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We show that an invariant Fatou component of a hyperbolic transcendental entire function is a bounded Jordan domain (in fact, a quasidisc) if and only if it contains only finitely many critical points and no asymptotic curves. We use this theorem to prove criteria for the boundedness of Fatou components and local connectivity of Julia sets for hyperbolic entire functions, and give examples that demonstrate that our results are optimal. A particularly strong dichotomy is obtained in the case of a function with precisely two critical values.

The uniformly hyperbolic Anosov C-systems defined on a torus have exponential instability of their trajectories, and as such C-systems have mixing of all orders and nonzero Kolmogorov entropy. The mixing property of all orders means that all its correlation functions tend to zero and the question of a fundamental interest is a speed at which they tend to zero. It was proven that the speed of decay in the C-systems is exponential, that is, the observables on the phase space become independent and uncorrelated exponentially fast. It is important to specify the properties of the C-system which quantify the exponential decay of correlations. We have found that the upper bound on the exponential decay of the correlation functions universally depends on the value of a system entropy. A quintessence of the analyses is that local and homogeneous instability of the C-system phase space trajectories translated into the exponential decay of the correlation functions at the rate which is proportional to the Kolmogorov entropy, one of the fundamental characteristics of the Anosov automorphisms. This result allows to define the decorrrelation and relaxation times of a C-system in terms of its entropy and characterise the statistical properties of a broad class of dynamical systems, including pseudorandom number generators and gravitational systems.

Formulas for nth order derivatives of hyperbolic and trigonometric functions used in evaluating Fourier sine and cosine integrals

Chapter 1 is a short history of non-Euclidean geometry, which synthesises my readings of mostly secondary sources. Chapter 2 presents each of the main models of hyperbolic geometry, and describes the tesselation of the upper half-plane induced by the action of $PSL(2,\mathbb{Z})$. Chapter 3 gives background on symmetric spaces and word metrics. Chapter 4 then contains a careful proof of the following theorem of Lubotzky--Mozes--Raghunathan: the word metric on $PSL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ is not Lipschitz equivalent to the metric induced by its action on the associated symmetric space (the upper half-plane), but for $n \geq 3$, these two metrics on $PSL(n,\mathbb{Z})$ are Lipschitz equivalent.

The work is motivated by a result of Manin, which relates the Arakelov Green function on a compact Riemann surface to configurations of geodesics in a 3-dimensional hyperbolic handlebody with Schottky uniformization, having the Riemann surface as conformal boundary at infinity. A natural question is to what extent the result of Manin can be generalized to cases where, instead of dealing with a single Riemann surface, one has several Riemann surfaces whose union is the boundary of a hyperbolic 3-manifold, uniformized no longer by a Schottky group, but by a Fuchsian, quasi-Fuchsian, or more general Kleinian group. We have considered this question in this work and obtained several partial results that contribute towards constructing an analog of Manin's result in this more general context.

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We propose two new definitions of the exponential function on time scales. The first definition is based on the Cayley transformation while the second one is a natural extension of exact discretizations. Our eponential functions map the imaginary axis into the unit circle. Therefore, it is possible to define hyperbolic and trigonometric functions on time scales in a standard way. The resulting functions preserve most of the qualitative properties of the corresponding continuous functions. In particular, Pythagorean trigonometric identities hold exactly on any time scale. Dynamic equations satisfied by Cayley-motivated functions have a natural similarity to the corresponding diferential equations. The exact discretization is less convenient as far as dynamic equations and differentiation is concerned.

We prove that for $p\in (0,1]$, the double inequality% \begin{equation*} \tfrac{1}{3p^{2}}\cos px+1-\tfrac{1}{3p^{2}}

In this paper we prove the conjecture posed by Kl\'en et al. in \cite{kvz}, and give optimal inequalities for generalized trigonometric and hyperbolic functions.

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.153114 dc.contributor.author: George F. Becker dc.contributor.author: C. E. Van Orstrand dc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-06T19:09:32Z dc.date.available: 2015-07-06T19:09:32Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2004-05-10 dc.date.citation: 1909 dc.identifier: RMSC, IIIT-H dc.identifier.barcode: 2999990018423 dc.identifier.origpath: /data/upload/0018/428 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/153114 dc.description.scanningcentre: RMSC, IIIT-H dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 386 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Universal Digital Library dc.publisher: The Smithsonian Institution dc.rights: Public Domain dc.title: Hyperbolic Functions

The time-dependent Maxwell system describing electromagnetic wave propagation in inhomogeneous isotropic media in the one-dimensional case reduces to a Vekua-type equation for bicomplex-valued functions of a hyperbolic variable (see arXiv:1001.0552). Using this relation we solve the problem of the transmission through an inhomogeneous layer of a normally incident electromagnetic time-dependent plane wave. The solution is written in terms of a pair of Darboux-associated transmutation operators (see arXiv:1111.4449), and combined with the recent results on their construction (see arXiv:1208.6166, arXiv:1306.2914) can be used for efficient computation of the transmitted modulated signals. We develop the corresponding numerical method and illustrate its performance with examples.

CMB anisotropy measurements have brought the issue of global topology of the universe from the realm of theoretical possibility to within the grasp of observations. The global topology of the universe modifies the correlation properties of cosmic fields. In particular, strong correlations are predicted in CMB anisotropy patterns on the largest observable scales if the size of the Universe is comparable to the distance to the CMB last scattering surface. We describe in detail our completely general scheme using a regularized method of images for calculating such correlation functions in models with nontrivial topology, and apply it to the computationally challenging compact hyperbolic spaces. Our procedure directly sums over images within a specified radius, ideally many times the diameter of the space, effectively treats more distant images in a continuous approximation, and uses Cesaro resummation to further sharpen the results. At all levels of approximation the symmetries of the space are preserved in the correlation function. This new technique eliminates the need for the difficult task of spatial eigenmode decomposition on these spaces. Although the eigenspectrum can be obtained by this method if desired, at a given level of approximation the correlation functions are more accurately determined. We use the 3-torus example to demonstrate that the method works very well. We apply it to power spectrum as well as correlation function evaluations in a number of compact hyperbolic (CH) spaces. Application to the computation of CMB anisotropy correlations on CH spaces, and the observational constraints following from them, are given in a companion paper.

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"A Table and Method of Computation of Electric Wave Propagation, Transmission Line Phenomena, Optical Refraction, and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of a Complex Variable" is an article from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume 57 . View more articles from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-20025901

We prove that the inequalities $\sin_{p,q}(\sqrt{rs})\geq \sqrt{\sin_{p,q}(r)\sin_{p,q}(s)}$ and $\sinh_{p,q}(\sqrt{r^*s^*}) \leq \sqrt{\sinh_{p,q}(r^*)\sinh_{p,q}(s^*)}$ hold for all $p,q\in(1,\infty)$, $r,s\in(0,\int_{0}^{1}(1-t^q)^{-1/p}dt)$ and $r^*,s^*\in(0,\int_{0}^{\infty}(1+t^q)^{-1/p}dt)$, where $\sin_{p,q}$ and $\sinh_{p,q}$ are the generalized trigonometric and hyperbolic sine functions, respectively. As a consequence of the results, we prove a conjecture due to Bhayo and Vuorinen [J. Approx. Theory, 164(2012)].

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Singular source terms expressed as weighted summations of Dirac-delta functions are regularized through approximation theory with convolution operators. We consider the numerical solution of scalar and one-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws with the singular source by spectral Chebyshev collocation methods. The regularization is obtained by convolution with a high-order compactly supported Dirac-delta approximation whose overall accuracy is controlled by the number of vanishing moments, degree of smoothness and length of the support (scaling parameter). An optimal scaling parameter that leads to a high-order accurate representation of the singular source at smooth parts and full convergence order away from the singularities in the spectral solution is derived. The accuracy of the regularization and the spectral solution is assessed by solving an advection and Burgers equation with smooth initial data. Nu- merical results illustrate the enhanced accuracy of the spectral method through the proposed regularization.

Inverse Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions • Language: Syriac • Author: Ashur Cherry (Toronto, Canada)

Let $H^d$ be the set of all rational maps of degree $d\ge 2$ on the Riemann sphere which are expanding on Julia set. We prove that if $f\in H^d$ and all or all but one critical points (or values) are in the immediate basin of attraction to an attracting fixed point then there exists a polynomial in the component $H(f)$ of $H^d$ containing $f$. If all critical points are in the immediate basin of attraction to an attracting fixed point or parabolic fixed point then $f$ restricted to Julia set is conjugate to the shift on the one-sided shift space of $d$ symbols. We give exotic examples of maps of an arbitrary degree $d$ with a non-simply connected, completely invariant basin of attraction and arbitrary number $k \ge 2$ of critical points in the basin. For such a map $f\in H^d$ with $k

Hyperbolicity plays an important role in the study of dynamical systems, and is a key concept in the iteration of rational functions of one complex variable. Hyperbolic systems have also been considered in the study of transcendental entire functions. There does not appear to be an agreed definition of the concept in this context, due to complications arising from the non-compactness of the phase space. In this article, we consider a natural definition of hyperbolicity that requires expanding properties on the preimage of a punctured neighbourhood of the isolated singularity. We show that this definition is equivalent to another commonly used one: a {\tef} is hyperbolic if and only if its postsingular set is a compact subset of the Fatou set. This leads us to propose that this notion should be used as the general definition of hyperbolicity in the context of entire functions, and, in particular, that speaking about hyperbolicity makes sense only within the \emph{Eremenko-Lyubich class} $\mathcal{B}$ of transcendental entire functions with a bounded set of singular values. We also considerably strengthen a recent characterisation of the class $\mathcal{B}$, by showing that functions outside of this class cannot be expanding with respect to a metric whose density decays at most polynomially. In particular, this implies that no transcendental entire function can be expanding with respect to the spherical metric. Finally we give a characterisation of an analogous class of functions analytic in a hyperbolic domain.

Hyperbolicity plays an important role in the study of dynamical systems, and is a key concept in the iteration of rational functions of one complex variable. Hyperbolic systems have also been considered in the study of transcendental entire functions. There does not appear to be an agreed definition of the concept in this context, due to complications arising from the non-compactness of the phase space. In this article, we consider a natural definition of hyperbolicity that requires expanding properties on the preimage of a punctured neighbourhood of the isolated singularity. We show that this definition is equivalent to another commonly used one: a {\tef} is hyperbolic if and only if its postsingular set is a compact subset of the Fatou set. This leads us to propose that this notion should be used as the general definition of hyperbolicity in the context of entire functions, and, in particular, that speaking about hyperbolicity makes sense only within the \emph{Eremenko-Lyubich class} $\mathcal{B}$ of transcendental entire functions with a bounded set of singular values. We also considerably strengthen a recent characterisation of the class $\mathcal{B}$, by showing that functions outside of this class cannot be expanding with respect to a metric whose density decays at most polynomially. In particular, this implies that no transcendental entire function can be expanding with respect to the spherical metric. Finally we give a characterisation of an analogous class of functions analytic in a hyperbolic domain.

A class of Stieltjes functions of finite type is introduced. These satisfy Widder's conditions on the successive derivatives up to some finite order, and are not necessarily smooth. We show that such functions have a unique integral representation, along some generic kernel which is a truncated Laurent series approximating the standard Stieltjes kernel. We then obtain a two-to-one correspondence, via the logarithmic derivative, between these functions and a subclass of hyperbolically monotone functions of finite type. This correspondence generalizes a representation of HCM functions in terms of two Stieltjes transforms earlier obtained by the first author.

This paper investigates the location of the zeros of a sequence of polynomials generated by a rational function with a denominator of the form $G(z,t)=P(t)+zt^{r}$, where the zeros of $P$ are positive and real. We show that every member of a family of such generating functions - parametrized by the degree of $P$ and $r$ - gives rise to a sequence of polynomials $\{H_{m}(z)\}_{m=0}^{\infty}$ that is eventually hyperbolic. Moreover, when $P(0)>0$ the real zeros of the polynomials $H_{m}(z)$ form a dense subset of an interval $I\subset\mathbb{R}^{+}$, whose length depends on the particular values of the parameters in the generating function.

"The Expression of Constant and of Alternating Continued Fractions in Hyperbolic Functions" is an article from The Annals of Mathematics, Volume 9 . View more articles from The Annals of Mathematics . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-1967245

We study existence, uniqueness, and distributional aspects of generalized solutions to the Cauchy problem for first-order symmetric (or Hermitian) hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations with Colombeau generalized functions as coefficients and data. The proofs of solvability are based on refined energy estimates on lens-shaped regions with spacelike boundaries. We obtain several variants and also partial extensions of previous results and provide aspects accompanying related recent work by C. Garetto and M. Oberguggenberger.

Book from Project Gutenberg: Hyperbolic Functions

"A Theory and Generalization of the Circular and Hyperbolic Functions" is an article from The American Mathematical Monthly, Volume 26 . View more articles from The American Mathematical Monthly . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-2973815

"A Theory and Generalization of the Circular and Hyperbolic Functions" is an article from The American Mathematical Monthly, Volume 26 . View more articles from The American Mathematical Monthly . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-2973815

The goal of this paper is to prove the conjecture of Krzyz posed in 1968 that for nonvanishing holomorphic functions $f(z) = c_0 + c_1 z + ...$ in the unit disk with $|f(z)| \le 1$, we have the sharp bound $|c_n| \le 2/e$ for all $n \ge 1$, with equality only for the function $f(z) = \exp [(z^n - 1)/(z^n + 1)]$ and its rotations. The problem was considered by many researchers, but only partial results have been established. The desired estimate has been proved only for $n \le 5$. Our approach is completely different and relies on complex geometry and pluripotential features of convex domains in complex Banach spaces.

Let $\Lambda = \{\lambda_{k}\}$ denote a sequence of complex numbers and assume that that the counting function $#\{\lambda_{k} \in \Lambda : | \lambda_{k}| < T\} =O(T^{n})$ for some integer $n$. From Hadamard's theorem, we can construct an entire function $f$ of order at most $n$ such that $\Lambda$ is the divisor $f$. In this article we prove, under reasonably general conditions, that the superzeta function $\Z_{f}(s,z)$ associated to $\Lambda$ admits a meromorphic continuation. Furthermore, we describe the relation between the regularized product of the sequence $z-\Lambda$ and the function $f$ as constructed as a Weierstrass product. In the case $f$ admits a Dirichlet series expansion in some right half-plane, we derive the meromorphic continuation in $s$ of $\Z_{f}(s,z)$ as an integral transform of $f'/f$. We apply these results to obtain superzeta product evaluations of Selberg zeta function associated to finite volume hyperbolic manifolds with cusps.

In the former part of this paper, we summarize our previous results on infinite series involving the hyperbolic sine function, especially, with a focus on the hyperbolic sine analogue of Eisenstein series. Those are based on the classical results given by Cauchy, Mellin and Kronecker. In the latter part, we give new formulas for some infinite series involving the hyperbolic cosine function.

Vol. 1:7

We derive exact closed-form expressions for several sums leading to hyperbolic functions and discuss their applicability for studies of finite-size Ising spin chains. We show how they immediately lead to closed-form expressions for both fidelity susceptibility characterizing the quantum critical point and the coefficients of the counterdiabatic Hamiltonian enabling arbitrarily quick adiabatic driving of the system. Our results generalize and extend the sums presented in the popular Gradshteyn and Ryzhik Table of Integrals, Series, and Products.

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Book digitized by Google from the library of Harvard University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.

Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions • Language: Syriac • Author: Ashur Cherry (Toronto, Canada)

The folk questions in Lorentzian Geometry, which concerns the smoothness of time functions and slicings by Cauchy hypersurfaces, are solved by giving simple proofs of: (a) any globally hyperbolic spacetime $(M,g)$ admits a smooth time function $\tau$ whose levels are spacelike Cauchy hyperfurfaces and, thus, also a smooth global splitting $M= \R \times {\cal S}$, $g= - \beta(\tau,x) d\tau^2 + \bar g_\tau $, (b) if a spacetime $M$ admits a (continuous) time function $t$ (i.e., it is stably causal) then it admits a smooth (time) function $\tau$ with timelike gradient $\nabla \tau$ on all $M$.

In 2006, in a paper published in Compositio titled "Bounds on canonical Green's functions", J. Jorgenson and J. Kramer derived bounds for the canonical Green's function and the hyperbolic Green's function defined on a compact hyperbolic Riemann surface. In this article, we extend these bounds to noncompact hyperbolic Riemann orbisurfaces of finite volume and of genus greater than zero, which can be realized as a quotient space of the action of a Fuchsian subgroup of first kind on the hyperbolic upper half-plane. Our bounds are optimally derived by following the methods from the above mentioned paper of J. Jorgenson and J. Kramer.

We consider certain double series of Eisenstein type involving hyperbolic-sine functions. We define certain generalized Hurwitz numbers, in terms of which we evaluate those double series. Our main results can be regarded as a certain generalization of well-known results of Hurwitz, Herglotz, Katayama and so on. Our results also include recent formulas of the third-named author which are double analogues of the formulas of Cauchy, Mellin, Ramanujan, Berndt and so on, about certain Dirichlet series involving hyperbolic functions. As an application, we give some evaluation formulas for $q$-zeta functions at positive integers.

Let $M$ be a complete simply connected manifold which is in addition Gromov hyperbolic, coercive and roughly starlike. For a given harmonic function on $M$, a local Fatou Theorem and a pointwise criteria of non-tangential convergence coming from the density of energy are shown: at almost all points of the boundary, the harmonic function converges non-tangentially if and only if the supremum of the density of energy is finite. As an application of these results, a Calder\'on-Stein Theorem is proved, that is, the non-tangential properties of convergence, boundedness and finiteness of energy are equivalent at almost every point of the boundary.

Geroch's theorem about the splitting of globally hyperbolic spacetimes is a central result in global Lorentzian Geometry. Nevertheless, this result was obtained at a topological level, and the possibility to obtain a metric (or, at least, smooth) version has been controversial since its publication in 1970. In fact, this problem has remained open until a definitive proof, recently provided by the authors. Our purpose is to summarize the history of the problem, explain the smooth and metric splitting results (including smoothability of time functions in stably causal spacetimes), and sketch the ideas of the solution.

Algorithms are presented for the tanh- and sech-methods, which lead to closed-form solutions of nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations (ODEs and PDEs). New algorithms are given to find exact polynomial solutions of ODEs and PDEs in terms of Jacobi's elliptic functions. For systems with parameters, the algorithms determine the conditions on the parameters so that the differential equations admit polynomial solutions in tanh, sech, combinations thereof, Jacobi's sn or cn functions. Examples illustrate key steps of the algorithms. The new algorithms are implemented in Mathematica. The package DDESpecialSolutions.m can be used to automatically compute new special solutions of nonlinear PDEs. Use of the package, implementation issues, scope, limitations, and future extensions of the software are addressed. A survey is given of related algorithms and symbolic software to compute exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations.

It is proved that the Hasse-Weil zeta functions of the canonical components of the ${\rm SL}_2$ (${\rm PSL}_2$)-character varieties of closed orientable complete hyperbolic $3$-manifolds of finite volume are equal to the Dedekind zeta functions of their trace fields (invariant trace fields). When the closed $3$-manifold is arithmetic, the special value at $s=2$ of the Hasse-Weil zeta function of the canonical component of the ${\rm PSL}_2$-character variety is expressed in terms of the hyperbolic volume of the manifold up to rational numbers.

In this paper we study the convexity and concavity properties of generalized trigonometric and hyperbolic functions in case of Logarithmic mean.

In this paper we prove the existence of asymptotic moments, and an estimate on the tails of the limiting distribution, for a specific class of almost periodic functions. Then we introduce the hyperbolic circle problem, proving an estimate on the asymptotic variance of the remainder that improves a result of Chamizo. Applying the results of the first part we prove the existence of limiting distribution and asymptotic moments for three functions that are integrated versions of the remainder, and were considered originally (with due adaptations to our settings) by Wolfe, Phillips and Rudnick, and Hill and Parnovski.

We discuss the homological aspects of the connection between quantum string generating function and the formal power series associated to the dimensions of chains and homologies of suitable Lie algebras. Our analysis can be considered as a new straightforward application of the machinery of modular forms and spectral functions (with values in the congruence subgroup of $SL(2,{\mathbb Z})$) to the partition functions of Lagrangian branes, refined vertex and open string partition functions, represented by means of formal power series that encode Lie algebra properties. The common feature in our examples lies in the modular properties of the characters of certain representations of the pertinent affine Lie algebras and in the role of Selberg-type spectral functions of an hyperbolic three-geometry associated with $q$-series in the computation of the string amplitudes.

Formulas for the inverse hyperbolic functions.

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.201783 dc.contributor.author: Mcmahon, James dc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-09T12:39:35Z dc.date.available: 2015-07-09T12:39:35Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2005-05-25 dc.date.citation: 1896 dc.identifier.barcode: 2990140054141 dc.identifier.origpath: /data_copy/upload/0054/146 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/201783 dc.description.scannerno: 9 dc.description.scanningcentre: Osmania University dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 87 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Digital Library Of India dc.publisher: John Wiley And Sons dc.rights: Copyright Permitted dc.source.library: Osmania University dc.subject.classification: Natural Sciences dc.subject.classification: Mathematics dc.subject.classification: Number Theory dc.title: Hyperbolic Functions

"Note on a Memory Device for Hyperbolic Functions" is an article from The American Mathematical Monthly, Volume 21 . View more articles from The American Mathematical Monthly . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-2972076