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1Richmond National Battlefield Park, Virginia

By Joseph P. Cullen

Richmond, Virginia, was the capital of The Confederacy during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. It was the focus of two military campaigns by Northern armies, one in the summer of 1862 (the Peninsula Campaign) and the second in 1864-1865. When the city was conquered and destroyed in early April, 1865, , it was only a few days later that General Lee surrendered to General Grant and the Civil War was over. Published in 1961, this is National Park Service Historical Handbook 33. The text contains many informative maps and interesting photographs. - Summary by david wales

Countee Cullen’s poetry in Color contemplates Black Americans’ fractured sense of self—at once spiritually tied to homelands where their ancestors were kidnapped and rooted in the white supremacist society where they live. With poems about love, tradition, the intertwined lives of Black people and whites, and the experience of a "Negro in a day like this," Color is a profound early work of the Harlem Renaissance. The collection’s most famous poem is "Heritage". (Summary by Mike Overby)