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On Tuesday, July 20, 2004, the temperatures in Tokyo, Japan, hit a record-breaking 39.5 degrees Celsius (103.1 Fahrenheit), the hottest temperature ever recorded since records began in 1923, according to a http://www.terradaily.com/2004/040720111656.3mvtgiy1.html TerraDaily news report. This image of average land surface temperatures across the islands between July 11 and July 18 shows how temperatures around the urban areas on the largest Japanese island, Honshu, climbed toward 40 degrees Celsius. Tokyo (labeled), and Nagoya and Osaka (in a line southwest of Tokyo) are all in the yellow colors of the top of end of the color scale. Cooler temperatures are blue, and cloudy areas are light gray. These observations were made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer modis.gsfc.nasa.gov (MODIS) on NASA's terra.nasa.gov Terra satellite. Image by Jesse Allen, based on data from Zhengming Wan, MODIS Land Surface Temperature Group, www.icess.ucsb.edu/ Institute for Computational Earth System Science , University of California, Santa Barbara

On Tuesday, July 20, 2004, the temperatures in Tokyo, Japan, hit a record-breaking 39.5 degrees Celsius (103.1 Fahrenheit), the hottest temperature ever recorded since records began in 1923, according to a <a href=" http://www.terradaily.com/2004/040720111656.3mvtgiy1.html" target="outlink">TerraDaily news report.</a> This image of average land surface temperatures across the islands between July 11 and July 18 shows how temperatures around the urban areas on the largest Japanese island, Honshu, climbed toward 40 degrees Celsius. Tokyo (labeled), and Nagoya and Osaka (in a line southwest of Tokyo) are all in the yellow colors of the top of end of the color scale. Cooler temperatures are blue, and cloudy areas are light gray. These observations were made by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer <a HREF="http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov" target="outlink">(MODIS)</a> on NASA’s <a HREF="http://terra.nasa.gov" target="outlink">Terra</a> satellite. Sensor: Terra/MODIS.

Investigating how well people adapt to heat waves and cold spells has been an important issue under climate change. Also, most of previous studies focused only on the mortality risks for heat waves or cold spells for certain time period not considering its temporal changes and increasing frequencies. This study investigated the change in risks of mortality from heat waves and cold spells over time, and estimated the temporal changes in mortality burden attributed to heat waves and cold spells in Korea and Japan. We collected time-series data covering mortality and weather variables from 53 communities in the two countries from 1992 to 2015. Two-stage time-series regression with a time-varying distributed lag model and meta-analysis was used to assess the impacts of heat waves and cold spells by period (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s). In total population, the risks of heat waves have decreased over time; however their mortality burden increased in the 2010s compared to the 2000s with increasing frequency. On the other hand, the risk and health burden of cold spells have increased over the decades. Our findings showed that the future mortality burden of heat waves and cold spells might not decrease, when considering their changes in risks and frequencies.