observed that the motor system is activated when processing the semantics of manipulable objects. Such phenomena have been taken as evidence that simulation over motor representations is a necessary and intermediary step in the process of conceptual understanding. Cognitive neuropsychological evaluations of patients with impairments for action knowledge permit a direct test of the necessity of motor simulation in conceptual processing. Here, we report the performance of a 47-year-old male individual (Case AA) and six age-matched control participants on a number of tests probing action and object knowledge. Case AA had a large left-hemisphere frontal-parietal lesion and hemiplegia affecting his right arm and leg. Case AA presented with impairments for object-associated action production, and his conceptual knowledge of actions was severely impaired. In contrast, his knowledge of objects such as tools and other manipulable objects was largely preserved. The dissociation between action and object knowledge is difficult to reconcile with strong forms of the embodied cognition hypothesis. We suggest that these, and other similar findings, point to the need to develop tractable hypotheses about the dynamics of information exchange among sensory, motor and conceptual processes.

Correctly integrating contextual information is essential when facing threatening situations. Context not only modulates immediate behavior but also shapes future reactions through memory. In this study, we aim to investigate how contextual representations influence human defensive responses and memory processes using Virtual Reality. By employing complex and realistic scenarios, we seek to uncover the behavioral and physiological nuances of the defensive system and context-dependent memory mechanisms from a translational perspective.

Odors are effective mnemonic cues in context dependent memory (CDM) designs. With this study we want to research the influence of the attention to an ambiently presented odor on their effectiveness as mnemonic cues. Subjects will learn a list of words with an ambient odor present. There will be three groups: one third of the subjects will not receive any information about the ambient odor; one third of subjects will be made aware of the odor in the room; one third of subjects will be asked to name the odor in the room before beginning the learning phase. After a 10-minute retention interval filled with a distractor task, the participants will recall the learned words in a different room. Either the same or a different odor will be ambiently presented in the test phase.

Odors are effective mnemonic cues in context dependent memory (CDM) designs. With this study we want to research the influence of the attention to an ambiently presented odor on their effectiveness as mnemonic cues. Subjects will learn a list of words with an ambient odor present. There will be three groups: one third of the subjects will not receive any information about the ambient odor; one third of subjects will be made aware of the odor in the room; one third of subjects will be asked to name the odor in the room before beginning the learning phase. After a 10-minute retention interval filled with a distractor task, the participants will recall the learned words in a different room. Either the same or a different odor will be ambiently presented in the test phase.

This article is from Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , volume 8 . Abstract Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) is well known to enhance the consolidation of long-term memory of highly emotionally arousing training experiences. The present study investigated whether such noradrenergic activation of the BLA also influences the consolidation of object-in-context recognition memory, a low-arousing training task assessing episodic-like memory. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to two identical objects in one context for either 3 or 10 min, immediately followed by exposure to two other identical objects in a distinctly different context. Immediately after the training they received bilateral intra-BLA infusions of norepinephrine (0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 μ g) or the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 μ g). On the 24-h retention test, rats were placed back into one of the training contexts with one copy of each of the two training objects. Thus, although both objects were familiar, one of the objects had not previously been encountered in this particular test context. Hence, if the animal generated a long-term memory for the association between an object and its context, it would spend significantly more time exploring the object that was not previously experienced in this context. Saline-infused control rats exhibited poor 24-h retention when given 3 min of training and good retention when given 10 min of training. Norepinephrine administered after 3 min of object-in-context training induced a dose-dependent memory enhancement, whereas propranolol administered after 10 min of training produced memory impairment. These findings provide evidence that post-training noradrenergic activation of the BLA also enhances the consolidation of memory of object-in-context recognition training, enabling accuracy of episodic-like memories.

In this paper, we study robust estimators of the memory parameter d of a (possibly) non stationary Gaussian time series with generalized spectral density f. This generalized spectral density is characterized by the memory parameter d and by a function f* which specifies the short-range dependence structure of the process. Our setting is semi-parametric since both f* and d are unknown and d is the only parameter of interest. The memory parameter d is estimated by regressing the logarithm of the estimated variance of the wavelet coefficients at different scales. The two estimators of d that we consider are based on robust estimators of the variance of the wavelet coefficients, namely the square of the scale estimator proposed by Rousseeuw and Croux (1993) and the median of the square of the wavelet coefficients. We establish a Central Limit Theorem for these robust estimators as well as for the estimator of d based on the classical estimator of the variance proposed by Moulines, Roueff and Taqqu (2007). Some Monte-Carlo experiments are presented to illustrate our claims and compare the performance of the different estimators. The properties of the three estimators are also compared on the Nile River data and the Internet traffic packet counts data. The theoretical results and the empirical evidence strongly suggest using the robust estimators as an alternative to estimate the memory parameter d of Gaussian time series.

The current study aims to translate the Memory Distrust Scale (Nash et al., 2022) and test its validity in the Chinese context.

The current study aims to translate the Memory Distrust Scale (Nash et al., 2022) and test its validity in the Chinese context.

Post-encoding naps play a significant role for long term memory consolidation in infants (cf., Seehagen et al., 2019). However, it is likely that not all new memories are consolidated during subsequent sleep. The concept of memory triage in adults (Stickgold & Walker, 2013) and initial evidence from infants suggests that information perceived of future relevance might be selectively maintained or strengthened during sleep shortly after learning (Konrad et al., 2019). However, which types of events, or aspects of events, are selected for sleep-dependent consolidation due to their salience remains underexplored. Witnessing an unexpected event might represent such a salient learning context to infants. In response to seeing unexpected events that violate infants’ assumptions about basic physical principles such as gravity or solidity, they subsequently show increased learning about key objects of this event and exploratory behavior toward these objects (Chen et al., 2019; Smith-Flores et al., 2021; Stahl & Feigenson, 2015). In this study, we will assess the role of post-encoding naps for the consolidation of object-color associations encoded in the context of an expectation violating event (VoE) in 11 and 18-month-old infants.

Post-encoding naps play a significant role for long term memory consolidation in infants (cf., Seehagen et al., 2019). However, it is likely that not all new memories are consolidated during subsequent sleep. The concept of memory triage in adults (Stickgold & Walker, 2013) and initial evidence from infants suggests that information perceived of future relevance might be selectively maintained or strengthened during sleep shortly after learning (Konrad et al., 2019). However, which types of events, or aspects of events, are selected for sleep-dependent consolidation due to their salience remains underexplored. Witnessing an unexpected event might represent such a salient learning context to infants. In response to seeing unexpected events that violate infants’ assumptions about basic physical principles such as gravity or solidity, they subsequently show increased learning about key objects of this event and exploratory behavior toward these objects (Chen et al., 2019; Smith-Flores et al., 2021; Stahl & Feigenson, 2015). In this study, we will assess the role of post-encoding naps for the consolidation of object-color associations encoded in the context of an expectation violating event (VoE) in 11 and 18-month-old infants.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Effects of context on the perception of, and incidental memory for, real-world objects have predominantly been investigated in younger individuals, under conditions involving a single static viewpoint. We examined the effects of prior object context and object familiarity on both older and younger adults’ incidental memory for real objects encountered while they traversed a conference room. Recognition memory for context-typical and context-atypical objects was compared with a third group of unfamiliar objects that were not readily named and that had no strongly associated context. Both older and younger adults demonstrated a typicality effect, showing significantly lower 2-alternative-forced-choice recognition of context-typical than context-atypical objects; for these objects, the recognition of older adults either significantly exceeded, or numerically surpassed, that of younger adults. Testing-awareness elevated recognition but did not interact with age or with object type. Older adults showed significantly higher recognition for context-atypical objects than for unfamiliar objects that had no prior strongly associated context. The observation of a typicality effect in both age groups is consistent with preserved semantic schemata processing in aging. The incidental recognition advantage of older over younger adults for the context-typical and context-atypical objects may reflect aging-related differences in goal-related processing, with older adults under comparatively more novel circumstances being more likely to direct their attention to the external environment, or age-related differences in top-down effortful distraction regulation, with older individuals’ attention more readily captured by salient objects in the environment. Older adults’ reduced recognition of unfamiliar objects compared to context-atypical objects may reflect possible age differences in contextually driven expectancy violations. The latter finding underscores the theoretical and methodological value of including a third type of objects–that are comparatively neutral with respect to their contextual associations–to help differentiate between contextual integration effects (for schema-consistent objects) and expectancy violations (for schema-inconsistent objects).

This study will explore the effects of binge watching on memory and percieved comprehension.

This article is from BMC Neuroscience , volume 15 . Abstract None

The Chromium Projects Home Chromium ChromiumOS Quick links Report bugs Discuss Other sites Chromium Blog Google Chrome Extensions Except as otherwise  noted , the content of this page is licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license , and examples are licensed under the  BSD License . Privacy Edit this page For Developers  >  How-Tos  > Debugging Chromium on Windows First see  get the code  for checkout and build instructions. Getting started You can use Visual Studio's built-in debugger or  WinDBG  to debug Chromium. You don't need to use the IDE to build in order to use the debugger: autoninja is used to build Chromium and most developers invoke it from a command prompt, and then open the IDE for debugging as necessary. To start debugging an already-built executable with Visual Studio just launch Visual Studio (2019 or higher) and select File-> Open-> Project/Solution (Ctrl+Shift+O) and select the executable of interest. This will create a solution with that executable as the 'project'. You can then launch the debugger with F5 or F11 or from the Debug menu. If you right-click on the executable in Solution Explorer and select properties then you can edit things such as the executable path, command-line arguments, and working directory. You can add additional executables to the solution by using File-> Add-> Existing Project and selecting another already-built executable. You can select which one to debug by right-clicking on one of them in Solution Explorer and selecting Set as Startup Project. When your solution file is customized to your taste you can save it to a directory such as out\solutions. Saving it there helps ensure that relative paths to source files, printed from build commands, will correctly identify the source files. The Tools menu can be used to add commands to do things like invoke autoninja to build Chrome, compile the selected source file, or other things. Visual Studio 2017 is not recommended for debugging of Chromium - use a newer version for best performance and stability. symbol_level=2  is the default on Windows and gives full debugging information with types, locals, globals, function names, and source/line information.  symbol_level=1  creates smaller PDBs with just function names, and source/line information - source-level debugging is still supported (new from June 2019), but local variables and type information are missing.  symbol_level=0  gives extremely limited debugging abilities, mostly just viewing call stacks when Chromium crashes. Browsing source code If you use a solution file generated by gn ( gn gen --ide=vs ) then Intellisense may help you navigate the code. If this doesn't work or if you use a solution created as above then you may want to install  VsChromium  to help navigate the code, as well as using  https://source.chromium.org . Profiles It's a good idea to use a different Chrome profile for your debugging. If you are debugging Google Chrome branded builds, or use a Chromium build as your primary browser, the profiles can collide so you can't run both at once, and your stable browser might see profile versions from the future (Google Chrome and Chromium use different profile directories by default so won't collide). Use the command-line option: --user-data-dir =C:\tmp\my_debug_profile (replace the path as necessary) Using the IDE, go to the  Debugging  tab of the properties of the chrome project, and set the  Command Arguments. Chrome debug log Enable Chrome debug logging to a file by passing  --enable-logging --v=1  command-line flags at startup. Debug builds place the  chrome_debug.log  file in the  out\Debug  directory. Release builds place the file in the top level of the user data Chromium app directory, which is OS-version-dependent. For more information, see  logging  and  user data directory  details. Symbol server If you are debugging official Google Chrome release builds, use the symbol server: https://chromium-browser-symsrv.commondatastorage.googleapis.com In Visual Studio, this goes in  Tools > Options  under  Debugging > Symbols . You should set up a local cache in a empty directory on your computer. In windbg you can add this to your symbol server search path with the command below, where C:\symbols is a local cache directory: .sympath+ SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://chromium-browser-symsrv.commondatastorage.googleapis.com Alternately, You can set the _NT_SYMBOL_PATH environment variable to include both the Microsoft and Google symbol servers - VS, windbg, and other tools should both respect this environment variable: _NT_SYMBOL_PATH =SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols ;SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://chromium-browser-symsrv.commondatastorage.googleapis.com Note that symbol servers will let the debuggers download both the PE files (DLLs and EXEs) and the PDB files. Chrome often loads third party libraries and partial symbols for some of these are also public. For example: AMD : https://download.amd.com/dir/bin Nvidia : https://driver-symbols.nvidia.com/ Intel : https://software.intel.com/sites/downloads/symbols/ For example, for completeness, the following symbol server environment variable will resolve all of the above sources - but this is more than is normally needed: _NT_SYMBOL_PATH=SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://msdl.microsoft.com/download/symbols;SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://chromium-browser-symsrv.commondatastorage.googleapis.com;SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://download.amd.com/dir/bin;SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://driver-symbols.nvidia.com/;SRV\*C:\symbols\*https://software.intel.com/sites/downloads/symbols/ Source indexing You should set up source indexing in your debugger ( .srcfix  in windbg, Tools-> Options-> Debugging-> General->  Enable source server support  in Visual Studio) so that the correct source files will automatically be downloaded based on information in the downloaded symbols. Additionally, you must have  python  in your  path  in order for the  command that fetches source files  to succeed; launching the debugger from the same environment as where you build Chromium is an easy way to ensure it's present. This is highly recommended when debugging released Google Chrome builds or looking at crash dumps. Having the correct version of the source files automatically show up saves significant time so you should definitely set this. Multi-process issues Chromium can be challenging to debug because of its  multi-process architecture . When you select  Run  in the debugger, only the main browser process will be debugged. The code that actually renders web pages (the Renderer) and the plugins will be in separate processes that's not (yet!) being debugged. The  ProcessExplorer  tool has a process tree view where you can see how these processes are related. You can also get the process IDs associated with each tab from the Chrome Task Manager (right-click on an empty area of the window title bar to open). Automatically attach to child processes There are two Visual Studio extensions that enable the debugger to automatically attach to all Chrome processes, so you can debug all of Chrome at once. Microsoft's  Child Process Debugging Power Tool  is a standalone extension for this, and  VsChromium  is another option that bundles many other additional features. In addition to installing one of these extensions, you  must  run Visual Studio as Administrator, or it will silently fail to attach to some of Chrome's child processes. Single-process mode One way to debug issues is to run Chromium in single-process mode. This will allow you to see the entire state of the program without extra work (although it will still have many threads). To use single-process mode, add the command-line flag --single-process This approach isn't perfect because some problems won't manifest themselves in this mode and some features don't work and worker threads are still spawned into new processes. Manually attaching to a child process You can attach to the running child processes with the debugger. Select  Tools > Attach to Process  and click the  chrome.exe  process you want to attach to. Before attaching, make sure you have selected only Native code when attaching to the process This is done by clicking Select... in the Attach to Process window and only checking Native. If you forget this, it may attempt to attach in "WebKit" mode to debug JavaScript, and you'll get an error message "An operation is not legal in the current state." You can now debug the two processes as if they were one. When you are debugging multiple processes, open the  Debug > Windows > Processes  window to switch between them. Sometimes you are debugging something that only happens on startup, and want to see the child process as soon as it starts. Use: --renderer-startup-dialog --no-sandbox You have to disable the sandbox or the dialog box will be prohibited from showing. When the dialog appears, visit Tools > Attach to Process and attach to the process showing the Renderer startup dialog. Now you're debugging in the renderer and can continue execution by pressing OK in the dialog. Startup dialogs also exist for other child process types:  --gpu-startup-dialog ,  --ppapi-startup-dialog ,  --utility-startup-dialog ,  --plugin-startup-dialog  (for NPAPI). For utilities, you can add a service type  --utility-startup-dialog=data_decoder.mojom.DataDecoderService . You can also try  the vs-chromium plug-in  to attach to the right processes. Semi-automatically attaching the debugger to child processes The following flags cause child processes to wait for 60 seconds in a busy loop for a debugger to attach to the process. Once either condition is true, it continues on; no exception is thrown. --wait-for-debugger-children [=filter] The filter, if provided, will fire only if it matches the  --type  parameter to the process. Values include  renderer ,  plugin  (for NPAPI),  ppapi ,  gpu-process , and  utility . When using this option, it may be helpful to limit the number of renderer processes spawned, using: --renderer-process-limit = 1 Image File Execution Options Using Image File Execution Options (IFEO) will not work because CreateProcess() returns the handle to the debugger process instead of the intended child process. There are also issues with the sandbox. Time travel debugging You can do  time travel debugging using WinDbg Preview  (must be installed from the Microsoft Store). This lets you execute a program forward and backwards. After capturing a trace, you can set breakpoints and step through code as normal, but also provides 'backwards' commands (g-, t-, p-) so that you can go back and forth through the execution. It is especially useful to set data breakpoints ( ba command ) and reverse continuing, so you can see when a certain variable was last changed to its current value. Chromium specifics: The type of injection the time travel tracer needs to perform is incompatible with the Chromium sandbox. In order to record a trace, you'll need to run with  --no-sandbox . Chromium cannot run elevated with Administrator privileges, so the "Launch executable (advance)" option won't work, you'll need to attach after the process has already launched via the checkbox in the bottom right. If you need to record startup-like things, you'll have to use --{browser,gpu,renderer,utility}-startup-dialog, then attach (and hope the relevant code hasn't executed before that point). JsDbg -- data structure visualization You can install  JsDbg as a plugin for WinDbg or Visual Studio . It interactively lets you look at data structures (such as the DOM tree, Accessibility tree, layout object tree, and others) in a web browser as you debug. See the  JsDbg site  for some screen shots and usage examples. This also works when examining memory dumps (though not minidumps), and also works together with time travel debugging. Visual Studio hints Debug visualizers Chrome's custom debug visualizers should be added to the pdb files and automatically picked up by Visual Studio. The definitions are in  //tools/win/DebugVisualizers  if you need to modify them (the BUILD.gn file there has additional instructions). Don't step into trivial functions The debugger can be configured to automatically not step into functions based on regular expression. Edit  default.natstepfilter  in the following directory: For Visual Studio 2015:  C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 14.0\Common7\Packages\Debugger\Visualizers  (for all users) or  %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\Visual Studio 2015\Visualizers  (for the current user only) For Visual Studio 2017 Pro:  C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Professional\Common7\Packages\Debugger\Visualizers  (for all users) or  %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\Visual Studio 2017\Visualizers  (for the current user only) Add regular expressions of functions to not step into. Remember to regex-escape  and  XML-escape them, e.g. < for < and \. for a literal dot. Example: < Function > < Name > operator new </ Name > < Action > NoStepInto </ Action > </ Function > < Function > < Name > operator delete </ Name > < Action > NoStepInto </ Action > </ Function > <!-- Skip everything in std --> < Function > < Name > std::.* </ Name > < Action > NoStepInto </ Action > </ Function > <!-- all methods on WebKit OwnPtr and variants, ... WTF::*Ptr<*>::* --> < Function > < Name > WTF::.*Ptr<.*>::.* </ Name > < Action > NoStepInto </ Action > </ Function > This file is read at start of a debugging session (F5), so you don't need to restart Visual Studio after changing it. More info:  Microsoft email thread V8 and Chromium V8 supports many command-line flags that are useful for debugging. V8 command-line flags can be set via the Chromium command-line flag --js-flags; for instance: chrome.exe --js-flags= "--trace_exception --heap_stats" Note that some V8 command-line flags exist only in the debug build of V8. For a list of all V8 flags try: chrome.exe --js-flags= "--help" Graphics debugging GPU Acceleration of rendering can be more easily debugged with tools. See: Graphics Debugging in Visual Studio 2013 Graphical debugging with NVIDIA NSight Debugging on another machine Sometimes it's useful to debug installation and execution on a machine other than your primary build box. To run the installer on said other machine, first build the mini_installer target on your main build machine (e.g., autoninja -C out\Debug mini_installer). Next, on the debug machine: Make the build machine's build volume available on the debug machine either by mounting it locally (e.g., Z:\) or by crafting a UNC path to it (e.g., \\builder\src) Open up a command prompt and change to a local disk Run src\tools\win\ copy-installer.bat  in the remote checkout by way of the mount (e.g., Z:\PATHTOCHECKOUT\src\...) or UNC path (e.g., \\builder\src\...). This will copy the installer, DLLs, and PDBs into your debug machine's C:\out or C:\build (depending on if you're rocking the component=shared_library build or not) Run  C:\out\Debug\mini_installer.exe  with the flags of your choice to install Chrome. This can take some time, especially on a slow machine. Watch the Task Manager and wait until mini_installer.exe exits before trying to launch Chrome (by way of the shortcut(s) created by the installer) For extra pleasure, add C:\out\Debug to your _NT_SYMBOL_PATH environment variable Consider reading the documentation at the top of copy-installer.bat to see how you can run it. It tries to be smart and copy the right things, but you may need to be explicit (e.g., "copy-installer.bat out Debug"). It is safe to re-run the script to copy only modified files (after a rebuild, for example). You can also use the zip action of the isolate scripts (tools\mb\mb.py) to package all the files for a target into a single zip file, for example: python tools\mb\mb.py zip out/Release base_unittests base_unittests. zip Finding all memory allocations It is possible to use Heap Snapshots to get call stacks on all outstanding allocations that use the OS heap. This works particularly well if heap snapshots are started as soon as the Chrome browser process is created, but before it starts running. Details can be found in  this batch file . However, with  PartitionAlloc Everywhere  most Chromium allocations no longer use the Windows heap so this will only find a subset of allocations, mostly from OS DLLs. Find memory leaks Note: as with Heap Snapshots the utility of UMDH is greatly reduced now because PartitionAlloc Everywhere has mostly replaced the Windows heap. The Windows heap manager has a really useful debug flag, where it can be asked to capture and store a stack trace with every allocation. The tool to scrape these stack traces out of processes is UMDH, which comes with  WinDbg . UMDH is great. It will capture a snapshot of the heap state as many times as you like, and it'll do it fairly quickly. You then run it again against either a single snapshot, or a pair of snapshots, at which time it'll symbolize the stack traces and aggregate usage up to unique stack traces. Turning on the user stack trace database for chrome.exe with gflags.exe makes it run unbearably slowly; however, turning on the user stack trace database on for the browser alone is just fine. While it's possible to turn on the user stack database with the "!gflag" debugging extension, it's too late to do this by the time the initial debugger breakpoint hits. The only reasonable way to do this is to Launch GFlags.exe, Enable the user stack trace database (per image below), Launch Chrome under the debugger. Set a breakpont when chrome.dll loads with "sxe ld chrome.dll". Step up, to allow Chrome.dll to initialize. Disable the stack trace database in GFlags.exe. Continue chrome, optionally detaching the debugger. GFlags.exe settings for user mode stack trace database. If you then ever suffer a browser memory leak, you can snarf a dump of the process with umdh - p :<my browser pid> > chrome-browser-leak-umdh-dump.txt which can then typically be "trivially" analyzed to find the culprit. Miscellaneous Note that by default Application Verifier only works with non-official builds of Chromium. To use Application Verifier on official builds you need to add --disable-features=RendererCodeIntegrity to avoid sandbox crashes in renderer processes. See  crbug.com/1004989  for details. See also  this page . Application Verifier  is a free tool from Microsoft (available as part of the Windows SDK) that can be used to flush out programming errors. Starting with M68 Application Verifier can be enabled for chrome.exe without needing to disable the sandbox. After adding chrome.exe to the list of applications to be stressed you need to expand the list of Basics checks and disable the  Leak  checks. You may also need to disable  Handles  and  Locks  checks depending on your graphics driver and specific Chrome version, but the eventual goal is to have Chrome run with  Handles  and  Locks  checks enabled. When bugs are found Chrome will trigger a breakpoint so running all Chrome processes under a debugger is recommended. Chrome will run much more slowly because Application Verifier puts every heap allocation on a separate page. Note that with PartitionAlloc Everywhere most Chromium allocations don't actually go through the Windows heap and are therefore unaffected by Application Verifier. You can check the undocumented 'Cuzz' checkbox in Application Verifier to get the Windows thread scheduler to add some extra randomness in order to help expose race conditions in your code. To put a breakpoint on CreateFile(), add this break point: {,,kernel32.dll}_CreateFileW@28 {,,kernel32.dll} specifies the DLL (context operator). _ prefix means extern "C". @28 postfix means _stdcall with the stack pop at the end of the function. i.e. the number of arguments in BYTES. You can use  DebugView  from SysInternals or  sawbuck  to view LOG() messages that normally go to stderr on POSIX.

My photo for @ColoradoSun that was included in the tear gas/pepper spray lawsuit against DPD was just one frame. I went back to my memory card and found the whole sequence and stabilized it into a gif for context. More in today's Sunriser: https://t.co/h8rL1urLWr https://t.co/p1342HKy5O Source: https://twitter.com/brofax/status/1270033511324385280 Uploader: Eric Lubbers ☀️

This study explores the immediate effects of peer exclusion on working memory performance and learning outcomes in children and adolescents aged 8-16 years. Using an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment, participants experienced exclusion by virtual peers during a simulated school conversation. The study tests hypotheses regarding the impact of exclusion on mood, cognitive function, and academic performance, with mediating effects of mood and working memory, and moderating effects of gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Additionally, the role of baseline mood, cognitive abilities, and personality traits in modulating these effects is examined. The sample comprises 170 participants from Italian schools. Data analysis will employ structural equation modeling and other statistical tests to evaluate the hypotheses. Although data collection is complete, the pre-registration remains valid as no analyses have been conducted.

This study explores the immediate effects of peer exclusion on working memory performance and learning outcomes in children and adolescents aged 8-16 years. Using an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment, participants experienced exclusion by virtual peers during a simulated school conversation. The study tests hypotheses regarding the impact of exclusion on mood, cognitive function, and academic performance, with mediating effects of mood and working memory, and moderating effects of gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES). Additionally, the role of baseline mood, cognitive abilities, and personality traits in modulating these effects is examined. The sample comprises 170 participants from Italian schools. Data analysis will employ structural equation modeling and other statistical tests to evaluate the hypotheses. Although data collection is complete, the pre-registration remains valid as no analyses have been conducted.

In this project, we will assess how the manipulation of emotion and reward modulates the activity in the source regions for dopamine and norepinephrine and how this changes in turn affect the encoding of stimuli for long-term memroy

This article is from Briefings in Functional Genomics , volume 12 . Abstract Epigenetic memory represents a natural mechanism whereby the identity of a cell is maintained through successive cell cycles, allowing the specification and maintenance of differentiation during development and in adult cells. Cancer is a loss or reversal of the stable differentiated state of adult cells and may be mediated in part by epigenetic changes. The identity of somatic cells can also be reversed experimentally by nuclear reprogramming. Nuclear reprogramming experiments reveal the mechanisms required to activate embryonic gene expression in adult cells and thus provide insight into the reversal of epigenetic memory. In this article, we will introduce epigenetic memory and the mechanisms by which it may operate. We limit our discussion primarily to the context of nuclear reprogramming and briefly discuss the relevance of memory and reprogramming to cancer biology.

The Stochastic Context Tree (SCOT) is a useful tool for studying infinite random sequences generated by an m-Markov Chain (m-MC). It captures the phenomenon that the probability distribution of the next state sometimes depends on less than m of the preceding states. This allows compressing the information needed to describe an m-MC. The SCOT construction has been earlier used under various names: VLMC, VOMC, PST, CTW. In this paper we study the possibility of reducing the m-MC to a 1-MC on the leaves of the SCOT. Such context trees are called perfect-memory. We give various combinatorial characterizations of perfect-memory context trees and an efficient algorithm to find the minimal perfect-memory extension of a SCOT.

In this project we examine how younger, middle-aged, and older adults' evaluation of gains and losses in decision making may depend on contextual factors (distributional properties that determine how frequently positive and negative events of different magnitudes occur in a given decision context) and on memory load (i.e., whether people make "decisions from givens" or "decisions from memory").

Putin has bombed the Babyn Yar memorial site. This is the history he is desecrating. Join us on Patreon: https://bit.ly/ICU_02_DE Subscribe to our World War Two series: https://www.youtube.com/c/worldwartwo?sub_confirmation=1 Like TimeGhost on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TimeGhost-1667151356690693/ Hosted by: Spartacus Olsson and Indy Neidell Director: Astrid Deinhard Producers: Astrid Deinhard and Spartacus Olsson Executive Producers: Astrid Deinhard, Indy Neidell, Spartacus Olsson Creative Producer: Marek Kamiński Community Management: Ian Sowden Written by: Spartacus Olsson and Joram Appel Research by: Joram Appel Edited by: Miki Cackowski Artwork and color grading by: Mikołaj Uchman Sound design by: Marek Kamiński Colorizations: Carlos Ortega Pereira, BlauColorizations, https://www.instagram.com/blaucoloriz... Julius Jääskeläinen - https://www.facebook.com/JJcolorization/ Tzo15 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... Mikolaj Uchman Spartacus Olsson Sources: Bundesarchiv Yad Vashem 3725/4, 7717/273, 5705/29, 5705/43, 3150/37, 5705/48, 5705/53, 5705/54, 5705/21, 2725/7, 5705/12, 5705/20, 5705/22, 4788/72, 5705/26, 5705/40, 4613/1055, 3521/134, 3521/133 USHMM Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe from the Noun Project: Skull by Muhamad Ulum, soldier by Simon Child Soundtracks from the Epidemic Sound: Cobby Costa - Flight Path Andreas Jamsheree - Guilty Shadows 4 Jon Bjork - For the Many Farell Wooten - Blunt Object Fabien Tell - Never Forget Gunnar Johnsen - Not Safe Yet Archive by Screenocean/Reuters https://www.screenocean.com. A TimeGhost chronological documentary produced by OnLion Entertainment GmbH.

LibriVox volunteers bring you 17 recordings of Days Too Short by William H. Davies. This was the Weekly Poetry project for April 3, 2011.

2Foliage: Various Poems

By William Henry Davies

W. H. Davies was a Welsh poet and writer. Davies spent a significant part of his life in the United Kingdom and United States, becoming one of the most popular poets of his time. Davies is usually considered one of the Georgian poets, although much of his work is atypical of the style and themes adopted by others of the genre. - Summary by Wikipedia

The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp is an autobiography published in 1908 by the Welsh poet and writer W. H. Davies (1871–1940). A large part of the book's subject matter describes the way of life of the tramp in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States in the final decade of the 19th century. George Bernard Shaw had become interested in Davies, a literary unknown at the time, and had agreed to write a preface for the book, largely through the concerted efforts of his wife Charlotte. Shaw was also instrumental in keeping the unusual title of the book, of which Davies himself was unsure, and which later proved to be controversial with some reviewers. The book was the third published by Davies, having been preceded by The Soul's Destroyer (1905) and New Poems (1907). The 1920 edition of the book concludes with five poems selected by Davies from The Soul's Destroyer. The book was written in the space of six weeks, "a great achievement for a first book by a man with the minimum of education." ( Wikipedia (edited by Expatriate))

4Handbook to the Rivers and Broads of Norfolk & Suffolk

By George Christopher Davies

The Broads are Britain's largest protected wetland and are home to a wealth of wildlife, especially fish and birdlife. They comprise a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The lakes (or broads) were originally formed by the gradual natural flooding of medieval peat excavations and cover an area of some 303 square kilometres (117 sq mi).<br><br> The rivers and broads subsequently evolved to become a system of water-highways linking the City of Norwich and other inland towns such as, Beccles, Belaugh and Barton with the sea-ports of Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft. This is also where the unique Norfolk Wherry, with its shallow draught and distinctive gaff rig with a single, high-peaked sail carried goods and passengers around the Broads area.<br<br>The Broads have also been a boating holiday destination since the late 19th century and this book is a record of a two week waterborne holiday taken by the author and a friend at the turn of the last century.<br><br> So, join me if you will, on an auditory cruise around these unique waterways through expansive landscapes under wide open skies. - Summary by Wikipedia and TND

5Little Freckled Person: A Book of Child Verse

By Mary Carolyn Davies

Here is a delightful collection of short verses for children by Mary Carolyn Davies. Seeing the world through child-like imagination, these light-hearted poems are of trains, fishing, gardening, fairies and so much more. - Summary by SweetHome

6War-Lords of the Moon

By Linton Davies

Bruce Ross, on the Earth-Moon run, asked a simple question, "How are the stars behaving, Harry?" But Harrell Moore could only stare at him in horror. For the stars had run amok—cosmic engines of destruction in the hands of the twisted genius of the Moon! A rip-snortin space shoot-em-up from 1939 with space ships, an evil genius who follows his horoscope and plans to rule everyone, ray guns, death beams (both red and green) and a diaphanously clad beautiful moon princesses in love with the hero. - Summary by the author and phil chenevert

7Children at Play

By William Henry Davies

LibriVox volunteers bring you 12 recordings of Children at Play by William H. Davies..<br> This was the Weekly Poetry project for September 25, 2022. <br> ------<br> Taken from FOLIAGE, VARIOUS POEMS BY WILLIAM H. DAVIES - Summary by David Lawrence

8Christmas

By William Henry Davies

LibriVox volunteers bring you 13 recordings of Christmas by W. H. Davies.<br> This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for December 7, 2022. <br> ------<br> This Fortnightly features the festive, well, partying side of the Holiday Season. - Summary by David Lawrence

9Foliage (version 2)

By William Henry Davies

W.H.Davies was born in Newport, South Wales. He had a difficult childhood and spent several years in the US as a tramp or hobo. He spent one winter moving between jails in Michigan under the ‘boodle’ system; an illicit system where a tramp could make an arrangement to be housed in a prison without being an actual prisoner. He later lost his right foot below the knee after a failed attempt to jump a freight train in Ontario on a journey to the Klondike to try to make his fortune.<br> On his return to the UK he continued to live rough or in doss-houses for some time, before eventually settling down with his wife Helen and moving on to a quiet and happy life.<br> Poetry was his staple throughout his life and he was eventually recognised for his talents.<br> Much of his poetry reflects on themes of hardship and the natural world.<br> Summary by Craig Franklin

Seven thousand choice extracts on history, science, philosophy, religion etc. selected from the standard authorship of ancient and modern times, and classified in alphabetical order.<br><br>"I love to lose myself in other men's minds." - Lamb - Summary from the Title Page

The discovery of the Hammurabi Code is one of the greatest achievements of archaeology, and is of paramount interest, not only to the student of the Bible, but also to all those interested in ancient history. This document carries us back to gray antiquity; to what was once regarded as prehistoric times; to a period long antedating the promulgation of the laws of Moses; no matter whether we accept the traditional or the so-called critical view. - Summary adapted from the First Chapter