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In this episode, RK Equity cofounder Howard Klein talks with CleanTechnica CEO Zach Shahan about nickel mining, green graphite versus dirty graphite, lithium supplies, & US EV battery policy potential.

- On-Shoring Synthetic Graphite for U.S. Battery Production- Converting Wood Waste into Graphite- Big Money In Battery Storage- EVs Are Tool and Die Bonanza- American and Chinese OEMs Rated Best at Writing Software- Big Money In Recycling EV Batteries- U.S. Gas Stations Closing Fast- ADAS Could Save 250,000 Lives Over 30 Years

The form of the moisture distribution in the specimen (gradient and flat profile) was considered to establish the influence of accelerated moisture conditioning on fatigue behavior. For the gradient specimens having an average moisture content of 1.4 percent, fatigue life was reduced by a factor of 8 at all stress levels investigated. Corresponding reduction in fatigue life for the flat moisture profile specimens at the same average moisture content was comparatively smaller, being about a factor of 5 from the value in dry specimens. X-ray radiographic analysis of damage accumulation in compression-compression fatigue revealed interlaminar cracking to be the dominant mode of failure responsible for the observed enhanced cyclic degradation of moisture-conditioned specimens. This finding was corroborated by the observed systematic reduction in interlaminar shear strength as a function of moisture content, which, in turn, increased the propensity for delamination under cyclic compressive loads. Residual strength measurements on cycled specimens indicated significant strength reductions at long lives, particularly in moisture conditioned specimens.

A three point bend fixture compatible with the current loading stage for the Scanning Electron Microscope was designed and fabricated. End-notched flexure tests were run on several materials. Work to date was on AS4/3502, T6T145/F155, and T6T145/F185. Fracture toughness was measured. Fracture of neat resin specimens was begun. The decrease in delaminatin fracture toughness, compared to neat resin toughness, due to rigid fiber filler and interlaminar failure is addressed. An experimental program was designed to try to determine the proper interpretatin for apparent microcracking in neat resin specimens.

Reaction of graphite and hydrogen in temperature range 1550 to 2260 deg C

Reaction of graphite and hydrogen in temperature range 1550 to 2260 deg C

Reaction of graphite and hydrogen in temperature range 1550 to 2260 deg C

Customized version of http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:878675 Created with Customizer! http://www.thingiverse.com/apps/customizer/run?thing_id=878675

Customized version of http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:878675 Created with Customizer! http://www.thingiverse.com/apps/customizer/run?thing_id=878675

We show that different non-conventional superconductors have one fundamental feature in common: pair eigenstates of the Hamiltonian are repulsion-free, the W=0 pairs. In extended Hubbard models, pairing can occur for resonable parameter values. For $(N,N)$ nanotubes the binding energy of the pair depends strongly on the filling and decreases towards a reduced but nonzero value for the graphite sheet $N \to \infty$.

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements were made on surfaces of two different kinds of graphite samples, Kish graphite and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), at very low temperatures and in high magnetic fields. We observed a series of peaks in the tunnel spectra, which grow with increasing field, both at positive and negative bias voltages. These are associated with Landau quantization of the quasi two-dimensional electrons and holes in graphite in magnetic fields perpendicular to the basal plane. Almost field independent Landau levels fixed near the Fermi energy, which are characteristic of the graphite crystalline structure, were directly observed for the first time. Calculations of the local density of states at the graphite surfaces allow us to identify Kish graphite as bulk graphite and HOPG as graphite with finite thickness effectively.

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements were made on surfaces of two different kinds of graphite samples, Kish graphite and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), at very low temperatures and in high magnetic fields. We observed a series of peaks in the tunnel spectra, which grow with increasing field, both at positive and negative bias voltages. These are associated with Landau quantization of the quasi two-dimensional electrons and holes in graphite in magnetic fields perpendicular to the basal plane. Almost field independent Landau levels fixed near the Fermi energy, which are characteristic of the graphite crystalline structure, were directly observed for the first time. Calculations of the local density of states at the graphite surfaces allow us to identify Kish graphite as bulk graphite and HOPG as graphite with finite thickness effectively.

Off-lattice Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations of the clean diamond (111) surface, based on the effective many-body Brenner potential, yield the $(2\times1)$ Pandey reconstruction in agreement with \emph{ab-initio} calculations and predict the existence of new meta-stable states, very near in energy, with all surface atoms in three-fold graphite-like bonding. We believe that the long-standing debate on the structural and electronic properties of this surface could be solved by considering this type of carbon-specific configurations.

Off-lattice Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations of the clean diamond (111) surface, based on the effective many-body Brenner potential, yield the $(2\times1)$ Pandey reconstruction in agreement with \emph{ab-initio} calculations and predict the existence of new meta-stable states, very near in energy, with all surface atoms in three-fold graphite-like bonding. We believe that the long-standing debate on the structural and electronic properties of this surface could be solved by considering this type of carbon-specific configurations.

We present a detailed in-situ Raman analysis of stage-1 KC8, CaC6, and LiC6 graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) to unravel their intrinsic finger print. Four main components were found between 1200 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1, and each of them were assigned to a corresponding vibrational mode. From a detailed line shape analysis of the intrinsic Fano-lines of the G- and D-line response we precisely determine the position ({\omega}ph), line width ({\Gamma}ph) and asymmetry (q) from each component. The comparison to the theoretical calculated line width and position of each component allow us to extract the electron-phonon coupling constant of these compounds. A coupling constant {\lambda}ph < 0.06 was obtained. This highlights that Raman active modes alone are not sufficient to explain the superconductivity within the electron-phonon coupling mechanism in CaC6 and KC8.

We present a detailed in-situ Raman analysis of stage-1 KC8, CaC6, and LiC6 graphite intercalation compounds (GIC) to unravel their intrinsic finger print. Four main components were found between 1200 cm-1 and 1700 cm-1, and each of them were assigned to a corresponding vibrational mode. From a detailed line shape analysis of the intrinsic Fano-lines of the G- and D-line response we precisely determine the position ({\omega}ph), line width ({\Gamma}ph) and asymmetry (q) from each component. The comparison to the theoretical calculated line width and position of each component allow us to extract the electron-phonon coupling constant of these compounds. A coupling constant {\lambda}ph < 0.06 was obtained. This highlights that Raman active modes alone are not sufficient to explain the superconductivity within the electron-phonon coupling mechanism in CaC6 and KC8.

We report on a magneto-Raman scattering study of graphene flakes located on the surface of a bulk graphite substrate. By spatially mapping the Raman scattering response of the surface of bulk graphite with an applied magnetic field, we pinpoint specific locations which show the electronic excitation spectrum of graphene. We present the characteristic Raman scattering signatures of these specific locations. We show that such flakes can be superimposed with another flake and still exhibit a graphene-like excitation spectrum. Two different excitation laser energies (514.5 and 720 nm) are used to investigate the excitation wavelength dependence of the electronic Raman scattering signal.

We report on a magneto-Raman scattering study of graphene flakes located on the surface of a bulk graphite substrate. By spatially mapping the Raman scattering response of the surface of bulk graphite with an applied magnetic field, we pinpoint specific locations which show the electronic excitation spectrum of graphene. We present the characteristic Raman scattering signatures of these specific locations. We show that such flakes can be superimposed with another flake and still exhibit a graphene-like excitation spectrum. Two different excitation laser energies (514.5 and 720 nm) are used to investigate the excitation wavelength dependence of the electronic Raman scattering signal.

A description is given of a three-dimensional box-shaped graphene (BSG) nanostructure formed/uncovered by mechanical cleavage of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The discovered nanostructure is a multilayer system of parallel hollow channels located along the surface and having quadrangular cross-section. The thickness of the channel walls/facets is approximately equal to 1 nm. The typical width of channel facets makes about 25 nm, the channel length is 390 nm and more. The investigation of the found nanostructure by means of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) allows us to draw a conclusion that it is possible to make spatial constructions of graphene similar to the discovered one by mechanical compression, bending, splitting, and shifting graphite surface layers. The distinctive features of such constructions are the following: simplicity of the preparation method, small contact area between graphene planes and a substrate, large surface area, nanometer cross-sectional sizes of the channels, large aspect ratio. Potential fields of application include: ultra-sensitive detectors, high-performance catalytic cells, nanochannels for DNA manipulation, nanomechanical resonators, electron multiplication channels, high-capacity sorbents for hydrogen storage.

- China Limits EV Graphite Exports- GM: UAW Workers Get $100,000/Year, $1 Million Retirement- EU Car Sales Up 14 Months in A Row- Renault Recommits to Auto Shows- Buick Launches Low-Cost EV In China- Honda Bringing Back Civic Hybrid- Holy Moly! A Plaid Model 3?- DS Puts ChatGPT In Cars- Electric RV On BrightDrop Van

A combined experimental and analytical study was conducted to determine the behavior of a graphite/epoxy laminate subjected to combined bearing and bypass loading. Single-fastener quasi-isotropic specimens were loaded at various bearing-bypass ratios until damage was produced at the fastener hole. Damage-onset strengths and damage modes were then analyzed using local hole-boundary stresses calculated by a finite-element analysis. The tension data showed the expected linear interaction for combined bearing and bypass loading with damage developing in the net-section tension mode. However, the compression bearing-bypass strengths showed an unexpected interaction involving the bearing mode. Compressive bypass loads reduced the bearing strength by decreasing the bolt-hole contact arc and thus increasing the severity of the bearing loads. The bearing stresses at the hole boundary were not accurately estimated by superposition of the stress components for separate bearing and bypass loading. However, superposition produced reasonably accurate estimates for tangential stresses especially near the specimen net-section.

Parallel Molecular Dynamics simulations are conducted for describing growth on surfaces with different kind of roughness: a perfect ordered crystalline flat graphite surface, a disordered rough graphite surface and flat surface with an ordered localized defect. It is shown that disordered rough surfaces results in a first step to reduction of the sticking coefficient, increased cluster density, size reduction. Structure of the clusters shows the disappearance of the octahedral site characteristic of compact structure. Isolated defect induces cluster-cluster interactions that modify growth compared to perfect flat surface. Kinetic study of growth shows power law tαz evolution for low impinging atom kinetic energy. Increasing kinetic energy, on all kinds of surfaces, results in a slightly larger exponent z, but fitting by an exponential function is quite good too. Lattice expansion is favoured on rough surfaces but increasing incoming atom kinetic energy weakens this effect.

Join artist Heidi Hurley in her series ‘Exploring and Creating’ as she walks us through different techniques and methods of various art mediums. In this episode Heidi introduces graphite pencils, the different types of supplies you can try out, and how to use them when sketching a coffee mug or any other object you may have around the house to get practicing.

NAS 1.60:1584 Digitized from IA1177308-04-0058 .

Thesis (MS)--Iowa State College, 1957

Thesis (MS)--Iowa State College, 1957

Thesis (MS)--Iowa State College, 1957

Thesis (MS)--Iowa State College, 1957

Thesis (MS)--Iowa State College, 1957

Thesis (MS)--Iowa State College, 1957

An Art-Ickle from Graphite Magazine Issue 2, entitled 'Creating Creatures: Sketching and Concept Development, with Brynn Metheney' was the topic for this weeks episode, which saw me and lilDENNiS pick up a lot of lil art tips. This Art-ickle was really fun, and all about Exploring ideas and designs when Creating Creatures. I came away form it thinking How The Drawing Process Never Stops! Topics covered on this one include: Combining Creatures, Sketching Shapes, Should You Keep or Throw Away Old Art Work? Letting Go, Taking Risks, Imagination Vs Realistic, Digital Vs Traditional, and The Importance of Studying and Drawing Real life. Hope you enjoy this raspberry blowing episode :)

Photographed on: 07/03/2002. -- Graphite epoxy post-buckled panels stitched. Photographed in building 1148, Structures Lab.

I would like to use Graphite Bushing on my newly built HyperCube, so I make one. This mounts the E3D Titan with a Stepper Motor. You will also need an end stop, 2x 8*11*30 graphite bushing, some M3x15 screws and M3 nuts, and super-glue or something that can stick everything together. Since I make it in separated part to print them more easily. This is still a WIP

With Lock-Screws on both sides. m3x10mm Have fun.

For some filament brand, the thread of version 1 does not work. That's why I modified the screw-thread and now works fine! We all know the feeling when a Graphite stick breaks. Upset and crying. This box will save many Graphite sticks. Long and creative life to Graphite sticks!

NAS 1.26:3180 Digitized from IA1177305-06-0086 .

A total of 114 spoiler units were fabricated in a production shop environment, utilizing three graphite epoxy material systems. Production planning paper was generated for each spoiler unit to completely document each production step of each spoiler unit. The graphite epoxy skins were laid up on production tooling using both mechanical and hand layup techniques. Inspection techniques utilized MRB type assessment in the abscence of quality requirements. Each completed spoiler was subjected to ultrasonic inspection utilizing a multicolor recording system that documented each inspection result. In addition, one static test spoiler was sectioned after the test to examine the adhesive filleting to the honeycomb core. Visual examination of the cured adhesives showed excellent results.

A study was conducted to assess the merits of using graphite/polyimide, NR-150B2 resin, for structural applications on advanced space launch vehicles. The program was divided into two phases: (1) Fabrication Process Development; and (2) Demonstration Components. The first phase of the program involved the selection of a graphite fiber, quality assurance of the NR-150B2 polyimide resin, and the quality assurance of the graphite/polyimide prepreg. In the second phase of the program, a limited number of components were fabricated before the NR-150B2 resin system was removed from the market by the supplier, Du Pont. The advancement of the NR-150B2 polyimide resin binder was found to vary significantly based on previous time and temperature history during the prepregging operation. Strength retention at 316C (600F) was found to be 50% that of room temperature strength. However, the composite would retain its initial strength after 200 hours exposure at 316C (600F). Basic chemistry studies are required for determining NR-150B2 resin binder quality assurance parameters. Graphite fibers are available that can withstand high temperature cure and postcure cycles.

The structural efficiency of compression-loaded graphite-epoxy sandwich panels with fluted cores is studied to determine their weight saving potential. Graphite-epoxy equilateral triangular elements are used to construct the fluted cores for the sandwich panels. Two panel configurations are considered. One configuration has two layers of triangular elements in the fluted core and the second configuration has only one layer of triangular elements in the core. An optimization code is used to find the minimum weight design for each panel configuration. Laminate ply orientations are limited to approx. 45, 0, and 90 deg. A constraint on the axial stiffness is included in the design process so the panel will conform to typical constraints for aircraft wing structures. Minimum thickness requirements for each laminate and maximum allowable strains are also included. A comparison is made of the calculated structural efficiency of the fluted core panels to the structural efficiency of aluminum transport aircraft structures and simple blade-stiffened graphite-epoxy panels. Limited experimental results are also included for comparison with the analytical predictions and to identify the critical failure mechanisms of graphite-epoxy fluted-core sandwich panels.

NAS 1.26:3293 Digitized from IA1177305-08-0086 .

NAS 1.60:1607 Digitized from IA1177308-05-0008 .

We investigate the etching of a pure hydrogen plasma on graphite samples and graphene flakes on SiO$_2$ and hexagonal Boron-Nitride (hBN) substrates. The pressure and distance dependence of the graphite exposure experiments reveals the existence of two distinct plasma regimes: the direct and the remote plasma regime. Graphite surfaces exposed directly to the hydrogen plasma exhibit numerous etch pits of various size and depth, indicating continuous defect creation throughout the etching process. In contrast, anisotropic etching forming regular and symmetric hexagons starting only from preexisting defects and edges is seen in the remote plasma regime, where the sample is located downstream, outside of the glowing plasma. This regime is possible in a narrow window of parameters where essentially all ions have already recombined, yet a flux of H-radicals performing anisotropic etching is still present. At the required process pressures, the radicals can recombine only on surfaces, not in the gas itself. Thus, the tube material needs to exhibit a sufficiently low H radical recombination coefficient, such a found for quartz or pyrex. In the remote regime, we investigate the etching of single layer and bilayer graphene on SiO$_2$ and hBN substrates. We find isotropic etching for single layer graphene on SiO$_2$, whereas we observe highly anisotropic etching for graphene on a hBN substrate. For bilayer graphene, anisotropic etching is observed on both substrates. Finally, we demonstrate the use of artificial defects to create well defined graphene nanostructures with clean crystallographic edges.

Previously, the stress acoustic constants (SAC's) of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites were measured to determine the nonlinear moduli of this material. These measurements were made under compressive loading in order to obtain the sufficient number of values needed to calculate these moduli. However, because their strength in tension along fiber directions can be several times greater, most composites are used under tensile loading. Thus, it is important to characterize the nonlinear properties of these materials in tension as well. The SAC's which are defined as the slope of the normalized change in ultrasonic ''natural'' velocity as a function of stress were measured in a unidirectional laminate of T300/5208 graphite/epoxy. Tensile load was applied along the fiber axis with the ultrasonic waves propagating perpendicular to the fiber direction. Changes in velocity were measured using a pulsed phase locked loop ultrasonic interferometer with the nominal frequency of the ultrasonic waves being 2.25 MHz.

This paper is in the public domain in USA. Metadata comes from the CrossRef API, see full record in the source URL below.

The edge states that emerge at hydrogen-terminated zigzag edges embedded in dominant armchair edges of graphite are carefully investigated by ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements. The edge states at the zigzag edges have different spatial distributions dependent on the $\alpha$- or $\beta$-site edge carbon atoms. In the case that the defects consist of a short zigzag (or a short Klein) edge, the edge state is present also near the defects. The amplitude of the edge state distributing around the defects in an armchair edge often has a prominent hump in a direction determined by detailed local atomic structure of the edge. The tight binding calculation based on the atomic arrangements observed by STM reproduces the observed spatial distributions of the local density of states.

Note: Currently this thing doesn't render in Customizer. You will need to use the [OpenSCAD](http://www.openscad.org/downloads.html) to customize and render until I fix that. Inspired by [Tigeer's Cargo bushing block](http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:1798139) I created a customizable SC8UU-sized mounting block for bushings. It's intended to be a direct replacement for commonly used SC8UU mounting block with LM8UU linear bearing and has the following advantages: * Aligns to the rod axis; * Less play (this depends on exact rod diameter and the bushing You choose); * Less weight -- around 15g for the bronze bushing + mounting block + nuts vs. 56g for SC8UU (including LM8UU); * Much quieter; * Integrated oiling. There are two types of the bushing clamp, both of which allow aligning bushing to the rod before tightening to prevent jamming. First is the torus shaped clamp, second is the clamp with the rubber ring inspired by [mataor's](http://3dtoday.ru/blogs/mataor/lifehack-revision-of-slide-bushings-selfaligning-to/) and [MaxEkb77's](http://3dtoday.ru/blogs/maxekb77/a-little-bit-about-bearings-part-2/) implementations. See sectioned view pictures. For the rubber ring clamps I used pieces of 1.75mm rubber filament. Also any suitable rubber ring can be used (You can cut it if needed), it's diameter can be adjusted in Customizer. I found rubber ring clamp to perform a little better, but much harder to assemble. ~~It also has the space for the oiling block, so You can use some felt or foamy material soaked with light oil grease (like machine oil or motor oil) to feed the oil to the rod.~~ Correction: low viscosity grease seem to increase stick-slip effect, high viscosity grease (or no grease) should perform better here. Thanks again to [mataor](http://3dtoday.ru/blogs/mataor/lifehack-revision-of-slide-bushings-selfaligning-to/) for the idea. I tested mounting blocks with HC-Cargo [140947](https://hc-cargo.com/com-en/catalog/p/140947--bushing) and [140916](https://hc-cargo.com/com-en/catalog/p/140916--bushing) bronze bushings and included STLs for them. There are also definitions for other common bushings and You can enter sizes of any suitable bushing in Customizer (or directly in OpenSCAD). Common sources of bushings: * Many bronze bushings from [HC-Cargo catalog](https://hc-cargo.com/com-en/catalog/s/regular?term=bushing) and [IKA catalog](http://www.ika-germany.de/wp-content/uploads/SpareParts2016.pdf) should be available in local car parts stores. * [SF-1 PTFE-coated self-lubricating bushings](https://www.aliexpress.com/wholesale?SearchText=sf-1) from Aliexpress. This is a work in progress. The OpenSCAD code is quite ugly and needs to be simplified. Comments and suggestions are welcome.

This article is from Scientific Reports , volume 1 . Abstract Investigation of the non-equilibrium dynamics after an impulsive impact provides insights into couplings among various excitations. A two-temperature model (TTM) is often a starting point to understand the coupled dynamics of electrons and lattice vibrations: the optical pulse primarily raises the electronic temperature Tel while leaving the lattice temperature Tl low; subsequently the hot electrons heat up the lattice until Tel = Tl is reached. This temporal hierarchy owes to the assumption that the electron-electron scattering rate is much larger than the electron-phonon scattering rate. We report herein that the TTM scheme is seriously invalidated in semimetal graphite. Time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TrPES) of graphite reveals that fingerprints of coupled optical phonons (COPs) occur from the initial moments where Tel is still not definable. Our study shows that ultrafast-and-efficient phonon generations occur beyond the TTM scheme, presumably associated to the long duration of the non-thermal electrons in graphite.

Book digitized by Google from the library of the University of Michigan and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.

14

This article is from Nanoscale Research Letters , volume 8 . Abstract A simple approach for the bulk production of carbon nanoscrolls (CNSs) is described. This method is based on the application of shear-friction forces to convert graphite nanoplatelets into carbon nanoscrolls using a bi-axially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) surface. The combined action of shear and friction forces causes the exfoliation of graphite nanoplatelets and the simultaneous roll-up of graphite layers. Evidence of the CNS formation is given by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These investigations reveal that the CNSs have a long tube-like and fusiform structure with a hollow core surrounded by few layers of graphene. Micro-Raman spectroscopy shows that the produced structures are not defect free, and optical spectroscopy reveals distinctive features due to the presence of two weak absorption bands at 224 and 324 nm.