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It was one of the most important books of the twentieth century. An account so shocking few believed it could be true. But the real story of how Solzhenitsyn's 'Gulag Archipelago' came to be published is just as remarkable as the manuscript itself. In this exclusive new film, Solzhenitsyn and his team of 'invisible' helpers describe how they smuggled his masterpiece to the West.

The Gulag Archipelago: An Experiment in Literary Investigation (Russian: Архипелаг ГУЛАГ , Arkhipelag GULAG ) is a three-volume non-fiction text written between 1958 and 1968 by Russian writer and historian Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn .

Alexandre Soljenitsyne The Gulag Archipelago Volume 3 Audiobook PDF:  Soljenitsyne Alexandre WAWA CONSPI - Blog

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged - Chapter 07 The Engine Room

The 50th anniversary of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" was marked with a discussion about the book's impact and anti-totalitarianism legacy. The Victims of Communism Museum in Washington, D.C., hosted this event. Sponsor: Victims of Communism Museum

Gulag Archipelago The Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn I downloaded this 3 volume set from archive.org, and found that the .mobi size was too big, so I changed to .text and converted to .mobi and .epub without the formatting to drastically reduce file size.

The Gulag Archipelago Chapter 03 The Interrogation

Dr. David Duke, respected, long-time advocate for White Europeans, had the following to say on Solzhenitsyn back in 2005: "A couple of years ago he wrote a book called Together for Two Hundred Years (sic) about the Jewish experience in Russia. It included mention of the Jewish role in the Bolshevik terror. Although he was quite soft-spoken in his book, in many ways he does lay wide-open the still suppressed story of the prominent Jewish role in the Bolshevik revolution and especially the Jewish role in the genocide of Christians, intelligentsia, and other potential enemies of the Soviet. Solzhenitsyn says very emphatically that even with all their complaints of social suppression by the Soviet apparatus in the 50s and 60s, they hide their prominent role in the horrors and genocides of the earlier decades." Before the release of the aforementioned title, came his classic, three-volume, non-fiction work The Gulag Archipelago, written between 1958 and 1968. It was first published in 1973, followed by an English translation the following year. It covers the horrid conditions of the Soviet Union's Gulags and details his own experience within this prison system as well. Secret History: The Gulag Archipelago details the creation of Solzhenitsyn's ground-breaking series that would later find itself part of Russia's public school curriculum. It was one of the most important books of the twentieth century. This is the account of how Solzenhitzyn and a team of helpers exercised great caution to avoid being detected by the communist regime in order to smuggle his work into the West.

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https://www.youtube.com/@oradtrad

Gulag Archipelago Chapter 06 That Spring

0:00:00 - Opening: The Gulag Achipelago-Aleksandr Soltzhenitsyn (Unabridged) Get Your Copies> https://amzn.to/2EDF7r3 1:33:58 - Support: How to stay on THE PATH. 1:22:55 - Final thoughts and take-aways. 1:56:11 - Closing Gratitude. Support this podcast at - https://redcircle.com/jocko-podcast/exclusive-content

by truelle33 It was one of the most important books of the twentieth century. An account so shocking few believed it could be true. But the real story of how Solzhenitsyn's 'Gulag Archipelago' came to be published is just as remarkable as the manuscript itself. 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Thomas St. Thomas hosts a live discussion of \"The Gulag Archipelago,\" by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, with members of the Unsafe Space community.The video version of this episode is available here:https://unsafespace.com/ep0767Links Referenced in the Show:The Gulag Archipelago, Abridged:https://amzn.to/3KGbT99Thanks for Watching!The best way to follow Unsafe Space, no matter which platforms ban us, is to visit:https://unsafespace.comWhile we're still allowed on YouTube, please don't forget to verify that you're subscribed, and to like and share this episode. You can find us there at:https://unsafespace.com/channelFor episode clips, visit:https://unsafespace.com/clipsOther video platforms on which our content can be found include:LBRY: https://lbry.tv/@unsafeBitChute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/unsafespace/Also, come join our community of dangerous thinkers at the following social media sites...at least until we get banned:Censorship-averse platforms:Gab: @unsafeMinds: @unsafeLocals: unsafespace.locals.comParler: @unsafespaceTelegram Chat: https://t.me/joinchat/H4OUclXTz4xwF9EapZekPgCensorship-happy platforms:Twitter: @_unsafespaceFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsafepageInstagram: @_unsafespaceMeWe: https://mewe.com/p/unsafespaceSupport the content that you consume by visiting:https://unsafespace.com/donateFinally, don't forget to announce your status as a wrong-thinker with some Unsafe Space merch, available at:https://unsafespace.com/shop

Thomas St. Thomas hosts a live discussion of \"The Gulag Archipelago,\" by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, with members of the Unsafe Space community.The video version of this episode is available here:https://unsafespace.com/ep0767Links Referenced in the Show:The Gulag Archipelago, Abridged:https://amzn.to/3KGbT99Thanks for Watching!The best way to follow Unsafe Space, no matter which platforms ban us, is to visit:https://unsafespace.comWhile we're still allowed on YouTube, please don't forget to verify that you're subscribed, and to like and share this episode. You can find us there at:https://unsafespace.com/channelFor episode clips, visit:https://unsafespace.com/clipsOther video platforms on which our content can be found include:LBRY: https://lbry.tv/@unsafeBitChute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/unsafespace/Also, come join our community of dangerous thinkers at the following social media sites...at least until we get banned:Censorship-averse platforms:Gab: @unsafeMinds: @unsafeLocals: unsafespace.locals.comParler: @unsafespaceTelegram Chat: https://t.me/joinchat/H4OUclXTz4xwF9EapZekPgCensorship-happy platforms:Twitter: @_unsafespaceFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsafepageInstagram: @_unsafespaceMeWe: https://mewe.com/p/unsafespaceSupport the content that you consume by visiting:https://unsafespace.com/donateFinally, don't forget to announce your status as a wrong-thinker with some Unsafe Space merch, available at:https://unsafespace.com/shop

Gulag Archipelago Chapter 05 First Cell First Love

Alexandre Soljenitsyne The Gulag Archipelago Volume 2 Audiobook PDF:  Soljenitsyne Alexandre WAWA CONSPI - Blog

Thomas St. Thomas hosts a live discussion of \"The Gulag Archipelago,\" by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, with members of the Unsafe Space community.The video version of this episode is available here:https://unsafespace.com/ep0767Links Referenced in the Show:The Gulag Archipelago, Abridged:https://amzn.to/3KGbT99Thanks for Watching!The best way to follow Unsafe Space, no matter which platforms ban us, is to visit:https://unsafespace.comWhile we're still allowed on YouTube, please don't forget to verify that you're subscribed, and to like and share this episode. You can find us there at:https://unsafespace.com/channelFor episode clips, visit:https://unsafespace.com/clipsOther video platforms on which our content can be found include:LBRY: https://lbry.tv/@unsafeBitChute: https://www.bitchute.com/channel/unsafespace/Also, come join our community of dangerous thinkers at the following social media sites...at least until we get banned:Censorship-averse platforms:Gab: @unsafeMinds: @unsafeLocals: unsafespace.locals.comParler: @unsafespaceTelegram Chat: https://t.me/joinchat/H4OUclXTz4xwF9EapZekPgCensorship-happy platforms:Twitter: @_unsafespaceFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/unsafepageInstagram: @_unsafespaceMeWe: https://mewe.com/p/unsafespaceSupport the content that you consume by visiting:https://unsafespace.com/donateFinally, don't forget to announce your status as a wrong-thinker with some Unsafe Space merch, available at:https://unsafespace.com/shop

For a collection of books and works from Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn visit: https://archive.org/details/aleksandr-solzhenitsyn-book-pack Check the channel for further content

Alexandre Soljenitsyne The Gulag Archipelago Volume 1 Audiobook WAWA CONSPI - Blog

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Brief video on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and his book on Soviet Union communism.

It was one of the most important books of the twentieth century. An account so shocking few believed it could be true. But the real story of how Solzhenitsyn's 'Gulag Archipelago' came to be published is just as remarkable as the manuscript itself. In this exclusive new film, Solzhenitsyn and his team of 'invisible' helpers describe how they smuggled his masterpiece to the West.

All three volumes in English translation

.

The 50th anniversary of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" was marked with a discussion about the book's impact and anti-totalitarianism legacy. The Victims of Communism Museum in Washington, D.C., hosted this event. Sponsor: Victims of Communism Museum

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged Chapter 02

Michael Rectenwald returns to the show to discuss woke capitalism, big tech, the mob mentality, and the suppression of dissident voices. Subscribe to the Tom Woods Show: http://www.TomWoods.com/1497 http://www.SupportingListeners.com http://www.RonPaulHomeschool.com http://www.FreeHistoryCourse.com http://www.TomsFreeBooks.com

Política Tradicional

Política Tradicional

Política Tradicional

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged Chapter 01 - Arrest Helpful terms to know for this chapter: SMERSH - An umbrella for various soviet counterintelligence agencies. Imagine the bad guys in many James Bond films and you'll have it pretty close. Muscovite - Moscow citizen Lubyanka - Big yellow building in Moscow. Interrogation, prison, torture, executions, etc. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Translated by Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts Abridgement by Edward E. Ericson

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged Chapter 01 - Arrest Helpful terms to know for this chapter: SMERSH - An umbrella for various soviet counterintelligence agencies. Imagine the bad guys in many James Bond films and you'll have it pretty close. Muscovite - Moscow citizen Lubyanka - Big yellow building in Moscow. Interrogation, prison, torture, executions, etc. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Translated by Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts Abridgement by Edward E. Ericson

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged Chapter 01 - Arrest Helpful terms to know for this chapter: SMERSH - An umbrella for various soviet counterintelligence agencies. Imagine the bad guys in many James Bond films and you'll have it pretty close. Muscovite - Moscow citizen Lubyanka - Big yellow building in Moscow. Interrogation, prison, torture, executions, etc. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Translated by Thomas P. Whitney and Harry Willetts Abridgement by Edward E. Ericson

The 50th anniversary of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" was marked with a discussion about the book's impact and anti-totalitarianism legacy. The Victims of Communism Museum in Washington, D.C., hosted this event. Sponsor: Victims of Communism Museum

#jwo #nwo #communismkills #betterdeadthanred 

The Gulag Archipelago: An Experiment in Literary Investigation  (Russian:  Архипелаг ГУЛАГ ,  Arkhipelag GULAG ) is a three-volume non-fiction text written between 1958 and 1968 by Russian writer and dissident  Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn . It was first published in 1973, and translated into English, and French, the following year. It covers life in what is often known as the  Gulag , the Soviet  forced labour camp  system, through a narrative constructed from various sources including reports, interviews, statements, diaries, legal documents, and Solzhenitsyn's own experience as a Gulag prisoner. In Russian, the term GULAG ( ГУЛАГ ) is an acronym for Main Directorate of Camps ( Главное управление лагерей ). Following its publication, the book initially circulated in  samizdat  underground publication in the Soviet Union until its appearance in the literary journal  Novy Mir  in 1989, in which a third of the work was published in three issues. Since the  dissolution of the Soviet Union ,  The Gulag Archipelago  has been officially published in Russia.

all books.

all books.

all books.

all books.

all books.

The 50th anniversary of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" was marked with a discussion about the book's impact and anti-totalitarianism legacy. The Victims of Communism Museum in Washington, D.C., hosted this event. Sponsor: Victims of Communism Museum

A three-volume book about the jewish Bolshevik Revolution, written by a Russian man who was sent to the gulag and lived to tell about it.

Includes bibliographical references and index

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged - Chapter 4 - The Bluecaps

The Gulag Archipelago Abridged - Chapter 4 - The Bluecaps

Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3 Next 5 Page(s) In Document Exempt Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3 CPYRGHT CPYRGHtPproved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3 W VnT)Y REVIEW Or: BOOS ORK REVIEW OF BOOS Between Earth and Hell Arkhipelag GULag 1918-1956 Parts I and II by Alexander Solzhenitsyn.' YMCA Press, Paris, 606 pp. George F. Kennan The nineteenth-century traveler and writer, George Kennan (1848-1924), whose namesake and relative I happen to be, on arriving at the 400th page of his well-known study of Siberia and the Exile System (first published in 1888), tells of sitting "on one cold raw autumnal day, in a dirty post-station on the great Siberian road," watching the passage of a miserable party of guarded convicts, who were making their laborious way, on foot and in leg-fetters, over the 1,040-mile stretch from Tomsk to Irkutsk. As they moved through the village they sang, by permission of the convoy, the so-called "begging-song"-the miloserd- naya-in the hope of eliciting mercy, in the form of small donations of food, from the villagers. When they had passed, Kennan was overcome, he wrote, by "a strange sense of dejec- tion, as if the day had suddenly grown colder, darker, and more dreary, and the cares and sorrows of life more burdensome and oppressive." This was one of the rare points at which he allowed a touch of subjective feeling to burst the crust of cool restraint that covers his otherwise factual and very Victorian book. It is with a similar feeling that the Western reader, and particularly one who has himself had some experience of Russia, lays down the 600-page volume containing the first two parts of the multi-part study which Alex- ander Solzhenitsyn has addressed to the judicial, penal, and forced-labor systems created and operated, over the decades, by the Tsar's successors. True, the Western reader experiences this moment of disheartenment not, like Kennan, in the midst of a harrowing journey that has carried him thousands of miles from anything resembling European civilization, but rather in the comfort of his own living room, him- self devoid of either hardship or dan- ger. He is aware, on the other hand, that what Solzhenitsyn is here describ- ing is a phenomenon not only much worse (Kennan would have found this hard to believe) in degree of inhuman- ity but also greater in scale, by a factor of several hundred times, than sented itself to Kennan's view. he initial reaction to Mr. Solzhenit- syn's account is less indignation against the authors of these horrors and injustices, though of course there is tha, too, than discouragement, great sad ess, and no small measure of pu lement over the fact that such thi gs could have taken place in our ow time in a country sharing the Ch istian tradition, a country that has bee ri the source of some of the gre test literature, and the greatest mo al teaching, of the modern age, a co ntry with which we were in effect all' d during the recent war, and with wh ch we fancied ourselves to have in co man at least certain standards of dec ncy and humanity that would set us off against our common enemy. e shrinks from the task of at- te ting to describe this-the most hea y and relentless book of our time. It i like no other. Part reminiscence, par history, part sociological study, par folklore, it is a leisurely and ex ustive examination of that vast 'lot er Russia"-the Russia of involun- ta confinement and servitude-which, gro ing from small beginnings in the ear 1920s, rose to monstrous dimen- sio s in the 1930s and 1940s, develop- ing ultimately into an empire-within- an- mpire, indeed into something more tha an empire: into a specific culture, Co plete with language, customs, leg nds, mythology, hierarchies of au hority, overt and otherwise-- eve thing, in fact, except hope. It is the culture of a territory Populated by peo le of the most disparate origins, tast s, acid natures, united only by the common obligation, one way or an her, to live in it, and by the fact tha while they have not yet been compelled-or permitted-to enter the next world, they have been obliged- mo t of them, at any rate-to leave be ind them every hope of happiness or elf-realization in this one. olzhenitsyn likes to think of Allis to 'tory as an archipelago. He uses this ter to designate the entire police em ire of prisons and forced-labor ca ps with which he is concerned. To me it seems more like some species of At antis, situated not between Heaven an Earth, but somewhere on the bo ders between Earth and Hell, k- n tn the outside world only NE 21 March 1974 mrougn remote and implausible rumor and knowing of the outside wort almost nothing at all. But let us accept Solzhenitsyn's image of the Arch#- pelago as the algebraic designation. This initial volume, written-it woul seem-between 1958 and 1967, deals only with the preliminary phases o the life of a victim in the Archipelagol: the experience ' of arrest; the first days; various forms of pressure and tortur shared with others; the penal boxe the death cells; then, transportation i all its forms: in Black Marias, in bo cars, in barges and ocean-going vessels the noncriminal prisoners (I hesitate t( call them political) being everywhere delivered up to the savage tyranny of the criminals. But it also treats of the preliminaries in time: the origins of th~ system itself; the original Cheka; th~ development of Solovetski Island as place of confinement; the early trial: of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and thi engineers and technicians; then the ful flowering of the system, in the 1930s Each subject is treated in depth, with i} wealth of illustration and detail, most of it drawn from identified individual experience. The book has its faults. Considerin the circumstances under which it mus have been written, the only occasion for surprise is that it does not have more of them. The historical parts are heavy. That some inaccuracies should occur, and some statements be open to challenge, was inevitable in a work o this size and nature. The treatment o the great public purge trials of the 1930s is particularly inadequate. Here as in the First Circle, Solzhenitsyn incomparable in his treatment of th ordinary victims of the system, show himself curiously helpless when it comes lo picturing the senior figures o the regime: they emerge as caricatures not as real human beings.2 For 1 An English translation will be pu - lished later this year by Harper Row. 2 Particularly inadequate is the treat- ment, in this connection, of Bukharin. sibility of seeing the recent work c Bukharin by Stephen F. Cohen (Bu harin and the Bolshevik Revolutio reviewed in The New York Review Approved For Kele se 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3 Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A00010075000~P3YRGHT no doubt, the book will seem too long, too detailed-too much of everything. Solzhenitsyn has seen no reason to spare the reader, any more than experi- ence has spared him, the full burden of what he has learned and now has to say. Not only that, but the language in which it is written-intensely compact, often twisted and involved, laced with camp slang, abbreviations, initials, and words built of initials-is such as to place the heaviest of demands even on readers of the original Russian text,3 not to mention translators. Not many, 1 fear, will have the fortitude to read it all, from beginning to end. The book is already being attacked in Russia, and will no doubt be attacked elsewhere, for what may be interpreted as a defense of the Vlasov- ites, i.e., the Russian force, under General A. A. Vlasov, that allowed itself to be armed and used by the Germans (although in the end it fought briefly against them too), eventually surrendered to the American command in Bavaria, and was finally delivered up by the latter to the Soviet authorities for such retribution as they might see fit to inflict. It is the impression of this reviewer that what Solzhenitsyn was concerned to do here was not to justify or condemn the behavior of Vlasov and his men but to reveal the cruel and hopeless dilemmas by which they were confronted, and the ex- tremes of despair to which they had been reduced, by the senseless orders they received from the Soviet high command, by their disgust with the Stalinist regime, by the cruel circum- stances of their experience as war prisoners in Germany, and, finally, by the knowledge that they would, if returned to Russia, be punished as criminals for the mere fact of having been taken prisoner, even if they had not in any way collaborated with the Germans. The reviewer can find in these passages of the book no hint of anything resembling sympathy for the Nazis-only pity for the Russians in- volved, a reproach to the Western allies for the heartlessness and thoughtless-: ness of their handling of this problem, and a determination to raise the ques- tion: what had to be wrong with a political regime in order that "several hundred thousand young men in the ages of twenty to thirty should take up arms against their fatherland in alliance with its most bitter enemy?" It as a series of "revelations." There is not much of what is told here that was not, generally speaking, already known or strongly suspected-usually assumed, in fact-by those who had followed closely the available record of Soviet realities as it has developed in recent years. Solzhenitsyn's book will have to take its place on the shelf alongside many other fine works of Soviet origin, of which those of Nadezhda Mandelstam and Roy Medvedev are only two of the finest and most recent, not to mention a number of Western studies, devoted to the same subject. But the book, aside from the talent with which it is written, gives con- firmation to a great deal that was, heretofore, only strongly suspected or poorly documented. Even if only a fraction of what is told here were accurate, the force of the .condemna- tion would not be diminished; whereas actually, in the opinion of this re- viewer, the inaccuracies or exaggera- tions are of negligible dimensions and significance.4 The work thus achieves, in its massiveness, its fierce frankness, and its compelling detail, an authority no amount of counterpropaganda will ever be able to- shake. And it emerges before world opinion not only as an act of immense courage and stoutness of heart on the part of its author, and not only as a political event of major importance in the development of Soviet power, but as the greatest and most powerful single indictment of a political regime ever to be leveled in modern times. There are certain salient facts about this great system of punishment to which attention has indeed been called, in almost -every instance, by earlier writers, but which emerge with particu- lar force and authority from Solzhen- itsyn's work, and which deserve em- phasis to the foreign reader. The Archipelago was, in" the first place, not the work of any single man. Of course, Stalin had an outstanding responsibility. Not for nothing was he the most powerful figure in the regime in the years when the system reached its. greatest development. It was he existed before his autocratic power was established; and it continued, as Sol- zhenitsyn repeatedly points out, to burn, albeit at much reduced intensity, after his death. Khrushchev, who was interested only ,an the excesses committed against -Party members, tended to blame exclu- sively Stalin, under whose power those excesses for the most part occurred. Solzhenitsyn, interested not in Party members per se but in human beings, finds himself obliged to widen the spectrum and to consider as well the non-Party masses. In such an examina- tion the figure of Stalin, while by no means absolved of responsibility, neces- sarily takes a less prominent place. What flows most impressively from Solzhenitsyn's work is that one had to do here, in this Archipelago, with something greater and more terrible than any single individual could have created and maintained: with some sort of monstrous human misunder- standing-a Frankenstein creature that grew over the heads of its creators and of those who were ostensibly its commanders, gained an inner mo- mentum of its own, and ended by carrying relentlessly along in its tenta- cles. all those connected with it: prisoners, guards, investigators, tor- turers, and executioners alike. One may charitably believe that the men of Lenin's time created it almost acci- dentally, not fully aware of what they were doing, believing they needed something of this sort as an instrument of the Party, but failing to understand what it could some day become. Stalin, who knew full well what they had_ done, pressed it into service, without compunction, as an instrument of his own fears and diseased suspi- cions. His successors have retained it in a subdued form, sometimes stronger, sometimes weaker, presumably feeling that they needed it for the security of Books February 7, 1974), and cannot be blamed for not knowing all that was in it; but his treatment of Buk- harin would have benefited from an acquaintance with it. 3This review is based on the original Russian text; the reviewer has not seer: a translation. who, presumably knowing well what 4 he was doing, removed most of the In so far as the challenges to Solzhen- itsyn's integrity and veracity raised by rods from the infernal human reactor, Viktevich and others are concerned, it during the years of the Thirties, and can only be said that anyone who permitted it to burn with an intensity would take seriously such statements wn before or since. But he did by people who are effectively at the not kn o would App e vtBC i aOlhRsioase ' p olUaJ~e,,,iJ,;l -% ~c ce 7-did 9-&n1d1 94 Omercy of the olice GOW0750001as3not really read CPYRGHT AoprhQ~reo For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3 because it was hard to know how to get rid of it. To abolish it entirely would have meant to invite increased attention to it and to spotlight the awkward question of, the Party's re- sponsibility for its creation in the first place, and for the tolerating of it over the decades. The second point that flows with great force from Solzhenitsyn's book is the fact that this phenomenon, con- trary to an impression widespread elsewhere, by no means represented just, or even mainly, the oppression of political opponents by a group of men holding dictatorial power. Only a tiny percentage of those who were made victims of the system can be said to have been in any sense political oppo- nents of the regime. People were arrested and consigned to this terrible half-world not as individuals-not, as a rule, for anything they themselves had individually done-but as members of categories. "Prophylactic" considera- tions-i.e., the reflection that certain categories of people might be theoret- ically more capable than others of making trouble for the regime in future-no doubt had something to do with the identification of the cate- gories from which arrests were to be made. But other considerations were predominant. This great reactor had to have fuel. Without fuel it could not exist. Its appetite had to be appeased. The only fuel it could accept was human beings -their lives, their happiness. But there were not remotely enough of the guilty ones to satisfy this hunger. One had, therefore, to reach primarily for the innocent. This was not difficult. "Give us the body," was the watch- word of the system. "We will produee the case against it."5 This situation is best described by Krylov's fable of the wolf who first offered a series of pretexts for attacking and eating the lamb, all of which the lamb was easily able to refute; whereupon the wolf lost patience and said: "Your guilt lies in -the fact that I greatly desire to eat"-and at once consumed him. Finally, this entire phenomenon was something much more complex than just a situation of bad guys vs. good guys. The corruption of understanding on which it rested was not confined to the regime itself and its servants. There was a widespread tendency among the innocent victims (Madame Mandelstam also comments omments their r ca egory, was an exceptional one, and that while they themselves were innocent, most of their fellow- sufferers were guilty of something. What you had, in reality, was a vast and sordid theatrical performance, in which thousands played the roles of the righteous dispensers of justice, while millions of others played, with sickening realism, those of the crim- inals, brought sternly to justice and now suffering deserved retribution for their crimes. There was of course very little reality in either pretense. But of the two sets of actors, it was the latter- the victims-who took the whole pro- cedure most seriously and tended to believe, if not in their own guilt, then in that of many of their companions in misery. The investigators and jailers, on the other hand, presumably knew only too well-could not help but know- what the score was. But even if these latter knew that the whole thing was a show, many of them (and many of the victims as well) were obviously brought to believe that it was a necessary show, that it served a useful purpose, that the interests of the Party were in some way promoted by it. It was such reflections that led Solzhenitsyn to recall to memory with relentless honesty (and these are some of the most impressive passages in the book) the abuses of his earlier author- ity as a military officer (they were very minor ones) of which he felt himself guilty, and to ask how he would have behaved if, as might easily have happened, he had, at a certain point in his career as a student, elected to go to the secret police academy rather than to the university. Would not he, too, have succumbed to the pervasive moral and intellectual atmos- phere by which he would have been surrounded in this great bureaucratic police -machine? Would he ever have questioned it? Was there not, in fact, in the very air of this system of power a corruption that penetrated much of Soviet society as a whole, successful and influential society in particular, and made possible this monstrous dis- tortion of human life? Solzhenitsyn searched for the roots of this corruption, and found them in the ideology. I would suggest-and I doubt that he would disagree-that one could go a step further and say that the trouble lay not so much in the years. "Why, for nothing at all," was the answer. "You're lying " charged t l , ac ua upon it) to believe that content of Lite ideology (all the officer, angrily. "For noth~ng at all own case, or that of their ideologies, after all, are imperfect and they only give ten " ears.1 A... g -eyed ro el ase_;~aneiner92 : CIA oDP7e 01194A AA~1 nnis nn 3 inadequate, but not all a this sinister) as in the absolute value ttached to it. The insistence, built into Bolshevist philosophy from the start, that there was no inhibition, no scr of decency, of delicacy, -but literally none-that permitted to take preced interests of the Party as i was this savage and recki standing of tens of milli and rendered them all, ple-whether f compassion, ity of others nce over the terpreted by trol of it: it , the under- slaves alike, vulnerable to the stupen- dous degradation that Solzhenitsyn It is impossible to belie book can have anything major effect on the Soviet would be true even if no total work were to appe two parts to which thi addressed (and there are of Western publishers). Th~s merciless indictment, coming as the the large body -of existing I the same subject, is too de be ignored. The Soviet lead just by ignoring it themse tempting to smother it wit consign it to oblivion ol- remain without consequenc large for the craw of propaganda machine. It there, with increasing disco it has done its work. And what is this work, itsyn perceives it? It is, conscience; to compel t regime to come to terms, at with its own history; to co face that history frankly; to Solzhenitsyn's Archipelago f is-a shame on the name of the name of Socialism; to ask could have happened; to ide basic flaws in the system mitted it to happen; and th about both to eradicate th e that this egime. This ore of the review is the hands climax to terature on rastating to ers cannot, ves or at- falsehood, ause it to s. It is too he Soviet will stick fort, until Solzhen- urely, to Russian e Soviet long last, pel it to recognize r what it ussia and how this ntify the that per- ?n to set )se flaws sSolzhenitsyn tells of one occasion upon which a prisoner, in p ocess of being transported from one place of confinement to another, was asked by a curious convoy officer for what offense he had been given the unusu- ally heavy sentence of twe' my-five masters and CPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3 and to- liquidate the unhappy remnants of earlier great abuses that are still present in the Soviet judicial and penal . systems. This will not be easy. It will shake the whole structure of Soviet power as heretofore known. It will require the abandonment of the absurd claim to omniscience and infallibility that the Party has heretofore always main- tained. It will require, for the first time in fifty years, a critical examina- tion of Lenin's political philosophy, as well as that of his successors. It will require a confession, on the part of the present leaders, that they, too, have made mistakes. ' Does this imply the overthrow or collapse of the regime? Not, one would suppose, if this act of self-searching can be carried out with anything approaching the courage and integrity Solzhenitsyn has brought to the sub- ject. There is, after all, no plausible possible. alternative to this regime, today; and not even Solzhenitsyn has suggested that any effort should be made to create one. What is demanded here is, rather, an alteration in the nature of the Russian-Communist polit- ical system-a relative humanizing that would bring it into better accord with the needs of a great advanced society in the modern world. It is the ghost of Dubbek that will hover, together with this book, over the towers of the Kremlin, so long as its lesso,is are not heeded. But this process of humanization, as Solzhenitsyn has shown, is not just a matter of tinkering with present prac- tices. It is a matter of introspection and self-understanding-a process which Khrushchev attempted, in his crude way, to put into motion within a limited area but which his successors, evidently thinking that life would be easier that way, attempted to stop. If the process can now be successfully resumed, one can see hope both for the Russian people and for their leaders. But if the leaders attempt to avoid or impede it, they will merely dig themselves in deeper. The Russia that will then ensue will be one where it will be, to use Solzhenitsyn'a own words, "uncomfortable and terrible to live"-terrible and uncomfortable for everyone, and not alone for those, the non-Party masses, who have no share in the ruling of the country. and grumbling about the lines at the filling station? What does this book mean for us? The problem Solzhenitsyn poses is essentially Russia's problem. No out- side force can solve it. No useful purpose would be served if any at- tempted to do so. Yet there are ways in which people in the West can support, by their reaction, the purposes this book was written to promote. They can, first of all, exert them- selves to keep the course of events in Russia under the scrutiny of world attention. There is no greater discour- agement that could be brought to the forces working for a more humane Russian society than the impression that their efforts are forgotten, or viewed with indifference, elsewhere. Secondly, the West can see to it that the limited portion of Russian cultural activity-literature, scholarship, journal- ism-which exists in the Western world, beyond the control of Soviet censors, receives encouragement and support, and is not permitted to die from neglect and lack of understanding. Ever since the first appearance of Alexander Herzen's Kolokol in London, in 1857, the voice of the Russian-in-exile has been an important, sometimes almost a vital, factor in the struggle for greater liberality in the treatment of Russian cultural activity, and for political liberalization generally, at home. In recent decades, the United States has replaced Germany and England as the leading host, in the quantitative, if not the qualitative, sense, for this sort of Russian cultural life. But there is every reason to fear that if something does not happen soon to increase the sup- port devoted to it, its present vigor will not be of long duration. And this Russian cultural activity is the atmos- phere the exiles breathe. To the extent it is permitted to decline-to the extent Russian-language publishing facilities and journals and the facilities for training and advanced research in Russian studies are allowed to go out of existence-the voices of those who, like Solzhenitsyn, are now compelled to live abroad will be stifled for lack of stimulus and of mediums of expression, and the influence exerted in Russia itself will be to that extent reduced. But the most valuable contribution Westerners can make by way of re- action to Solzhenitsyn's book is to recognize its direct relevance to them- selves, their problems and their be- havior. If they take it in a spirit of detached and smug superiority, pitying the poor Russians for the deficiencies of their system of government and congratulating themselves on the beauties of Western civilization, they will have missed the most important point Solzhenitsyn has to make. The supreme value of the work lies in its exemplary quality-its quality as an example of ruthless and fearless honesty in the exploration of the weaknesses in one's own personal be- havior and in one's own society. If some of this honesty does not rub off on the Western reader (and when has he ever been more in need of it?), then the book may have helped people in Russia, but it will not have helped people here; and to the extent the West has remained deaf to its message, its effect in Russia, too, will have been weakened. Solzhenitsyn has scattered widely, and with generous hand, the summons to conscience that the work represents. The seeds should be allowed to sprout wherever, and how- ever, they are needed. 0 And what of us-of us Westerners, enjoying rights we scarcely value, wallowinApppp'I Yv h 'Rffl d e 1999/09/02 : CIA-RDP79-01194A000100750001-3