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English language learning (ELL) is crucial globally and takes place in formal education for many people. Interest and self-efficacy are considered critical to students’ learning experiences and academic performance across formal education. Previous research indicated that the two popular gamification elements (badges and leaderboards) have the potential to support students’ interest, self-efficacy development and academic performance. However, few prior studies were found empirically examining their effects on student interest, self-efficacy, and performance in especially ELL formal education settings. To address these gaps, this study intended to investigate how using badges and leaderboards simultaneously influenced students’ interest, self-efficacy, and academic performance in a secondary ELL course compared to non-gamification.

1Esperanto Teacher

By Helen Fryer

The international language Esperanto was first released to the world in 1887, when L. L. Zamenhof published his first book, "Dr. Esperanto's International Language". Since that time, many learning books have been developed to help the beginner attain a proficiency in the language. Helen Fryer's "Esperanto Teacher" is one of the earliest of these attempts in English. Divided into 45 short and easy lessons and supplemented with sections on joining words, exclamations, compound words, arrangement of words in a sentence, words used with the object, the 16 rules of grammar and list of common useful expressions, as well as a number of translated texts for the new Esperantist to practice his/her skills, this book contains everything one needs to gain a proficiency in the language.

Mary Frances is a little girl whose Aunt Maria intends to teach her to knit and crochet, but she's very strict and demanding. It's a good thing the Knitting People are around to help Mary Frances out! This book includes real patterns which can be knit and crocheted for dolls and children. (Summary by wildemoose)

3Mary Frances Story Book

By Jane Eayre Fryer

The Mary Frances Story Book is different from the other Mary Frances Books. They are part lessons and part story; they teach something about cooking and sewing, knitting and crocheting, housekeeping and gardening, and first-aid—and tell a story, too; but The Mary Frances Story Book is all story. On a summer afternoon Mary Frances took a holiday and sailed away across the blue water to an island—an island formed by the top of a coral mountain resting in a sea of blue; oh, so blue—a brighter blue than the water in your mother’s bluing tub—not the blue that makes you feel sad and blue, but the blue that makes you laugh with happiness. The island itself and the roofs of the houses were coral white, and the green was the green of the palm and banana and mahogany tree. The breezes that blew over them were the warm, soft breezes of the southern sun. This island was the “enchanted island” of the good story-tellers which Mary Frances was allowed to visit. The story people who lived there believed in truth and beauty, and courage and kindness, and these were the theme of their stories. Like all good islands, this island had enemies, but they came to a bad end, as, in the long run, all evil persons will; and truth and beauty, and courage and kindness won the day, as they always must in every land where the searchlight of the sun flashes its beams. As may be imagined, when Mary Frances came home she had not only one, but many stories to tell; and they are written in this book. - Summary by From the Preface

4Mary Frances Cook Book

By Jane Eayre Fryer

Another of the charming Mary Frances books, this one 'Among the Kitchen People', where young girls are encouraged to be mother's helper's in the kitchen, as Mary Frances wants nothing more than to be useful. She learns (and shares) how to make tea, toast and boiled eggs, among other things, as she enjoys adventures with her many friends, including Mantel Clock, Auntie Rolling Pin and Yellow Bowl. - Summary by Lynne Thompson

5Mary Frances Sewing Book

By Jane Eayre Fryer

This enchanting book was first published in 1913 “for all girls who love to make pretty things”. Meet Tommy Pin Cushion, Mr. Silver Thimble, Ma Chine, and many other delightful characters, along with the mysterious Needle-of-Don’t-Have-to-Try and the magic fairy lady, who truly serve to show that the best way to learn is through fun! Mary Frances, through the witty, jolly help of the Thimble People, learns easy step-to-step projects from basic stitches that gradually introduce simple patterns and projects to make a beautiful vintage wardrobe for a 16 inch doll. (Summary by DariaAM)