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The aging characteristics and lifetimes of tungsten filament encoder lamps were determined as a function of operating voltage and filament material. For pure tungsten and thoria doped (1 pct.) filament lamps, crystal grain growth over the center portion of the filament leads to the ultimate failure of the lamp. The development of notches associated with this grain growth is the cause of lamp burn out. Eventually, one of the notches will 'etch' through the filament, causing it to fail open. For rhenium doped (3 pct.) filament lamps, distortion of the filament leads to the ultimate failure of the lamp. The lifetime of these lamps is about 1 year at an operating voltage of 5.0 volts. The pure tungsten filament lamps have the longest average lifetime, and the thoria doped filament lamps have the shortest at 5.0 volts. The lifetimes of these lamps is about 7 years at an operating voltage of 3.5 volts. Data suggest that the rhenium doped lamps will have the longest average lifetime at 3.5 volts, and the thoria doped will have the shortest. These lifetimes are comparable to the desired lifetimes of 7 years.

1Practical Guide to Self-Hypnosis

By Melvin Powers

Summary from <em>A Practical Guide to Self-Hypnosis</em>: This book is written in terms that are comprehensible to the layman. The step-by-step instructions should afford the reader a means of acquiring self-hypnosis. The necessary material is here. The reader need only follow the instructions as they are given. It is the author's hope that you will, through the selective use of self-hypnosis, arrive at a more rewarding, well-adjusted, and fuller life.

2Stories the Iroquois Tell Their Children

By Mabel Powers

Stories the Iroquois Tell Their Children by Mabel Powers is a beautiful collection of traditional Iroquois tales that not only entertain but also teach fundamental cultural values and life lessons. These stories, passed down through generations by elders around the fire, serve to educate children on themes such as bravery, kindness, respect for nature, and the importance of community. The book’s tales feature a range of characters including the Little People, animals, and children. Each story is rich with symbolic meaning. Powers also touches on the role of nature in these stories, reflecting the Iroquois' deep reverence for the natural world and its creatures, while exploring concepts like gratitude, generosity, and cooperation. By weaving together these ancient tales with lessons about life, the book offers not only a glimpse into Iroquois culture but also timeless wisdom that transcends generations. - Summary by Anthony Karl Futterer