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The ability to capture engineering imagery with a wide degree of dynamic range during rocket launches is critical for post launch processing and analysis [USC03, NNC86]. Rocket launches often present an extreme range of lightness, particularly during night launches. Night launches present a two-fold problem: capturing detail of the vehicle and scene that is masked by darkness, while also capturing detail in the engine plume.

This article is from Journal of Synchrotron Radiation , volume 21 . Abstract The advantages of a novel wide dynamic range hard X-ray detector are demonstrated for (ptychographic) coherent X-ray diffractive imaging.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 11 . Abstract The dynamic velocity range of particle image velocimetry (PIV) is determined by the maximum and minimum resolvable particle displacement. Various techniques have extended the dynamic range, however flows with a wide velocity range (e.g., impinging jets) still challenge PIV algorithms. A new technique is presented to increase the dynamic velocity range by over an order of magnitude. The multiple pulse separation (MPS) technique (i) records series of double-frame exposures with different pulse separations, (ii) processes the fields using conventional multi-grid algorithms, and (iii) yields a composite velocity field with a locally optimized pulse separation. A robust criterion determines the local optimum pulse separation, accounting for correlation strength and measurement uncertainty. Validation experiments are performed in an impinging jet flow, using laser-Doppler velocimetry as reference measurement. The precision of mean flow and turbulence quantities is significantly improved compared to conventional PIV, due to the increase in dynamic range. In a wide range of applications, MPS PIV is a robust approach to increase the dynamic velocity range without restricting the vector evaluation methods.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 11 . Abstract The dynamic velocity range of particle image velocimetry (PIV) is determined by the maximum and minimum resolvable particle displacement. Various techniques have extended the dynamic range, however flows with a wide velocity range (e.g., impinging jets) still challenge PIV algorithms. A new technique is presented to increase the dynamic velocity range by over an order of magnitude. The multiple pulse separation (MPS) technique (i) records series of double-frame exposures with different pulse separations, (ii) processes the fields using conventional multi-grid algorithms, and (iii) yields a composite velocity field with a locally optimized pulse separation. A robust criterion determines the local optimum pulse separation, accounting for correlation strength and measurement uncertainty. Validation experiments are performed in an impinging jet flow, using laser-Doppler velocimetry as reference measurement. The precision of mean flow and turbulence quantities is significantly improved compared to conventional PIV, due to the increase in dynamic range. In a wide range of applications, MPS PIV is a robust approach to increase the dynamic velocity range without restricting the vector evaluation methods.

344 p. : 26 cm. +

344 p. : 26 cm. +

344 p. : 26 cm. +

344 p. : 26 cm. +

In this paper we emphasize a similarity between the Logarithmic-Type Image Processing (LTIP) model and the Naka-Rushton model of the Human Visual System (HVS). LTIP is a derivation of the Logarithmic Image Processing (LIP), which further replaces the logarithmic function with a ratio of polynomial functions. Based on this similarity, we show that it is possible to present an unifying framework for the High Dynamic Range (HDR) imaging problem, namely that performing exposure merging under the LTIP model is equivalent to standard irradiance map fusion. The resulting HDR algorithm is shown to provide high quality in both subjective and objective evaluations.

The correction of the influence of phase corrugation in the pupil plane is a fundamental issue in achieving high dynamic range imaging. In this paper, we investigate an instrumental setup which consists in applying interferometric techniques on a single telescope, by filtering and dividing the pupil with an array of single-mode fibers. We developed a new algorithm, which makes use of the fact that we have a redundant interferometric array, to completely disentangle the astronomical object from the atmospheric perturbations (phase and scintillation). This self-calibrating algorithm can also be applied to any - diluted or not - redundant interferometric setup. On an 8 meter telescope observing at a wavelength of 630 nm, our simulations show that a single mode pupil remapping system could achieve, at a few resolution elements from the central star, a raw dynamic range up to 10^6; depending on the brightness of the source. The self calibration algorithm proved to be very efficient, allowing image reconstruction of faint sources (mag = 15) even though the signal-to-noise ratio of individual spatial frequencies are of the order of 0.1. We finally note that the instrument could be more sensitive by combining this setup with an adaptive optics system. The dynamic range would however be limited by the noise of the small, high frequency, displacements of the deformable mirror.

The use is described of cryogenically cooled, extrinsic silicon infrared detectors in an unconventional mode of operation which offers an unusually large dynamic range. The system performs intensity-to-frequency conversion at the focal plane via simple circuits with very low power consumption. The incident IR intensity controls the repetition rate of short duration output pulses over a pulse rate dynamic range of about 10(6). Theory indicates the possibility of monotonic and approx. linear response over the full dynamic range. A comparison between the theoretical and the experimental results shows that the model provides a reasonably good description of experimental data. Some measurements of survivability with a very intense IR source were made on these devices and found to be very encouraging. Evidence continues to indicate that some variations in interpulse time intervals are deterministic rather than probabilistic.

First astrometric and photometric applications of the logarithmically scaled HDRC4 imager (developed by the Institut fur Mikroelek-tronik Stuttgart, IMS, Germany) are presented. To test the HDRC4 imager at the telescope, a cooled camera had to be constructed by modifying a camera designed by IMS. First observations were performed with various telescopes at Hamburg Observatory, Germany. These showed the dynamic range to exceed 14 mag and the sensitivity to be comparable to that of the Kodak KAF 4200 CCD at a chip temperature of -35 deg C.

Work performed under the sponsorship of this grant focused on instrumentation development leading to a high-speed, high-resolution and dynamic range digital imaging system, for use in subsonic and supersonic turbulent-flow applications, a well as applications in aerooptics and long-distance ground-based and air-borne platform observations. Accomplishments include the completion of an intermediate-capability system.

From  https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/Study%20Group%20On%20High-Dynamic-Range-HDR-Ecosystem.pdf

High-dynamic range imaging from space in the visible, aiming in particular at the detection of terrestrial exoplanets, necessitates not only the use of a coronagraph, but also of adaptive optics to correct optical defects in real time. Indeed, these defects scatter light and give birth to speckles in the image plane. Speckles can be cancelled by driving a deformable mirror to measure and compensate wavefront aberrations. In a first approach, targeted speckle nulling, speckles are cancelled iteratively by starting with the brightest ones. This first method has demonstrated a contrast better than 1e9 in laboratory. In a second approach, zonal speckle nulling, the total energy of speckles is minimized in a given zone of the image plane. This second method has the advantage to tackle simultaneously all speckles from the targeted zone, but it still needs better experimental demonstration.

Because of atmospheric turbulence, obtaining high angular resolution images with a high dynamic range is difficult even in the near infrared domain of wavelengths. We propose a novel technique to overcome this issue. The fundamental idea is to apply techniques developed for long baseline interferometry to the case of a single-aperture telescope. The pupil of the telescope is broken down into coherent sub-apertures each feeding a single-mode fiber. A remapping of the exit pupil allows interfering all sub-apertures non-redundantly. A diffraction-limited image with very high dynamic range is reconstructed from the fringe pattern analysis with aperture synthesis techniques, free of speckle noise. The performances of the technique are demonstrated with simulations in the visible range with an 8 meter telescope. Raw dynamic ranges of 1:$10^6$ can be obtained in only a few tens of seconds of integration time for bright objects.

Because of atmospheric turbulence, obtaining high angular resolution images with a high dynamic range is difficult even in the near infrared domain of wavelengths. We propose a novel technique to overcome this issue. The fundamental idea is to apply techniques developed for long baseline interferometry to the case of a single-aperture telescope. The pupil of the telescope is broken down into coherent sub-apertures each feeding a single-mode fiber. A remapping of the exit pupil allows interfering all sub-apertures non-redundantly. A diffraction-limited image with very high dynamic range is reconstructed from the fringe pattern analysis with aperture synthesis techniques, free of speckle noise. The performances of the technique are demonstrated with simulations in the visible range with an 8 meter telescope. Raw dynamic ranges of 1:$10^6$ can be obtained in only a few tens of seconds of integration time for bright objects.

The method of a linear high dynamic range imaging using solid-state photosensors with Bayer colour filters array is provided in this paper. Using information from neighbour pixels, it is possible to reconstruct linear images with wide dynamic range from the oversaturated images. Bayer colour filters array is considered as an array of neutral filters in a quasimonochromatic light. If the camera's response function to the desirable light source is known then one can calculate correction coefficients to reconstruct oversaturated images. Reconstructed images are linearized in order to provide a linear high dynamic range images for optical-digital imaging systems. The calibration procedure for obtaining the camera's response function to the desired light source is described. Experimental results of the reconstruction of the images from the oversaturated images are presented for red, green, and blue quasimonochromatic light sources. Quantitative analysis of the accuracy of the reconstructed images is provided.

High Dynamic Range (HDR) Imaging

The need for high dynamic range imaging is crucial in many astronomical fields, such as extra-solar planet direct detection, extra-galactic science and circumstellar imaging. Using a high quality coronograph, dynamic ranges of up to $10^{5}$ have been achieved. However the ultimate limitations of coronographs do not come from their optical performances, but from scattering due to imperfections in the optical surfaces of the collecting system. We propose to use a deformable mirror to correct these imperfections and decrease the scattering level in local regions called ``dark holes''. Using this technique will enable imaging of fields with dynamic ranges exceeding $10^8$. We show that the dark-hole algorithm results in a lower scattering level than simply minimizing the RMS figure error (maximum-strehl-ratio algorithm). The achievable scattering level inside the dark-hole region will depend on the number of mirror actuators, the surface quality of the telescope, the single-actuator influence function and the observing wavelength. We have simulated cases with a $37\times37$ deformable mirror using data from the {\it Hubble Space Telescope\/} optics without spherical aberrations and have demonstrated dark holes with rectangular and annular shapes. We also present a preliminary concept of a monolithic, fully integrated, high density deformable mirror which can be used for this type of space application.