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Aim: Gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and small intestine, presents with symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Salmonella Enteritidis, a significant bacterial pathogen commonly transmitted via poultry and eggs, can cause severe complications, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

This article is from Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives , volume 5 . Abstract Objectives: To investigated whether the CTX-M-14 gene could be transferred from a clinical Shigella sonnei strain to commensal Escherichia coli strain in the gastroenteritis microbiome. Methods: E. coli strains were isolated from 30 stool samples of S. sonnei infected students in a gastroenteritis outbreak in 2004 and were characterized by antibiotic resistance analysis, in vitro conjugation and in vivo transfer of CTX-M-14 gene and molecular assays. Results: One strain of Escherichia coli that had high levels of resistance to cefotaxime was isolated from a patient infected with S. sonnei. Isoelectric focusing showed that the E. coli and S. sonnei strains produced a β-lactamase with an isoelectric point of 8.1. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that both strains possessed the same DNA sequences for CTX-M-14. The results of in vitro and in vivo conjugation showed that the efficiency of CTX-M-14 transfer from S. sonnei to E. coli was similar to CTX-M-14 transfer between E. coli strains. Conclusion: The data suggest that the acquisition of the extended-spectrum β-lactamases gene by pathogenic bacteria in the human intestinal tract to commensal microbiome bacteria can cause serious infectious diseases.

This article is from Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives , volume 5 . Abstract Objectives: To investigated whether the CTX-M-14 gene could be transferred from a clinical Shigella sonnei strain to commensal Escherichia coli strain in the gastroenteritis microbiome. Methods: E. coli strains were isolated from 30 stool samples of S. sonnei infected students in a gastroenteritis outbreak in 2004 and were characterized by antibiotic resistance analysis, in vitro conjugation and in vivo transfer of CTX-M-14 gene and molecular assays. Results: One strain of Escherichia coli that had high levels of resistance to cefotaxime was isolated from a patient infected with S. sonnei. Isoelectric focusing showed that the E. coli and S. sonnei strains produced a β-lactamase with an isoelectric point of 8.1. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that both strains possessed the same DNA sequences for CTX-M-14. The results of in vitro and in vivo conjugation showed that the efficiency of CTX-M-14 transfer from S. sonnei to E. coli was similar to CTX-M-14 transfer between E. coli strains. Conclusion: The data suggest that the acquisition of the extended-spectrum β-lactamases gene by pathogenic bacteria in the human intestinal tract to commensal microbiome bacteria can cause serious infectious diseases.

Aim: In the present study we aimed to assess the relationship between rotavirus gastroenteritis and mean platelet volume, serum alanine amino-transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and diarrhea score.  Material and Method: This study enrolled pediatric patients aged one month to 16 years who were diagnosed with gastroenteritis and hospitalized for rehydration between January 2016 and July 2016. Patients who had rotavirus positive gastroenteritis were grouped as RPGE group, and those with rotavirus negative gastroenteritis were grouped as RNGE group. Subjects who were hospitalized at pediatric surgery unit for simple surgical procedures were grouped as the control group.  Results: Mean AST and ALT levels of the RPGE group were significantly greater than those of the RNGE group (p:0.001; p<0.05). Twenty-one (52.5%) patients in the RPGE group had AST elevation alone while 7 (17.5%) had elevation in both ALT and AST. In the RNGE group, 9 (15%) patients had AST elevation alone, and 4 (6.7%) had elevations in both ALT and AST. The RPGE and RNGE groups had significantly greater CRP and WBC levels compared to the control group (p<0.05). RPGE and RNGE groups had no statistically significant difference in either parameter (p>0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding PCT, MPV, and PLT levels (p>0.05). The mean diarrhea score of the RPGE group were significantly greater than those of the RNGE group (p:0.001; p<0.05). A significant positive correlation was found between the gastroenteritis score and PLT, AST, and ALT levels (p<0.05).  Discussion: By means of the present study we determined that rotavirus gastroenteritis was correlated to elevated serum transaminase levels. We would like to stress that rotavirus infection should be remembered in children with acute gastroenteritis and elevated transaminases.

This article is from BMC Pediatrics , volume 14 . Abstract Background: Based on European recommendations of ESPGHAN/ESPID from 2008, first line therapy for dehydration caused by acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is oral rehydration solution (ORS). In case of oral route failure, nasogastric tube enteral rehydration is as efficient as intra-venous rehydration and seems to lead to fewer adverse events. The primary objective was to describe rehydration strategies used in cases of AGE in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) in Belgium, France, The Netherlands, and Switzerland. Methods: An electronic survey describing a scenario in which a toddler had moderate dehydration caused by AGE was sent to physicians working in pediatric emergency departments. Analytical data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Kruskal –Wallis Rank test. Results: We analyzed 68 responses, distributed as follows: Belgium N = 10, France N = 37, The Netherlands N = 7, and Switzerland N = 14. Oral rehydration with ORS was the first line of treatment for 90% of the respondents. In case of first line treatment failure, intravenous rehydration was preferred by 95% of respondents from France, whereas nasogastric route was more likely to be used by those from Belgium (80%), The Netherlands (100%) and Switzerland (86%). Serum electrolyte measurements were more frequently prescribed in France (92%) and Belgium (80%) than in The Netherlands (43%) and Switzerland (29%). Racecadotril was more frequently used in France, and ondansetron was more frequently used in Switzerland. No respondent suggested routine use of antibiotics. Conclusion: We found variations in practices in terms of invasiveness and testing. Our study supports the need for further evaluation and implementation strategies of ESPGHAN/ESPID guidelines. We plan to extend the study throughout Europe with support of the Young ESPID Group.

This article is from Annals of Gastroenterology , volume 25 . Abstract None

This article is from BMC Infectious Diseases , volume 11 . Abstract Background: HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected infants experience a high burden of infectious morbidity and mortality. Hospitalization is an important metric for morbidity and is associated with high mortality, yet, little is known about rates and causes of hospitalization among these infants in the first 12 months of life. Methods: Using data from a prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) trial (India SWEN), where HIV-exposed breastfed infants were given extended nevirapine, we measured 12-month infant all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization rates and hospitalization risk factors. Results: Among 737 HIV-exposed Indian infants, 93 (13%) were HIV-infected, 15 (16%) were on HAART, and 260 (35%) were hospitalized 381 times by 12 months of life. Fifty-six percent of the hospitalizations were attributed to infections; gastroenteritis was most common accounting for 31% of infectious hospitalizations. Gastrointestinal-related hospitalizations steadily increased over time, peaking around 9 months. The 12-month all-cause hospitalization, gastroenteritis-related hospitalization, and in-hospital mortality rates were 906/1000 PY, 229/1000 PY, and 35/1000 PY respectively among HIV-infected infants and 497/1000 PY, 107/1000 PY, and 3/1000 PY respectively among HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. Advanced maternal age, infant HIV infection, gestational age, and male sex were associated with higher all-cause hospitalization risk while shorter duration of breastfeeding and abrupt weaning were associated with gastroenteritis-related hospitalization. Conclusions: HIV-exposed Indian infants experience high rates of all-cause and infectious hospitalization (particularly gastroenteritis) and in-hospital mortality. HIV-infected infants are nearly 2-fold more likely to experience hospitalization and 10-fold more likely to die compared to HIV-exposed, uninfected infants. The combination of scaling up HIV PMTCT programs and implementing proven health measures against infections could significantly reduce hospitalization morbidity and mortality among HIV-exposed Indian infants.

Karnataka Legislative Assembly Debates - Book 521, Pages 564-567

"Outbreak of Gastroenteritis and Typhoid Fever Caused by Pollution of Public Water Supply at Schenectady, N. Y." is an article from Public Health Reports (1896-1970), Volume 35 . View more articles from Public Health Reports (1896-1970) . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-4575766

This article is from Materia Socio-Medica , volume 25 . Abstract Aim:: The aim of work was presentation of several socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus. The examinees and methods:: The examinees were children under the age of five years treated at the Pediatric Clinic due to acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus. Rotavirus is isolated by method chromatographic immunoassay by Cer Test Biotec. Results:: From the total number of patients (850) suffering from acute gastroenteritis, feces test on bacteria, viruses. protozoa and fungi was positive in 425 (49.76%) cases. From this number the test on bacteria was positive in 248 (58.62%) cases, on viruses it was positive in 165 (39.0%), on protozoa in 9 (2.12%) cases and on fungi only one case. Rotavirus was the most frequent one in viral test, it was isolated in 142 (86.06%) cases, adenoviruses were found in 9 (5.45%) cases and noroviruses in only one case. The same feces sample that contained rotavirus and adenoviruses were isolated in five cases, whereas rotavirus with bacteria was isolated in the same feces sample in five cases. The biggest number of cases 62 (43.66%) were of the age 6-12 months, whereas the smallest number 10 (7.04%) cases were of the age 37-60 months. There were 76 (53.52%) of cases of male gender, from rural areas there were 81 (57.04%) cases and there were 58 (40.80%) cases during the summer period. Among the clinical symptoms the most prominent were diarrhea, vomiting, high temperature, whereas the different degree of dehydration were present in all cases (the most common one was moderate dehydration). The most frequent one was isonatremic dehydration in 91 (64.08%) cases, less frequent one was hypernatremic dehydration in 14 (9.85%) cases. The majority of cases (97.89%) had lower blood pH values, whereas 67 (47.17%) cases had pH values that varied from 7.16 -7.20 (curve peak), normal values were registered in only 3 (2.11%) cases. Urea values were increased in 45 (31.07%) cases (the maximum value was 26.5 mmol/L), whereas creatinine value was increased in 41 (28.87%) cases (maximum value was 302 mmol/L). Conclusion:: The results show the high frequency of rotavirus infections in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis. Rotavirus may cause different dehydration degree with electrolyte, acid-base and other biochemical disorders. Preventing the infection caused by rotavirus is of a great importance.

This article is from BMC Infectious Diseases , volume 14 . Abstract Background: The study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of Typhoidal Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi) (TS) with diarrhea between urban and rural Bangladesh. Methods: Relevant information of 77/25,767 (0.30%) and 290/17,622 (1.65%) patients positive with TS (in stool) were extracted from the data archive of Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of icddr,b (urban Dhaka and rural Matlab Hospitals respectively) during 2000–2012. Comparison group (diarrhea patients negative for TS) was randomly selected from the database (1:3 ratio). Two poisson regression models were investigated for modelling seasonal effects on the number of cases. Results: Salmonella Typhi was more frequently isolated in Dhaka than Matlab (57% vs. 5%, p 

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract An extensive drinking water-associated gastroenteritis outbreak took place in the town of Nokia in Southern Finland in 2007. 53% of the exposed came down with gastroenteritis and 7% had arthritis-like symptoms (joint swelling, redness, warmth or pain in movement) according to a population-based questionnaire study at 8 weeks after the incident. Campylobacter and norovirus were the main pathogens.A follow-up questionnaire study was carried out 15 months after the outbreak to evaluate the duration of gastrointestinal and joint symptoms. 323 residents of the original contaminated area were included. The response rate was 53%. Participants were inquired about having gastroenteritis during the outbreak and the duration of symptoms.Of those with gastroenteritis, 43% reported loose stools and abdominal pain or distension after the acute disease. The prevalence of symptoms declined promptly during the first 3 months but at 15 months, 11% reported continuing symptoms. 32% of the respondents with gastroenteritis reported subsequent arthritis-like symptoms. The disappearance of arthritis-like symptoms was more gradual and they levelled off only after 5 months. 19% showed symptoms at 15 months. Prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms correlated to prolonged arthritis-like symptoms.High proportion of respondents continued to have arthritis-like symptoms at 15 months after the epidemic. The gastrointestinal symptoms, instead, had declined to a low level.

This article is from Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal , volume 15 . Abstract Background: Viral pathogens are the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in developed and developing countries. Rotavirus and adenovirus are the two important agents associated with hospitalization for diarrhea especially in children. Limitation and control of diarrhea as a costly disease must be considered in national health programs. Objectives: Epidemiological studies on viral diarrhea and collecting data for rotavirus and adenovirus prevalence, as two important viral agents of gastroenteritis, are valuable for planning of a prospective program. Materials and Methods: 827 stool samples of pediatrics patients with gastroenteritis who were admitted to Dastgheib Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, from September 2008 to February 2010 were tested for presence of rotavirus and adenovirus using the EIA method. A demographic and clinical study was performed to determine the relationship between viral infection and clinical outcomes of patients. Results: Rotavirus was identified in 347 patients out of 827 (42%), adenovirus was detected in 76 (9%) of samples and 34 (4%) of patients had rotavirus-adenovirus co-infection. Diarrhea was the most common symptom in viral infected patients. Conclusions: Given the non-specific symptoms of these viruses and the high prevalence of viral diarrhea in our region, more laboratories should be equipped for virus detection and vaccination might be considered as a prevention strategy.

ABSTRACT Acute aortic dissection (AD) is a true cardiovascular emergency whose diagnosis and treatment process is very difficult for the patient and the physician, with a mortality rate of 50% in some cases if not intervened within the first 48 hours. AD is classified according to the anatomical region of the aorta affected. Class 1 De Bakey dissection involves the ascending aorta, arcus aorta and descending aorta. Class 2 De Bakey is limited to the ascending aorta, while class 3 De Bakey starts from the descending aorta. According to the Stanford classification, dissection type is divided into A and B. The most common complaints at presentation are predatory chest pain in Type A dissection and low back pain or abdominal pain in Type B dissection.

Carlos Andres Ariza se refirió a los posibles problemas con la potabilidad del agua en San Gil. De acuerdo con el, es una de las hipótesis que se maneja, pero aún no hay ningún reporte oficial que lo confirme. See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Background: Acute gastroenteritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in youth age in developing and developed countries, with a bacterial origin detected in a significant percentage of cases. A meta-analysis on the use of rifaximin in children in case of gastroenteritis has been performed. Search Methods: All the available publications related on the use of rifaximin in infectious diarrhea in children has been included in this survey, included all the reports related to safety and adverse effects. Data Collection and Analysis: All papers were selected and classified according to the QUORUM statement checklist. For meta-analysis, the Comprehensive Meta- Analysis Pro Version 2.2.64 was used. Main Results: Meta-Analysis shows a higher number of healed patients (OR 1,93; p=0,054) in the rifaximin groups at the end of the studies, with a reduction of the mean number of stool/day (-2,021; p<0,001); more formed stool (OR 4,31; p=0,001); a shorter Recovery Time (OR 0,49; p=0,078), when compared to control groups. The microbiological tests performed after treatment have shown the persistence of 54% of the potentially most dangerous pathogenic bacteria in the children treated with diet and rehydration alone, in comparison with 11.2% in children treated with rifaximin or other antibiotic (chi square 7.4; p= 0.02). Conclusions: According to our data, the use of rifaximin for bacterial diarrhea in children over 2 years may be fully justified in selected circumstances as in case of travelers' diarrhea, and in recurrent or relapsing diarrhea known or supposed to be caused by non-invasive rifaximin sensitive enteropathogens.

In this episode, Dr. Jan Shifren discusses flibanserin for treatment of sexual dysfunction in women (starts at 01:13); Dr. Stephen Freedman discusses use of diluted apple juice for hydration in children with mild gastroenteritis (starts at 11:31); and Dr. Kathleen Motil discusses the association between obesity in adolescence and cardiovascular mortality in adulthood (starts at 20:53).

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This article is from BMC Pediatrics , volume 12 . Abstract Background: Despite its high incidence among children under the age of five, little is known about the burden of pediatric gastroenteritis outside the medical setting. The objective of this study was to describe the burden of acute gastroenteritis among children residing in the United Arab Emirates, including those not receiving medical care. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey of 500 parents of children under 5 years of age who had suffered from acute gastroenteritis the preceding three months was conducted in the cities of Abu Dhabi and Al Ain. Data collected included respondent characteristics, disease symptoms, medical care sought, and parental expenditures and work loss. Data were analyzed using parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. Results: Vomiting and diarrhea episodes lasted on average between 3 and 4 days. Overall, 87% of parents sought medical care for their children; 10% of these cases required hospitalization with an average length of stay of 2.6 days. When medical care was sought, the average parental cost per gastroenteritis episode was US$64, 4.5 times higher than with home care only (US$14). Nearly 60% of this difference was attributable to co-payments and medication use: 69% of children used oral rehydration solution, 68% antiemetics, 65% antibiotics and 64% antidiarrheals. Overall, 38 parents missed work per 100 gastroenteritis episodes for an average of 1.4 days. Conclusions: Given its high incidence, pediatric gastroenteritis has an important financial and productivity impact on parents in the United Arab Emirates. To reduce this impact, efforts should be made both to prevent acute gastroenteritis and to optimize its treatment.

This article is from BMJ : British Medical Journal , volume 341 . Abstract Objectives To evaluate the risk for hypertension, renal impairment, and cardiovascular disease within eight years of gastroenteritis from drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter.Design A prospective cohort study.Setting Walkerton, Ontario, Canada.Participants 1977 adult participants in the Walkerton Health Study recruited between 2002 and 2005 after an outbreak of gastroenteritis in May 2000, when a municipal water system was contaminated, with no pre-outbreak history of outcome measures.Outcome measures Information was collected annually via survey, physical examination, and laboratory assessment. Primary measures were acute gastroenteritis (diarrhoeal illness lasting >3 days, bloody diarrhoea, or >3 loose stools/day), hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg), and renal impairment (microalbuminuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate

This article is from Italian Journal of Pediatrics , volume 38 . Abstract Oxatomide at therapeutic doses generates occasionally drowsiness in children. When administered at toxic doses, however oxatomide may induce long lasting impaired consciousness. We now report a case of severe long lasting impaired consciousness induced by therapeutic doses of oxatomide occurring in a child affected by acute gastroenteritis. The clinical symptoms, the pharmacogenetic tests of polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes (CYPs) and the clinical and laboratory analyses indicate that the enhanced drug sedative effect is likely due to an acute, yet mild, inflammatory state of the patient. These findings highlight the importance of assessing common, not serious inflammatory states when oxatomide is prescribed in paediatric patients.

This article is from Italian Journal of Pediatrics , volume 38 . Abstract Oxatomide at therapeutic doses generates occasionally drowsiness in children. When administered at toxic doses, however oxatomide may induce long lasting impaired consciousness. We now report a case of severe long lasting impaired consciousness induced by therapeutic doses of oxatomide occurring in a child affected by acute gastroenteritis. The clinical symptoms, the pharmacogenetic tests of polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes (CYPs) and the clinical and laboratory analyses indicate that the enhanced drug sedative effect is likely due to an acute, yet mild, inflammatory state of the patient. These findings highlight the importance of assessing common, not serious inflammatory states when oxatomide is prescribed in paediatric patients.

This article is from Italian Journal of Pediatrics , volume 38 . Abstract Oxatomide at therapeutic doses generates occasionally drowsiness in children. When administered at toxic doses, however oxatomide may induce long lasting impaired consciousness. We now report a case of severe long lasting impaired consciousness induced by therapeutic doses of oxatomide occurring in a child affected by acute gastroenteritis. The clinical symptoms, the pharmacogenetic tests of polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 metabolizing enzymes (CYPs) and the clinical and laboratory analyses indicate that the enhanced drug sedative effect is likely due to an acute, yet mild, inflammatory state of the patient. These findings highlight the importance of assessing common, not serious inflammatory states when oxatomide is prescribed in paediatric patients.

This study investigates the incidence, impact and prevention of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks on cruise ships, focusing specifically on noro-virus as the primary agent. By leveraging secondary data from the CDC’s Vessel Sanitation Program and cruise line reports between 2019 and 2023, the study identifies trends, evaluates the effectiveness of hygiene protocols and provides evidence-based recommendations for preventing AGE outbreaks in confined environments. The findings emphasize the importance of stringent sanitation practices, technological innovations and behavioral interventions in improving public health on cruise ships.

'Gastroenteritis Cases in the Country (15-Jul-1991)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'Gastroenteritis Cases in Some Areas of Himachal Pradesh (15-Jul-1991)' from the Parliament Digital Library

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate rotavirus and adenovirus antigens in stool samples of patients who were admitted to the hospital with a preliminary diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis and to determine their distribution by sex, age and seasons. Methods : A total 6525 and 6242 stool samples of patients with acute gastroenteritis, that were sent to Microbiology Laboratory between January 2014 and December 2017 were examined for rotavirus and adenovirus, respectively. Rotavirus group A and adenovirus serotype 40 and 41 antigens were investigated by rapid immunochromatographic test. Results : In 438 (6.7%) of the samples rotavirus antigens and in 80 (1.3%) of them adenovirus antigens were detected. The percentages of male patients in rotavirus- and adenovirus-detected samples were 55% (n=240) and 62.5% (n=50), respectively. Rotavirus positivity was found to be highest in patients aged 13-24 months and in adenovirus patients aged 0-12 months (p<0.05). Rotavirus antigen positivity was observed to be the highest in spring and winter while adenovirus antigen positivity was observed to be the highest in summer and autumn (p<0.001). Conclusions : According to this study, viral gastroenteritis agents were observed more frequently in 0-2 year-old children. Especially in spring, the disease was found to be more common. We are of the opinion that detection of viral agents in patients with acute gastroenteritis will provide both early diagnosis and symptomatic treatment and prevent unnecessary use of empirical antibiotics. Klimik Dergisi 2019; 32(1): 67-70.

'Outbreak of Cholera and Gastroenteritis in Hauz Rani pocket of South Delhi (24-Aug-1995)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

NHRC-OID received  previously  identified identified enteric pathogen - positive specimens from collaborators at USAFSAM and CDC-CDHP-BIDS (U.S.-Mexico border surveillance sites) for advanced characterization. The graphs indicate norovirus genotypes identified from specimens received between June 2019 – January 2020 .

16/05/17_Consejos De Salud Con Silvia Ríos (Gastroenteritis).

Stomach bug numbers often spike in summer but health officials have been notified of more than 100 cases of gastroenteritis this week. An illness commonly caused by eating contaminated food or swimming in unhygienic water. Ashleigh Yates has more. ➡️ SUBSCRIBE: https://bit.ly/NewshubYouTube 🔗 See more: bit.ly/3svGpMV #Newshub You're joining us on the official YouTube channel for Discovery NZ's Newshub. Here you will find livestreams and news videos from our award-winning team of journalists working across our bulletins and shows - The Project NZ, The AM Show, Newshub Nation, and The Hui. * Sign up for the Newshub Now newsletter: http://bit.ly/NewshubNow * Follow Newshub on Facebook: http://bit.ly/NewshubFacebook * Follow Newshub on Twitter: http://bit.ly/NewshubTwitter * Follow Newshub on Instagram: http://bit.ly/NewshubInstagram * Follow Newshub on TikTok: http://bit.ly/NewshubTikTok For all footage l​​icencing enquiries please visit: https://www.discoverycorporate.co.nz/home/contact-us/commercial-footage-request.html

Approved For Release 2004/03/26 : ?Y -R ,5 00383R000400090003-8 repartrd that outbreaks 0 a,t oast p i des a Troporttons occurred tbtsu; s4 ,: n t *:*- ! . ~. oo~ y months of 1963. Most of the reports eft fs$tl:tbat tb tapering off afterward.. children in psrtienlar sere said to have been. seriously 'bit by,- the dissasa? andtsny hasp sdly s ac died. the Castro regime _sever .bps a4IL?tted -.t at summer event to some h.agtb# tom ttaPp* to . rsf~te rujori of an epidesic, attributin such ss -ottl! `ts ~"4o t r- w~ R..4 a ~,_ .~. revolutionaries.'' _.. ... The refugee reports appear .to be largely trni. tango ;25X1 the`. lart'oubar cc unrelated sources reporting on dstsrioritio pubi t health in Cuba and the-internal consistency an plaUIibi QE' their reports gives ;thss'drsdibi1ity i~o stistis available, but the refuge* re arts i dt fists,. at was severe. A Cubs 11 who bad fled to this 25X1 country from a town rovinc~5X1 reported in late July that laboratory tests a sown 79300 persons in the town were afflicted with gastroenteritis. There are several uad*rlyiAg resrana. !4' tbs. inarasa in the -idoidenee of ooamuniCcabls diseases in Cubi, -+ ai Includes (a) the movement of laarge u6 b t# t ,tb0 -POP ! from one part of the country to' another with .Little regard for adequate housing, pure drinking water, orproper iewage and garbage disposal facilitiest (b) the food shortage, which leads Cubans to eat whatever and wherever, they cant, and (c) -` ` the malfunction or inadequacy of the regial Approved For Release 2004/03/26: CIA=RDP-65B003831000400090C03- Approved For Release 2004/03/28 OCIA- P 900383R000400090003-8 Fart reports since last :$spt.ob r dys 4tOsts , 71- sastroant.ritis. It. pr sussbly "=is ~a londar `a iar1ous probii~t. The abssnca ' Of rrports" On 'tbs sub sa , could:. be related to the drrstisally rs`diticwd fiow0t u a>4 refuges into this country pied thst, tia.O, -bovairsr. Approved For Release 2004/03/26 CIA-Riji5d C (Ot)

'Cholera and gastroenteritis diseases (23-Jul-2004)' from the RS Debates Digital Library

This article is from BMC Infectious Diseases , volume 13 . Abstract Background: Accurate knowledge of incubation period is important to investigate and to control infectious diseases and their transmission, however statements of incubation period in the literature are often uncited, inconsistent, and/or not evidence based. Methods: In a systematic review of the literature on five enteric viruses of public health importance, we found 256 articles with incubation period estimates, including 33 with data for pooled analysis. Results: We fit a log-normal distribution to pooled data and found the median incubation period to be 4.5 days (95% CI 3.9-5.2 days) for astrovirus, 1.2 days (95% CI 1.1-1.2 days) for norovirus genogroups I and II, 1.7 days (95% CI 1.5-1.8 days) for sapovirus, and 2.0 days (95% CI 1.4-2.4 days) for rotavirus. Conclusions: Our estimates combine published data and provide sufficient quantitative detail to allow for these estimates to be used in a wide range of clinical and modeling applications. This can translate into improved prevention and control efforts in settings with transmission or the risk of transmission.

This article is from BMC Public Health , volume 13 . Abstract Background: Two parallel gastroenteritis outbreaks occurred in an elementary school and a neighboring kindergarten in Kilkis, Northern Greece in 2012. The aim of the study was the investigation of these two parallel outbreaks as well as their possible source. Methods: Two retrospective cohort studies were performed to identify the mode and the vehicle of transmission as well as the possible connection between them. Results: Elementary school and kindergarten populations of 79.9% (119/149) and 51.1% (23/45) respectively, participated in the study. Case definition was satisfied by 65 pupils from the elementary school and 14 from the kindergarten. For elementary school, 53 cases were considered primary cases of the outbreak and were included in the analysis. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, consumption of tap water was the only statistically significant independent risk factor of gastroenteritis (RR = 2.34, 95% C.I.: 1.55-3.53).; a finding supported by the shape of the epidemic curve which referred to a common point source outbreak with secondary cases. For kindergarten, no statistically significant risk factor was identified, and the epidemic curve supported a person-to-person transmission according univariate analysis. Norovirus GI and GII and human Adenovirus were detected by Real Time PCR in stool samples from seven children of elementary school, but stool samples were not collected by children of the kindergarten. Conclusions: Even though the etiological agent of the outbreak was not verified, combined epidemiological and laboratory results were in favor of a waterborne viral gastroenteritis outbreak at the elementary school, followed by a person to person spread at the kindergarten.

This article is from Case Reports in Gastroenterology , volume 6 . Abstract A 48-year-old female with abdominal pain and malaise who showed delayed symptom of acute gastroenteritis came to see us. Her illness was diagnosed as norovirus infection, but liver dysfunction accompanied this gastroenteritis. We investigated the pathogenesis of this hepatitis for all causes including drugs, but we could not detect norovirus infection. The liver damage improved shortly in course of the gastroenteritis. She recovered completely within 2 weeks without any damage left. Norovirus-induced liver dysfunction is not known, and there is no report in the literature. We report, for the first time, the case of liver dysfunction with norovirus gastroenteritis.

This article is from PLoS Pathogens , volume 10 . Abstract Campylobacter jejuni is a major source of foodborne illness in the developed world, and a common cause of clinical gastroenteritis. Exactly how C. jejuni colonizes its host's intestines and causes disease is poorly understood. Although it causes severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in humans, C. jejuni typically dwells as a commensal microbe within the intestines of most animals, including birds, where its colonization is asymptomatic. Pretreatment of C57BL/6 mice with the antibiotic vancomycin facilitated intestinal C. jejuni colonization, albeit with minimal pathology. In contrast, vancomycin pretreatment of mice deficient in SIGIRR (Sigirr−/−), a negative regulator of MyD88-dependent signaling led to heavy and widespread C. jejuni colonization, accompanied by severe gastroenteritis involving strongly elevated transcription of Th1/Th17 cytokines. C. jejuni heavily colonized the cecal and colonic crypts of Sigirr−/− mice, adhering to, as well as invading intestinal epithelial cells. This infectivity was dependent on established C. jejuni pathogenicity factors, capsular polysaccharides (kpsM) and motility/flagella (flaA). We also explored the basis for the inflammatory response elicited by C. jejuni in Sigirr−/− mice, focusing on the roles played by Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, as these innate receptors were strongly stimulated by C. jejuni. Despite heavy colonization, Tlr4−/−/Sigirr−/− mice were largely unresponsive to infection by C. jejuni, whereas Tlr2−/−/Sigirr−/− mice developed exaggerated inflammation and pathology. This indicates that TLR4 signaling underlies the majority of the enteritis seen in this model, whereas TLR2 signaling had a protective role, acting to promote mucosal integrity. Furthermore, we found that loss of the C. jejuni capsule led to increased TLR4 activation and exaggerated inflammation and gastroenteritis. Together, these results validate the use of Sigirr−/− mice as an exciting and relevant animal model for studying the pathogenesis and innate immune responses to C. jejuni.

This article is from Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition , volume 31 . Abstract Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is an important public-health issue in Dominica. To determine the burden of AGE in Dominica, a retrospective, cross-sectional population survey was conducted in March-April 2009 and October 2010 (low- and-high-AGE seasons) and a laboratory survey from April 2009 to March 2010. The overall monthly prevalence of self-reported AGE was 8.6 % (95% CI 7.0-10.6); the incidence rate was 1.1 episodes/person-year and 79,157.1 episodes of AGE for the total population/year. Monthly prevalence of AGE was the highest in the 1-4 year(s) age-group (25.0%), higher in females (10.8%) and also varied by health district, with the highest monthly prevalence of AGE being reported in the Portsmouth district (13.1%). This difference in gender and across the health region was statistically significant. The estimated underreporting of syndromic AGE to the Ministry of Health was 83.3%. Furthermore, for every reported laboratory-confirmed case of AGE and foodborne disease (FBD), there was an estimated underreporting factor of 280. Overall, 47% of AGE specimens tested were positive for FBD pathogens. The predominant pathogens isolated were norovirus, followed by Giardia, Salmonella, and Shigella. The total annual estimated cost of AGE was US$ 1,371,852.92, and the total cost per capita due to AGE was US$ 19.06, indicating an economic burden of AGE-related illness on a small island of Dominica.

This article is from BMC Infectious Diseases , volume 13 . Abstract Background: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) remains a common cause of clinic visits and hospitalizations, though its aetiology has not been determined in Qatar. Methods: We performed a prospective, emergency department–based study of 288 children and adults with AGE. Stool specimens were collected at presentation from June to November 2009. Faecal specimens were tested, using real-time PCR, for a panel of four viral (norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and rotavirus) and bacterial pathogens. Results: Viral and bacterial pathogens were detected in 131 (45.5%) and 34 (12.2%) of the 288 patients recruited. The most commonly detected pathogens were norovirus (28.5%), rotavirus (10.4%), followed by adenovirus (6.25%) and astrovirus (0.30%). Norovirus was the most commonly detected viral pathogen amongst all the age groups with an almost even distribution in all age groups. Rotavirus and adenovirus were more common in children under 5 yr of age. Astrovirus was found in only one person. Conclusions: Viruses, especially noroviruses, are associated with severe diarrhoea in children and adults in Qatar. Further studies to confirm the findings and to explore the causes of illness among patients from whom a pathogen cannot be determined are needed.

This article is from Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench , volume 6 . Abstract Aim: We aimed to investigate the prevalence of Human Bocavirus isolates among Iranian patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Background: Human Bocavirus is a new parvovirus that has been identified in association with gastroenteritis. Limited data are available about HBoV in Iran. Patients and methods: Viral DNA was extracted from all 294 stool samples. HBoV DNA was detected in extracted samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a 354 bp of noncapsid protein 1 (NP1) gene. In addition, all samples were also subjected to a nested PCR to amplify a 455 bp of nonstructural 1 (NS1) gene. Results: The main clinical symptoms among HBoV positive patients were diarrhea (77.7%), fever (62.9%), vomiting (55.5%), and anorexia (59.2%). NP1 PCR was positive in 8 samples (2.72%), NS1 was positive in 16 patients (5.44%) and 3 samples had positive results in both regions (1.02%). Conclusion: Our results suggest that HBoV could be considered as one of the important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis cases in Iran.

This article is from BMJ Open , volume 3 . Abstract Objectives: This study describes the epidemiology of rotavirus (RV) gastroenteritis (GE) disease following the introduction of RV vaccination in Greece in 2006. Design: A prospective hospital-based surveillance. Setting: A multicentre study was conducted at six hospitals in Greece between July 2008 and March 2010. The hospitals selected served 70% of the paediatric population in Greece. Participants: Children aged

This article is from BMC Infectious Diseases , volume 13 . Abstract Background: The clinical significance of bacteraemia secondary to non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) gastroenteritis in hospitalised adults is uncertain. Methods: Adults admitted to a hospital in Liverpool, UK, with NTS gastroenteritis were identified using hospital discharge data and laboratory records. Patients with known HIV infection were excluded. Risk factors for a complicated or fatal course were determined. Results: Between 1982 and 2006 inclusive, 633 adults were identified. Serovars causing infection included Enteritidis (46.6%), Typhimurium (27.6%) and Virchow (4.9%). A blood culture was taken in 364 (57.5%) patients who were generally sicker than those who were not cultured. Bacteraemia was detected in 63 (17.3%) patients who had blood cultures taken (63/633 (10.0%) of all patients). Bacteraemia was more common in those aged ≥ 65 years (p 

This article is from Annals of Gastroenterology : Quarterly Publication of the Hellenic Society of Gastroenterology , volume 27 . Abstract Gelatin tannate (GT) is a complex of tannic acid, which possesses astringent, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, and a protective gelatin. It is increasingly being marketed as an antidiarrheal drug. Our aim was to review data on the effectiveness of GT in treating acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children and adults. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched in July 2013, with no language restrictions, for controlled clinical trials. Additional references were obtained from reviewed articles. Two trials met the inclusion criteria. In adults, one randomized controlled trial involving 40 subjects (mean age: 43±13 years) found that, compared with placebo, GT may be more effective at reducing some symptoms of AGE in the first 48 h after initiation of treatment. In children, one poor quality study (no randomization and no blinding) involving 211 children (mean age: 2.5±2.4 years) reported some beneficial effect of GT at 12 h after initiation of treatment. None of the studies evaluated the effect of GT on the primary outcome measures for this review such as stool output, duration of diarrhea, admission to hospital, duration of hospital stay, and (in children) weight gain after rehydration. Currently, there is no evidence to support the use of GT for treating AGE in children and only sparse evidence to support the use of GT in adults. Further well-designed trials, with sufficient power, adequate follow-up periods, and clinically relevant outcome measures, are needed. These include stool volume, duration of diarrhea, admission to hospital, duration of hospital stay, weight gain after rehydration, and adverse effects.

gastroenteritis in children

'Spreading of Cholera and Gastroenteritis (20-Jul-1991)' from the Parliament Digital Library

'Spreading of Cholera and Gastroenteritis (20-Jul-1991)' from the Parliament Digital Library

Aim: Acute diarrhea in childhood is the second most common cause of high morbidity and mortality and occurs mostly due to viral agents. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of probiotics on the severity and duration of the complaints of children aged between 2 and 5 years who were treated in our clinic with the diagnosis of acute viral gastroenteritis in early childhood morbidity and mortality. Material and Method: Children aged between 2 and 5 years who were hospitalized in the Pediatric Clinic with acute viral gastroenteritis between October 2017 and October 2018 were included in the study. The patients were divided into groups of those taking probiotic treatment (Group 1) and not taking probiotic treatment (Group 2). Results: Total of 316 stool samples were examined and viral agents were determined in 125 patients (39.55%). Discussion: Especially in the treatment of diarrhea related to viral gastroenteritis, it was found that probiotics could reduce the mean duration of diarrhea until one day independently of the strain and also significantly decrease the number of watery diarrhea.

This article is from Epidemiology and Infection , volume 141 . Abstract Non-typhoidal Salmonella are an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged 2 children (cases 20·8%, controls 10·2%; OR 2·32, 95% CI 1·2–4·7). Our findings indicate that Salmonella are an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting and we suggest that transmission may occur through direct human contact in the home.

This article is from Epidemiology and Infection , volume 141 . Abstract Non-typhoidal Salmonella are an important but poorly characterized cause of paediatric diarrhoea in developing countries. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in children aged 2 children (cases 20·8%, controls 10·2%; OR 2·32, 95% CI 1·2–4·7). Our findings indicate that Salmonella are an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting and we suggest that transmission may occur through direct human contact in the home.

This article is from Trials , volume 15 . Abstract Background: The burden of acute gastroenteritis on children and their families continues to be enormous. Probiotics, defined as viable microbial preparations that have a beneficial effect on the health of the host, represent a rapidly expanding field. Although clinical trials in children with gastroenteritis have been performed, most have significant flaws, and guidelines do not consistently endorse their use. Methods/Design: PROGUT is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, five-center, Canadian, emergency department trial. Children aged 3 months to 48 months who present between November 2013 and June 2017 with