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In this episode we discuss: - Batman vs Superman Review WITH SPOILERS! - DMX and his "lyrics?" What do they mean? So deep! - Scenes that are Stupid - RIP to Gary Shandling and Phife (The 5 Foot Assassin)--- Support this podcast: https://anchor.fm/redbeardpodcast/support

The trend in the recent years in the sport of ice fishing has been the shift to Lithium ION powered tools; augers, flashers and other electronics. Joel Nelson of Joel Nelson Outdoors talks with Scott and Kyle about the features that electric ice augers offer anglers of all ages, experience levels and fishing styles. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

This episode is also available as a blog post: https://harrogateelectricvehiclenews.com/2021/12/06/surprise-factors-behind-rapid-cost-decline-of-lithium-ion-batteries/

Deutschland braucht mehr Lithium, zum Beispiel für Autobatterien. Der Rohstoff wird auch im Oberrheingraben vermutet und es gibt schon Versuchsanlagen zur Forderung des Lithiums. Aber kann sich das langfristig lohnen? Dazu gibt es eine Studie des KIT.

Today on Kilowatt we talk about the Model S, Model X, Model 3, and the Moose Test. Picks SoundStripe Video Project Loveday Submission Moose Test Model X Crash Test #1 Model X Crash Test #2 The News Model X vs the Moose Test Model X 5-Star Safety P100 Battery not changing anytime soon Model S & X not switching to the 2170 battery anytime soon Tesla unofficially sell 100,000 Model S's Model 3 may have a 300 + mile range Model 3 reservations can be extended Model 3 battery cells started production Model 3 test drives Model 3 eats all the lithium Model 3 in New Zealand Other Podcasts [Snap][21] iMessage Stickers: Christmas Ornaments - http://apple.co/2ipEu5e Miss Kawaii Sticker Pack - http://apple.co/2dgcA9T Thanksgiving Sticker Pack 1 - http://bit.ly/918thanks Faces Sticker Pack - http://bit.ly/facespack1 Contact Info: Email - bodie @ 918Digital .com Voicemail - 918-401-0071 Twitter - @918Digital Website - https://www.kilowatt.bz Support this show http://supporter.acast.com/kilowatt . Become a member at https://plus.acast.com/s/kilowatt . Our GDPR privacy policy was updated on August 8, 2022. Visit acast.com/privacy for more information.

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➤ Ford announces split of EV and ICE business units ➤ Rivian announces significant price increases ➤ Elon Musk comments on State of the Union address ➤ Report on Giga Berlin ➤ Tesla locks in new lithium supply contract ➤ Polestar shows off roadster concept Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/teslapodcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/tesladailypodcast Tesla Referral: https://ts.la/robert47283 Plaid producer Who Why Executive producer Jeremy Cooke Executive producer Troy Cherasaro Executive producer Andre/Maria Kent Executive producer Jessie Chimni Executive producer Michael Pastrone Executive producer Richard Del Maestro Executive producer John Beans Music by Evan Schaeffer Disclosure: Rob Maurer is long TSLA stock & derivatives

➤ Ford announces split of EV and ICE business units ➤ Rivian announces significant price increases ➤ Elon Musk comments on State of the Union address ➤ Report on Giga Berlin ➤ Tesla locks in new lithium supply contract ➤ Polestar shows off roadster concept Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/teslapodcast Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/tesladailypodcast Tesla Referral: https://ts.la/robert47283 Plaid producer Who Why Executive producer Jeremy Cooke Executive producer Troy Cherasaro Executive producer Andre/Maria Kent Executive producer Jessie Chimni Executive producer Michael Pastrone Executive producer Richard Del Maestro Executive producer John Beans Music by Evan Schaeffer Disclosure: Rob Maurer is long TSLA stock & derivatives

Killing Fields (1992)(Lithium Netware)[cr Triad]

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Most Globular Clusters are believed to host a single stellar populations. They can thus be considered a good place to study the Spite plateau and probe for possible evolutionary modifications of the Li content. We want to determine the Li content of subgiant (SG) and Main Sequence (MS) stars of the old, metal-poor globular cluster NGC 6397. This work was aimed not only at studying possible Li abundance variations but to investigate the cosmological Li discrepancy. Here, we present FLAMES/GIRAFFE observations of a sample of 84 SG and 79 MS stars in NGC 6397 selected in a narrow range of B-V colour and, therefore, effective temperatures. We determine both Teff and A(Li) using 3D hydrodynamical model atmospheres for all the MS and SG stars of the sample. We find a significant difference in the Li abundance between SG stars and MS stars, the SG stars having an A(Li) higher by almost 0.1 dex on average. We also find a decrease in the A(Li) with decreasing Teff, both in MS and SG stars, albeit with a significantly different slope for the two classes of stars. This suggests that the lithium abundance in these stars is, indeed, altered by some process, which is Teff-dependent. The Li abundance pattern observed in NGC 6397 is different from what is found among field stars, casting some doubt on the use of Globular Cluster stars as representative of Population II with respect to the Li abundance. None of the available theories of Li depletion appears to satisfactorily describe our observations.

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The recent discovery of low-mass red giants with enhanced atmospherical Li abundance in galactic low-metallicity stellar clusters adds to the mysterious phenomenon of the Li-rich giants. We propose a combined scenario for the Li-enrichment: engulfing a giant planet (or brown dwarf) by a red giant (external source) activates inside the giant the "7Be-mechanism" producing Li internally. This episodical Li-production can happen at any time on the red giant branch and is naturally followed by Li-depletion as is observed. Limitations of our scenario are discussed as well.

We report Li and B isotopic compositions of 10 Spinel-HIBonite spherules (SHIBs) separated from the Murchison meteorite, in order to understand their irradiation history in the early Solar System. The extremely low Be concentrations in SHIBs preclude detection of extinct 10Be, but instead allow for a search of the original Li and B isotopic ratios of the grains, as these isotopes are sensitive indicators for irradiation. We found that some of the SHIBs carried sub-chondritic 7Li/6Li and supra-chondritic 10B/11B ratios. Considering two possible irradiation scenarios that could have occurred in the early Solar System, irradiation of hibonite solids followed by addition of isotopically normal Li and B seems to be the most plausible explanation for the observed Li and B isotope ratios.

In this article the Butler-Volmer equation used in describing Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is discussed. First, a complete mathematical model based on a macro-homogeneous approach developed by Neuman is presented. Two common mistakes found in the literature regarding a sign in a boundary conditions and the use of the transfer coefficient are mentioned. The paper focuses on the form of the Butler-Volmer equation in the model. It is shown how practical problems can be avoided by taking care in the form used, particularly to avoid difficulties when the solid particle in the electrodes approaches a fully charged or discharged state or the electrolyte gets depleted. This shows that the open circuit voltage and the exchange current density must depend on the lithium concentration in both the solid and the electrolyte in a particular way at the extremes of the concentration ranges.

I had already designed an aligning tool which worked but it was not very practical in use, so I made this new version: When paralleling 18650 Lithium ion cells by spot welding, it is often challenging to get the nickel strips straight and to precisely hit the poles with the spot welder, especially the smaller plus poles. This aligning tool is for paralleling two 18650 cells with 7mm wide nickel strip. How to use: Insert the batteries and nickel strip into the adapter, plus poles on the side with the smaller opening, minus poles at the larger one. There are two slots for using rubber bands to hold the cells at the bottom if necessary. Spot weld through the openings, then remove your paralleled pack from the jig. The openings at the bottom can be used for pushing them out. IMPORTANT NOTE: Before you start, be sure to measure the voltage on both batteries, there should be no more than 0.1V difference in voltage. Charge/discharge them to reach the same voltage before connecting them in parallel.

Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) theory predicts the abundances of the light elements D, $^3$He, $^4$He and $^7$Li produced in the early universe. The primordial abundances of D and $^4$He inferred from observational data are in good agreement with predictions, however, the BBN theory overestimates the primordial $^7$Li abundance by about a factor of three. This is the so-called "cosmological lithium problem". Solutions to this problem using conventional astrophysics and nuclear physics have not been successful over the past few decades, probably indicating the presence of new physics during the era of BBN. We have investigated the impact on BBN predictions of adopting a generalized distribution to describe the velocities of nucleons in the framework of Tsallis non-extensive statistics. This generalized velocity distribution is characterized by a parameter $q$, and reduces to the usually assumed Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for $q$ = 1. We find excellent agreement between predicted and observed primordial abundances of D, $^4$He and $^7$Li for $1.069\leq q \leq 1.082$, suggesting a possible new solution to the cosmological lithium problem.

This article is from Scientific Reports , volume 3 . Abstract The high theoretical capacity and low discharge potential of silicon have attracted much attention on Si-based anodes. Herein, hollow porous SiO2 nanocubes have been prepared via a two-step hard-template process and evaluated as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The hollow porous SiO2 nanocubes exhibited a reversible capacity of 919 mAhg−1 over 30 cycles. The reasonable property could be attributed to the unique hollow nanostructure with large volume interior and numerous crevices in the shell, which could accommodate the volume change and alleviate the structural strain during Li ions' insertion and extraction, as well as allow rapid access of Li ions during charge/discharge cycling. It is found that the formation of irreversible or reversible lithium silicates in the anodes determines the capacity of a deep-cycle battery, fast transportation of Li ions in hollow porous SiO2 nanocubes is beneficial to the formation of Li2O and Si, contributing to the high reversible capacity.

We have identified twenty-seven candidate very low mass members of the relatively young Alpha Persei open cluster from a six square degree CCD imaging survey. Based on their I magnitudes and the nominal age and distance to the cluster, these objects should have masses less than 0.1 Msunif they are cluster members. We have subsequently obtained intermediate resolution spectra of seventeen of these objects using the Keck II telescope and LRIS spectrograph. We have also obtained near-IR photometry for many of the stars. Our primary goal was to determine the location of the "lithium depletion boundary" and hence to derive a precise age for the cluster. We detect lithium with equivalent widths greater than or equal to 0.4 \AA in five of the program objects. We have constructed a color-magnitude diagram for the faint end of the Alpha Persei main sequence. These data allow us to accurately determine the Alpha Persei single-star lithium depletion boundary at M(I$_C$) = 11.47, M(Bol) = 11.42, (R-I)$_{C0}$ = 2.12, spectral type M6.0. By reference to theoretical evolutionary models, this converts fairly directly into an age for the Alpha Persei cluster of 90 $\pm$ 10 Myr. At this age, the two faintest of our spectroscopically confirmed members should be sub-stellar (i.e., brown dwarfs) according to theoretical models.

New inelastic X-ray scattering experiments have been performed on liquid lithium in a wide wavevector range. With respect to the previous measurements, the instrumental resolution, improved up to 1.5 meV, allows to accurately investigate the dynamical processes determining the observed shape of the the dynamic structure factor, $S(Q,\omega)$. A detailed analysis of the lineshapes shows the co-existence of relaxation processes with both a slow and a fast characteristic timescales, and therefore that pictures of the relaxation mechanisms based on a simple viscoelastic model must be abandoned.

This article is from Indian Journal of Pharmacology , volume 44 . Abstract Context:: Mathematical models are valuable for optimizing drug dose and dosing regimens. Aims:: To compare the precision and bias of three a-priori methods in the prediction of serum level of lithium in patients with bipolar disorder, and to determine their sensitivity and specificity in detecting serum lithium levels outside the therapeutic range. Settings and Design:: Hospital-based, retrospective study. Materials and Methods:: In a retrospective study of 31 in-patients, the serum level of lithium was calculated using three different a-priori methods. Mean Prediction Error was used as a measure of bias while Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Squared Error were used as a measure of precision. The sensitivity and specificity of the methods was calculated. Results:: All three models underestimated serum lithium level. Precision was best with the model described by Pepin et al., while bias of prediction was the least with the method of Abou Auda et al. The formula by Pepin et al. was able to predict serum lithium level with a mean error of 36.57%. The sensitivity and specificity of the models in identifying serum lithium levels outside the therapeutic range was 80% and 76.19% for Pepin et al., 90% and 74.19% for Zetin et al., and 90% and 66.67% for Abou-Auda et al., respectively. Conclusion:: The study demonstrates the difference in precision and bias of three a-priori methods, with no one method being superior to the other in the prediction of serum concentration.

This article is from Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , volume 126 . Abstract Objective: To establish whether lithium or anticonvulsant should be used for maintenance treatment for bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) if the risks of suicide and relapse were traded off against the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Method: Decision analysis based on a systematic literature review with two main decisions: (1) use of lithium or at treatment initiation and (2) the potential discontinuation of lithium in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) after 20 years of lithium treatment. The final endpoint was 30 years of treatment with five outcomes to consider: death from suicide, alive with stable or unstable BPAD, alive with or without ESRD. Results: At the start of treatment, the model identified lithium as the treatment of choice. The risks of developing CKD or ESRD were not relevant at the starting point. Twenty years into treatment, lithium still remained treatment of choice. If CKD had occurred at this point, stopping lithium would only be an option if the likelihood of progression to ESRD exceeded 41.3% or if anticonvulsants always outperformed lithium regarding relapse prevention. Conclusion: At the current state of knowledge, lithium initiation and continuation even in the presence of long-term adverse renal effects should be recommended in most cases.

This article is from Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online , volume 68 . Abstract The unit cell of the title compound, (N2H5)2[Li2(C6H2N2O4)2(H2O)2]·[Li4(C6H2N2O4)2(H2O)8], comprises two centrosymmetric complexes, one double negatively charged and one neutral, and two mono-protonated hydrazine cations. The anionic complex molecule is a dimer, built of a pair of symmetry-related pyridazine-3,6-dicarboxyl­ate ligands and a pair of LiI ions, each coordinated by two N,O-chelating sites donated by a ligand mol­ecule and an aqua O atom at the apical position. The penta­coordination around the LiI ions is partway between a trigonal–bipyramidal and a square-pyramidal arrangement. The two carb­oxy­lic acid groups of the ligand are deprotonated and one carboxyl­ate O atom of each group is not involved in the coordination, and this applies to both the anionic and the neutral complex. The neutral complex molecule is also composed of a pair of LiI ions and a pair of ligand mol­ecules related by a centre of symmetry. They form a dimeric core in which the penta­coordination of the LiI ions includes two N,O-bonding groups donated by two ligands and an aqua O atom. The penta­coordination is described as partway between a trigonal–bipyramidal and a square-pyramidal arrangement. The coordinated carboxyl­ate group is bidentate–bridging, forming with an Li(H2O)3 unit a neutral tetra­meric mol­ecule. The coordination of the tetra­coordinated LiI ion shows a slightly distorted tetra­hedral geometry. An extended system of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds contributes to the stability of the crystal structure.

I couldn't get the original to print well enough that the keys worked well so I remixed it with some larger keys which slot together. You can also sand them easily enough to fit if they come out a little big.

This article is from Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine , volume 36 . Abstract Lithium has been the gold standard drug for bipolar disorders. The efficacy of lithium is dose-dependent and reliably correlates with that of serum lithium levels (trough levels). Trough levels are best measured when tested just before the next dose. In clinical practice, when lithium was administered in divided doses, trough levels were measured at 12 h after the last dose. Does this practice of 12 h lithium estimation apply to once a day (OD) administration of lithium also? This study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Serum lithium levels were measured at 12 and 24 h post the last dose in 48 patients taking an OD dosing of sustained preparations of lithium. The mean and (standard deviation) of serum lithium levels at 12 h (0.82 [0.29]) and at 24 h (0.60 [0.20]) were calculated. The serum lithium level at 12 h was 1.3 times higher than that of the 24 h levels (actual trough levels). Thus, it seems appropriate to estimate the serum lithium levels (trough levels) at 24 h post the last dose in patients taking lithium as an OD dosage, which may prevent patient maintained on a lower than required dose of lithium.

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Fire Marshal Ryan Ocepek of Vail Fire and Emergency Services offers fire safety tips and best practices with lithium-ion batteries. The presentation also includes known fire facts about electric vehicles and mobility devices, along with best practices for the storage and charging of lithium-ion battery devices.

Florida Chief Financial Officer & State Fire Marshal Jimmy Patronis highlights the risks of lithium-ion battery fires during the holiday season and provides tips to prevent fire-related incidents as Floridians celebrate the season with family and friends. In collaboration with the University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center and the Florida Firefighters Safety and Health Collaborative, the Division of State Fire Marshal is sharing a lithium-ion battery safety Public Service Announcement to educate and arm the public with tools and resources to combat these emerging fire hazards. Look for Hollywood Fire Rescue and Beach Safety Chief James Russo in the video.

Florida Chief Financial Officer & State Fire Marshal Jimmy Patronis highlights the risks of lithium-ion battery fires during the holiday season and provides tips to prevent fire-related incidents as Floridians celebrate the season with family and friends. In collaboration with the University of Miami Sylvester Cancer Center and the Florida Firefighters Safety and Health Collaborative, the Division of State Fire Marshal is sharing a lithium-ion battery safety Public Service Announcement to educate and arm the public with tools and resources to combat these emerging fire hazards. Look for Hollywood Fire Rescue and Beach Safety Chief James Russo in the video.

This report covers development and engineeringtest phases for water additive charges, antifreeze, fire extinguisher, lithium/calcium chloride base. The report summarizes literature surveys and laboratory tests made. It is concluded that: (a) A solution having 20.0% CaCl2, 8.8% LiCl, and 71.2% H2O composition on a weight basis and having a density of 1.2265 at 68 F is satisfactory as a candidate antifreeze salt for winterizing water to -65 F; (b) Sodium chromate at a concentration of 1,050 mg/l of solution effectively inhibits the corrosive effect of the above salt solution on Al, steel, brass, Zn, Mg, and Cu; (c) Lithium-chloride solutions (approximately 23% LiCl by weight in water) are effectively nonfreezing to below minus 65 F and except for higher cost are as applicable for application in antifreeze charges as the CaCl2 LiCl mixture in solution with water; and (d) Dry packaging of salt charges including the inhibitor is feasible.

An SOCl2-based, Li primary battery operable over the temperature range -40 to +160 F is being evaluated. The desired energy density is 150 watt-hours per pound of total battery weight and the desired power density is 50 watts per pound.

The effects of a single 600-mg dose of lithium carbonate were evaluated in a study of 15 healthy, normal male subjects. Subjects were studied, on two occasions, by utilizing a double-blind design--once receiving the lithium carbonate and once receiving a lactose placebo. Measurements were made of (1) complex performance, using the CAMI Multiple Task Performance Battery, (2) hand steadiness, using the steadiness tester of the Motor Steadiness Kit, (3) heart rate, (4) the urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and (5) short term memory, as measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale. The only statistically significant effect due to the drug was for short term memory, in which scores made by subjects taking the placebo were higher than scores made by those taking the lithium carbonate. (Author)

The effects of a single 600-mg dose of lithium carbonate were evaluated in a study of 15 healthy, normal male subjects. Subjects were studied, on two occasions, by utilizing a double-blind design--once receiving the lithium carbonate and once receiving a lactose placebo. Measurements were made of (1) complex performance, using the CAMI Multiple Task Performance Battery, (2) hand steadiness, using the steadiness tester of the Motor Steadiness Kit, (3) heart rate, (4) the urinary excretion of 17-ketogenic steroids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, and (5) short term memory, as measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale. The only statistically significant effect due to the drug was for short term memory, in which scores made by subjects taking the placebo were higher than scores made by those taking the lithium carbonate. (Author)

The specific thermal capacity and heat dissipation rate for lithium ion cells containing LiNiO2 and mixed oxide (75%LiCoO2 25%LiNiO2) as cathode materials are compared. The experimental measurements were made using a radiative calorimeter consisting of a copper chamber maintained at -168 C by circulating liquid nitrogen and enclosed in a vacuum bell jar. The specific thermal capacity was determined based on warm-up and cool-down transients. The heat dissipation rate was calculated from the values measured for heat radiated and stored, and the resulting values were corrected for conductive heat dissipation through the leads. The specific heat was 1.117 J/ C-g for the LiNiO2 cell and 0.946 J/ C-g for the 75%LiCoO2,25%LiNiO2 cell. Endothermic cooling at the beginning of charge was very apparent for the cell containing 75%LiCoO2,25%LiNiO2 as the cathode. Exothermic heating began at a higher state of charge for the cell with the 75%LiCoO2,25%LiNiO2 cathode compared to the LiNiO2 cathode cell. During discharge, the rate of heat dissipation increased with increase in the discharge current for both types of cells. The maximum heat dissipated at C/5 discharge was 0.065 W and 0.04 W for the LiNiO2 and 75%LiCoO2,25%LiNiO2 cells, respectively, The thermoneutral potential showed variability toward the end of discharge. The plateau region of the curves was used to calculate average thermoneutral potentials of 3.698 V and 3.837 V for the LiNiO2 cell and the 75%LiCoO2,25%LiNiO2 cell, respectively.

Molten salts, such as lithium fluoride, are attractive candidates for thermal energy storage in solar dynamic space power systems because of their high latent heat of fusion. However, these same salts have poor thermal conductivities which inhibit the transfer of heat into the solid phase and out of the liquid phase. One concept for improving the thermal conductivity of the thermal energy storage system is to add a conductive filler material to the molten salt. High thermal conductivity pitch-based graphite fibers are being considered for this application. Although there is some information available on the thermal conductivity of lithium fluoride solid, there is very little information on lithium fluoride liquid, and no information on molten salt graphite fiber composites. This paper describes a hot filament technique for determining the thermal conductivity of molten salts. The hot filament technique was used to find the thermal conductivity of molten lithium fluoride at 930 C, and the thermal conductivity values ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 W/mK. These values are comparable to the slightly larger value of 5.0 W/mK for lithium fluoride solid. In addition, two molten salt graphite fiber composites were characterized with the hot filament technique and these results are also presented.

Holder needs to be glued to the charger, but can stay there if you carry the charger around!

Holder needs to be glued to the charger, but can stay there if you carry the charger around!

In this work, a novel electro-optic beam switch (EOBS) is designed, fabricated and demonstrated. The EOBS presented in this work is designed for a Nd:YAG laser operating at lambda = 1064 nm and is demonstrated to achieve 750 microns of beam translation at switching rates of up to 3 Hz. The EOBS consists of a series of electronically controlled prisms fabricated by ferroelectric domain inversion in an electro-optic crystal wafer. The prisms are arranged such that positive angular deflections are counterbalanced by subsequent negative angular deflections. The result is discrete beam translation with no angular deflection. Also in this work, an algorithm for designing optimal beam translation geometries is developed. Five of the resulting geometric designs are then fabricated in 5 mol% magnesium oxide doped congruent lithium niobate (5%MgO:CLN). The performance of one particular geometry is modeled in detail and analyzed experimentally. The EOBS is used to demonstrate wavelength tuning of a near-infrared laser system using a selectable optical parametric generation (OPG) grating.

This paper shows how the principle of neutron radiography can be used to quantify the critical physical state of lithium concentration across battery electrodes at steady-state conditions (after a long relaxation time or small load) as a first step in this important effort to measure in-situ battery physical states and validate electrochemical battery models. A model of the expected loss in beam intensity after passing through the different layers of a battery pouch cell is constructed based on the material densities and dimensions. This model is augmented with simulation of the neutron transmission behavior including optical effects due to the geometric unsharpness and the detector response. The resulting model provides the basis for a comprehensive simulation of the in-situ metrology of lithium concentration in Li-ion batteries, and comparison with experimental results.

The Naval Surface Warfare Center is evaluating industry's emerging lithium rechargeable battery technology for use in underwater vehicle applications. The battery industry typically characterizes cells for consumer applications requiring low rate cycling at room temperature and rarely provides high rate, low temperature data. High rate and low temperature performance of AT&T's lithium/niobium triselenide(Li/NbSe3)AA cells is reported here. At 25 deg C and 1O mA/sq cm (approximately the 3C rate), delivered energy densities were as high as 30 Wh/lb. However, these lithium cells proved vulnerable to performance loss in low temperature (O deg C), high discharge rate cycling. Lithium/niobium triselenide, NbSe3, Lithium batteries, Rechargeable AA cells.

Composite polymer electrolytes consisting of at least 35 mol% poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC)and dimethyl formate (DMF), lithium salts (LiAsF6, LiN(CF3SO2)2, or LiC(CF3SO2)3 and small amounts (approx. 5 mol%) of plasticizer, either diethylphthalate (DEP) or dibutylphthalate (DBP), were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, complex impedance analysis and (7)Li NMR spectroscopy. Despite the composite nature of these materials, they all exhibit a single glass transition temperature (Tg). Significant variations of Tg with the two different plasticizers were noted. The sample containing the LiC(CF3SO2)3) salt has the highest electrical conductivity of the series, approx. 3 X 10(exp -1)S/cm at 25 deg C. Time-dependent impedance measurements utilizing cells with lithium electrodes revealed the growth of a passivating interface layer comparable to those observed with other polymer electrolytes. The onset of NMR motional line-narrowing is correlated with Tg for all samples prepared with DBP, as is known to occur in 'single component' polyether-based electrolytes. However the onset of narrowing for the samples containing DEP occurs about 30 K above Tg. Lithium-7 spin-lattice relaxation measurements exhibit non-exponential recovery profiles below Tg, with about approx. 15% of the Li species relax differently than the majority. Activation energies extracted from (7)Li T1 data show that localized Li motion is significantly impeded in the DEP-containing samples relative to those prepared with DBP. jg p3

A lithium ion source using thermal emission from a Beta-eucryptite structure has been investigated as a possible control device for spacecraft charging. This source can be used for control of positively charged spacecraft potentials in sunlight and differentially charged spacecraft surfaces in shadow. This thesis investigates the emission characteristics of lithium ion sources in conjunction with two kinds of electron sources and simulates spacecraft charge control. A 0.6-in. lithium ion source produced currents up to 33 micro Amps at a bias voltage of 100 V on the surface (strips) of the simulation body with extraction potentials of 200 V to the screen. Differential charging simulations produced currents up to 21 micro Amps on the rear strip of the simulation structure at a bias voltage of 250 V. A directly heated tungsten dispenser cathode and filament-type electron source were used to overcome space charge limiting effects. Space charge effects were studied with a 0.25-in. lithium ion source in conjunction with the tungsten dispenser cathode. The average increase in current was approximately 50%. Larger increases were found with the 0.6 in. lithium ion source, using the filament electron source. The greatest effects occurred for low extraction voltages (some what 20V). A typical increase was 400 % at 10 V. The vacuum chamber system and geometries for the simulation and investigation were very simple. However, the combined ion and electron sources could be used as a device for controlling a spacecraft potential in geosynchronous orbit.

During the first year of this project, Tasks 1a and 1b have been completed. This includes the creation of isogenic breast cell lines with heterozygous and homozygous PTEN loss, the creation of targeting vectors and the infection and screening of breast epithelial and cancer cell lines. In addition, biochemical characterization of these newly created cell lines (as well as a library of other cell lines which each represent a distinct mutation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway) has been completed.

Solid polymer gel electrolytes composed of 75 wt.% of the ionic liquid, 1-nbutyl- 2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide with 1.0M lithium bis-trifluoromethanesulfonylimide and 25 wt.% poly(vinylidenedifluoro-hexafluoropropene) are characterized as the electrolyte/separator in solid-state lithium batteries. The ionic conductivity of these gels ranges from 1.5 to 2.0mScm−1, which is several orders of magnitude more conductive than any of the more commonly used solid polymers, and comparable to the best solid gel electrolytes currently used in industry. TGA indicates that these polymer gel electrolytes are thermally stable to over 280 ◦C and do not begin to thermally decompose until over 300 ◦C; exhibiting a significant advancement in the safety of lithium batteries. Atomic force microscopy images of these solid thin films indicate that these polymer gel electrolytes have the structure of nano-sponges, with a sub-micron pore size. For these thin film batteries, 150 charge?discharge cycles are run for LixCoO2 where x is cycled between 0.95 down to 0.55. Minimal internal resistance effects are observed over the charging cycles, indicating the high ionic conductivity of the ionic liquid solid polymer gel electrolyte. The overall cell efficiency is approximately 98%, and no significant loss in battery efficiency is observed over the 150 cycles.

Reductive coupling of chlorosilanes with lithium in THF proceeds via anionic intermediates (radical anions and silyl anions). They were observed directly by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 29Si NMR, EPR and UV spectroscopy.

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Lithium ion aqueous cells were investigated using lithium intercalating compounds as anodes and cathodes. The aqueous electrolyte consisted of 4 to 5 molar solutions of either lithium perchlorate or lithium nitrate which contained lithium hydroxide in millimolar amounts to make the solutions slightly basic with a pH of about 8.5. Several electrode combinations were evaluated using lithium intercalating compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganese oxide as cathodes and lithium vanadium oxide, lithium manganese oxide, titanium disulfide, and molybdenum dioxide as the anodes. The cell employing manganese oxide as both the anode and cathode exhibited good charge-discharge characteristics with an open circuit potential of about one volt. jg

The use of lithium hydride (LiH) for both return current structures and initial debris shielding is explored and a general set of design criteria is derived. It is found that, particularly when the testing requirement is for argon K shell radiation, LiH shields can improve the expected fluence on a test object over present or recently proposed technologies. The concept rests upon a tradeoff between the proximity of a test object to the plasma radiation source (PRS) and the opacity of any shielding that is interposed. Because a larger mass of intervening shield material is possible with LiH, the expected debris velocities are 100 times or more slow than current measurements. A cold press technique for the fabrication of the shield and its electrical connection to a pulser is specified.