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This paper develops the basic sets of equations which lead to the conservation laws describing collisionless plasma shock waves. We discuss the evolution of shock waves by wave steepening, derive the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions for magnetogasdynamic shocks, discuss various analytical models of shock formation, and discuss the basic instabilities which may become important in collisionless shock physics. We then present a survey of the theory of anomalous resistivity in the quasilinear limit and beyond and discuss mechanisms of shock particle reflection as far as they have been investigated in the published literature. The content of the chapter is the following: 1. Wave steepening, describing simple waves and steepening due to nonlinearity, balnced by dissipation in Burgers' shocks, by dispersive effects in the Korteweg-de Vries equation, the Sagdeev-Potential method, 2. Basic equations, presenting kinetic theory and the transition to moment equations in the fluid description, 3. Rankine-Hugoniot relations, giving the jump conditions across shocks, explicit MHD solution for perpendicular shocks and parallel shocks, and high Mach number conditions, 4. Waves and instabilities, giving the general dispersion relation, describing low-$\beta$-shocks, whistler and Alfv\'en shocks, the various shock-relevant instabilities, 5. Anomalous transport for the various electrostatic wave-particle interactions, general description of anomalous resistivity, shock particle reflection from potential and specularly, hole formation, 6. Briefing on numerical simulation techniques, giving a short idea on this important field and its methods.

The Scientific Medical Effects of Ionizing Radiation Course, conducted once a year, focuses on the latest research about the medical effects of ionizing radiation to help clinicians, health physicists, and medical planners preserve troop health in the face of radiological/nuclear terrorism or warfare. These briefing charts define ionizing radiation, describe sources of ionizing radiation, describe interaction of ionizing radiation with matter at microscopic level, and describe interaction of ionizing radiation with matter at macroscopic level.

The theory and simulations of quasi-perpendicular and strictly perpendicular collisionless shocks are reviewed. The text is structured into the following sections and subsections: 1. Setting the frame, where the quasi-perpendicular shock problem is formulated, reflected particle dynamics is described in theoretical terms, foot formation and foot ion acceleration discussed, and the shock potential explained. 2. Shock structure, 3. Ion dynamics, describing its role in shock reformation and the various ion-excited instabilities. 4. Electron dynamics, describing electron instabilities in the foot; 5. The problem of stationarity, posing the theoretical reasons for shocks being non-stationary, discussing nonlinear whistler mediated variability, two-stream and modified two-stream variability, formation of ripples in two-dimensions, 6. Summary and conclusions: The possibility of shock breaking.

1. Introduction, 2. The (quasi-parallel) foreshock; Ion foreshock, Ion foreshock boundary region; Diffuse ions;Low-frequency upstream waves; Ion beam waves; The expected wave modes; Observations; Diffuse ion waves; Electron foreshock; Electron beams; Langmuir waves; stability of the electron beam; Electron foreshock boundary waves; Nature of electron foreshock waves; Radiation; Observations; Interpretation; 3. Quasi-parallel shock reformation; Low-Mach number quasi-parallel shocks; Turbulent reformation; Observations; Simulations of quasi-parallel shock reformation; Hybrid simulations in 1D; Hybrid simulations in 2D; Full particle PIC simulations; Conclusions; 4. Hot flow anomalies; Observations; Models and simulations; Solitary shock; 5. Downstream region; 6. Summary and conclusions.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

In this lecture we review some of the basic properties of neutrinos, in particular their mass and the oscillation behavior. First we discuss how to describe the neutrino mass. Then, under the assumption that neutrinos are massive and mixed, the fundamentals of the neutrino oscillations are discussed with emphasis on subtle aspects which have been overlooked in the past. We then review the terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments in the framework of three generations of neutrinos with the standard mass hierarchy. Finally, a brief summary of the current status of the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems will be given.

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Open Yale Courses: Fundamentals of Physics I

PHYSICS TEXTBOOK

PHYSICS TEXTBOOK

PHYSICS TEXTBOOK

physics book

x, 593 pages 25 cm

x, 593 pages 25 cm

This book deals with the basic concepts of physics at the high-school level. In addition to the traditional topics covered in such courses, it also includes sections on modern physics—such as astrophysics, plasma physics, and physical hydrodynamics. A distinguishing feature of the book is that the laws of macrophysics are derived through an analysis of phenomena associated with particles and fields. Although this is not a textbook on physics in the strict sense—being intended more as a helpbook—it should not be regarded as light reading. It demands considerable thought, analysis, and, at times, computations from the reader. The mathematical content has been deliberately kept at a modest level, with an emphasis on clearly explaining the physical principles underlying the phenomena. Where mathematical descriptions are unavoidable, suitable background information is provided for readers not familiar with advanced mathematical analysis. This book is intended for a wide audience and may also serve as a teach-yourself resource. Translated from Russian by R.S. Wadhwa Contents Preface 5  To the Reader 7 Chapter 1. Unity of Nature 16 1.1. Hierarchy of Natural Objects 16  1.1.1. Elementary Particles 16  1.1.2. Nuclei 20 1.1.3. Atoms and Molecules 21  1.1.4. Macroscopic Bodies 22  1.1.5. Planets 23  1.1.6. Stars. Galaxies. Universe 25 1.2. Four Types of Fundamental Interactions 26  1.2.1. Bound Systems of Objects. Interactions 26  1.2.2. Gravitational Interactions 26  1.2.3. Electromagnetic Interactions 27  1.2.4. Strong (Nuclear) Interactions 27  1.2.5. Weak Interactions 27  1.2.6. Comparative Estimates for the Inten­sity of All Types of Interactions 29 1.2.7. Fields and Matter 29  1.3. Space and Time 30  1.3.1. Scales of Space and Time in Nature 30  1.3.2. Homogeneity of Space and Time 31  1.3.3. Free Bodies and Inertial Motion 31 1.3.4. Inertial Reference Frames. The Relativ­ity Principle 32 Chapter 2. Mechanics of a Material Particle 34 2.1. Coordinates, Velocity, Acceleration 34  2.2. Galilean Transformations 35 2.2.1. Absolute Nature of Dimensions and Time Intervals 36 2.2.2. Relative Nature of Velocities and the Law of Their Transformation 37  2.2.3. Absolute Nature of Accelerations 37 2.3. Law of Motion in Mechanics 37 2.4. Motion of a Material Particle in a Gravitation­al Field 39 2.5. Momentum. Law of Momentum Conservation 42 2.6. Law of Energy Conservation. Applications and Universal Nature of ConservationLaws 43 2.6.1. Law of Energy Conservation 43 2.6.2. Applications of Conservation Laws 46 2.6.3. Universal Nature of Conservation Laws. Angular Momentum 52 2.7. Ultimate Velocity. Mechanics of High-Energy Particles 54 2.7.1. Experiments on Accelerators and Ulti­mate Velocity 54 2.7.2. Lorentz Transformations 55 2.7.3. Relativistic Energy and Momentum 58 2.7.4. Role of Relativistic Constant c in Phys­ics 61 Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Field 63 3.1. Electric Charge 63 3.2. Method of Field Investigation 64 3.2.1. Equation of Motion of a Charge in a Field 64 3.2.2. Laws of Field Transformation 64 3.3. Laws of Electromagnetic Field 66 3.3.1. New Objects and New Mathematics 66 3.3.2. First Field Equation. Relation Between Electric Field and Electric Charge 67 3.3.3. Second Field Equation. Absence of Magnetic Charges 68 3.3.4. Third Field Equation. Relation Be­ tween Current and “Something” with a Vortex Magnetic Field 68 3.3.5. Fourth Field Equation. Relation Be­tween a Varying Magnetic Field and a Vortex Electric Field 71 3.3.6. Additional Analysis of the Third Field Equation. Relation Between a Varying Electric Field and a Vortex Magnetic Field 72 3.3.7. Maxwell's Field Equations 73 3.4. Constant Electric Field 74 3.4.1. Field of a Stationary Point Charge 74 3.4.2. Field of Charges Distributed over a Sphere, Line or Plane Surface 74 3.4.3. Electrostatic Energy of Charges. Field Potential 77 3.4.4. Field of a Dipole. Charge-Dipole and Dipole-Dipole Interactions 80 3.5. Constant Magnetic Field 82 3.5.1. Magnetic Field of a Direct Current 82 3.5.2. Magnetic Field of a Current Surface 82 3.5.3. Magnetic Moment and Its Relation with Mechanical (Angular) Momentum 83 3.6. Motion of Charges in a Field 85  3.6.1. Motion of a Charge in a Constant Uni­form Electric Field 85  3.6.2. Motion of a Charge in a Constant Uni­form Magnetic Field 86  3.6.3. Motion of a Charge in a Coulomb Field 86 3.7. Fields of Moving Charges. Emission 91  3.7.1. Field of a Uniformly Moving Charge 91  3.7.2. Emission by a Charge Moving with an Acceleration 95  3.7.3. Emission by a Charge Moving Uniformly in a Circle 98 3.8. Electromagnetic Waves 100  3.8.1. Some Properties of Radiation Fields 100  3.8.2. Travelling Waves 100  3.8.3. Emission of Electromagnetic Waves by Oscillating Charges. Energy and Mo­mentum of Waves 102  3.8.4. Free Oscillations of a Field. Standing Waves 104 3.9. Propagation of Light 106  3.9.1. Interference of Electromagnetic Waves 106  3.9.2. Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves 107  3.9.3. Geometrical Optics 109 Chapter 4. Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechan­ics 4.1. Planetary Model of Atom 110  4.2. Experiments on Diffraction of Particles 110  4.3. The Uncertainty Relation 115 4.4. Probability Waves 117  4.4.1. Complex Numbers. Euler's Formula 118 4.4.2. Complex Probability Waves. The Superposition Principle 119 4.4.3. Limiting Transition to Classical Me­chanics 121 4.5. Electron in an Atom 123 4.5.1. Energy and Its Quantization 123 4.5.2. Angular Momentum and Its Quanti­zation 128 4.5.3. Probability Amplitudes and Quan­tum Numbers 130 4.6. Many-Electron Atom 132  4.6.1. Spin of an Electron 132 4.6.2. Systems of Identical Particles. Quan­tum Statistics 134  4.6.3. Atomic Quantum States 137 4.7. Quantization of Atomic Radiation 139  4.7.1. Quantum Transitions. Line Spectra 139 4.7.2. Photon. The Concept of Parity. Selec­tion Rules 140 4.8. Photon-Electron Interaction. The Photoelec­tric Effect. The Compton Effect 146 4.9. Simultaneous Measurement of Quantities and the Concept of the Complete Set of Meas­urable Quantities 150  4.10. Molecules 151   Chapter 5. Macroscopic Bodies as Aggregates of Particles. Thermal Phenomena 155 5.1. The Basic Problem of Statistical Physics 155  5.2. Macroscopic Quantities. Fluctuations 157 5.3. Statistical Analysis of the Gas Model 159 5.3.1. Computer Experiments 159  5.3.2. Reversibility of Microscopic Processes in Time and Irreversibility of Macro­scopic Processes 160 5.4. Entropy 161 5.5. Temperature 162  5.6. Equilibrium Distribution of Particles in a Body 167  5.7. Thermodynamic Relations 172 5.8. Ideal Gas 176 5.8.1. Matter and Its States 176  5.8.2. Classical and Quantum Ideal Gases 176  5.8.3. Equation of State for an Ideal Gas 178  5.8.4. Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas 181  5.8.5. Reversible Thermal Processes 184 5.9. Statistics and Thermodynamics of Radiation 188 5.10. Crystals 194  5.10.1. Crystal Lattice 194  5.10.2. Types of Lattice Bonds 195  5.10.3. Mechanical Properties of Crystals 196  5.10.4. Electron Energy Spectra of Crystals 204  5.10.5. Lattice Heat Capacity 206  5.10.6. Electron Gas in Metals 213 5.11. Phase Transitions 218 Chapter 6. Macroscopic Motion of Media. non­ Equilibrium Processes 225 6.1. Nonequilibrium States of Bodies 225  6.2. Macroscopic Motion 226 6.3. Equations of Hydrodynamics of an Ideal Liquid 228  6.3.1. Matter Conservation Law in Hydrody­namics 228  6.3.2. Equation of Motion in Hydrodynamics 231 6.4. Hydrodynamic Analysis of Problems on Viscous Flow, Heat Conduction, and Diffusion 233  6.4.1. Viscosity 233  6.4.2. Flow of a Viscous Liquid Through a Tube 235  6.4.3. Heat Conduction 237 6.4.4. Heat Transfer Between Two Walls 238  6.4.5. Diffusion. Dissolution of a Solid in a Liquid 240 6.5. Kinetic Coefficients in Gases and Their Connec­tion with the Molecular Parameters 242  6.5.1. The Concept of Mean Free Path of Molecules 243 6.5.2. Molecular Treatment of the Diffusion Process 246  6.5.3. Diffusion as a Random Motion of Par­ticles 248  6.5.4. Relations Between Kinetic Coefficients 251 6.6. Resistance to the Motion of Solids in a Liquid 252 6.6.1. Similitude Method. The Reynolds Num­ber 252  6.6.2. Drag at Low Velocities 254  6.6.3. Drag at High (Subsonic) Velocities 257 6.7. Instabilities in Hydrodynamics 259 6 7.1. Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flows 259  6.7.2. Boundary Layer 260 6.7.3. Turbulent Viscosity and Thermal Diffusivity 262 6.7.4. Transition from Molecular to Convective Heat Transfer. Solar Granulation 263 6.8. Oscillations and Waves in a Liquid 266  6.8.1. Various Forms of Wave Motion 266  6.8.2. Wave Characteristics 267  6.8.3. Linear and Nonlinear Waves 269  6.8.4. Solitons and Other Nonlinear Effects 269  6.8.5. Highly Perturbed Media 270 6.8.6. Oscillations of a Charged Drop and the Fission of Heavy Nuclei 271 6.9. Macroscopic Motion of Compressible Media 274 6.9.1. Generalized Form of the Bernoulli Equa­tion 274 6.9.2. Compressibility Criterion for a Medium and the Velocity of Sound 275 6.9.3. Flow in a Tube with a Varying Cross Section 276  6.9.4. Laval Nozzle 277 6.10. Shock Waves 278 6.10.1. Propagation of Perturbations in a Com­pressible Gas Flow 278  6.10.2. General Relations for a Shock Wave 281  6.10.3. Shock Waves in an Ideal Gas 285 6.10.4. The Problem on a High-Intensity Explo­sion in the Atmosphere 289 6.11. Hydrodynamic Cumulative Effects 290  6.11.1. Cumulative Jets 291  6.11.2. Bubble Collapse in a Liquid 296 6.11.3. Converging Spherical and Cylindrical Shock Waves 297 6.11.4. The Role of Instabilities in Suppress­ing Cumulation 297 6.11.5. Emergence of a Shock Wave on the Surface of a Star 298 6.12. Cavitation in a Liquid 299  6.13. Highly Rarefied Gases 301  6.14. Macroscopic Quantum Effects in a Liquid 304  6.15. Generalizations of Hydrodynamics 307   Chapter 7. Electromagnetic Fields in Media. Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Substances 309   7.1. Superconductivity 309  7.2. Electrical Conductivity of Metals 310  7.3. Direct Current 315 7.4. Dielectric Conductance 319  7.4.1. Electrons and Holes. Exciton States 319  7.4.2. Semiconductors 320 7.5. Electric Fields in Matter 322  7.5.1. Field Fluctuations in a Substance 322 7.5.2. Electrostatic Fields in Metals 324 7.5.3. Electrostatic Fields in Insulators. Polar­ization of a Substance 325   7.6. A Substance in a Magnetic Field 330 7.6.1. Diamagnetic Effect 330 7.6.2. Paramagnets. Orientation Magnetization 333  7.6.3. Spontaneous Magnetization. Ferromag­netism 335  7.6.4. Magnetic Properties of Superconductors. Quantization of Large-Scale Magnetic Flux 338 7.7. Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves in a Medium. Optical Properties of Media 342  7.7.1. A.C. Fields and a Substance 342  7.7.2. Induced EMF 343  7.7.3. A.C. Circuits. Solutions of Differential Equations 344  7.7.4. Generation of Electromagnetic Waves 353  7.7.5. Some Laws of Optics and the Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Medium. Reflection and Refrac­tion of Waves 355 7.7.6. Refractive Index of Insulators. Disper­sion and Absorption of Light 361 7.7.7. Refractive Index of Metals. Skin Effect. Transparency of Metals to Hard Radia­tion 364 7.7.8. Nonlinear Optics Effects 365  7.7.9. Lasers 369 CHAPTER 8. PLASMA 373 8.1. General Remarks 373 8.2. Quantum Effects in Plasma. Tunneling of Nuclei Through a Potential Barrier 374  8.3. Relativistic Effects in Plasma. Mass Defect in Nuclear Fusion and Energy Liberated in the Process 379  8.4. Plasma Statistics. Equation of State for Plas­ma. Thermal Radiation of Plasma 380  8.5. Plasma Kinetics. Mobility of Ions and Its Relation with Diffusion. Electrical Conductivity of Plasma 384  8.6. Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Instabili­ties. Tokamaks 385  8.7. Oscillations and Waves in Plasma. Propagation of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere 388 CHAPTER 9. STELLAR AND PRESTELLAR STATES OF MATTER 392 9.1. State of Matter at Ultrahigh Temperatures and Densities 392 9.2. Stars as Gaseous Spheres 394 9.2.1. Calculation of Pressure and Temperature at the Centre of a Star 394 9.2.2. Temperature of the Surface and the Total Emissive Power of aStar 396  9.2.3. Energy Transfer in Stars 396 9.3. Sources of Stellar Energy 397 9.3.1. Analysis of Possible Sources of Stellar Energy 397 9.3.2. Nuclear Reactions of the Proton-Proton Cycle 399 9.4. White Dwarfs 401 9.4.1. Possible Evolution of Stars of the Type of the Sun 401  9.4.2. Density and Size of White Dwarfs 401  9.4.3. Limiting Mass of WhiteDwarfs 403 9.5. Superdense Neutron Stars 404  9.5.1. Size of Neutron Stars 404 9.5.2. Rotation and Magnetic Fields of Neutron Stars 405  9.5.3. Radio Emission by Pulsars 406  9.5.4. Internal Structure of Neutron Stars 406 9.5.5. Gravitational Effects in the Vicinity of a Neutron Star 409 9.6. Gravitation and Relativity 411 9.6.1. Equivalence Principle 411 9.6.2. Geometry and Time in Non-inertial Ref­erence Frames 412  9.6.3. Einstein's Equations 413 9.7.Expansion of the Universe 413  9.7.1. Friedman's Cosmological Solutions 413  9.7.2. Discovery of "Expansion" of the Uni­verse 415  9.7.3. Critical Density 416 9.8. Hot Universe 418 9.8.1. Discovery of Background Thermal Ra­diation 418 9.8.2. Charge-Asymmetric Model of Early Universe 419  9.8.3. Change in Density and Temperature of Prestellar Matter in the Process of Cosmological Expansion 421  9.8.4. State of Aggregation at Early Stages of Evolution of Hot Universe 422 9.9. Fusion of Elements in Stars 425 Concluding Remarks 432  Appendices 433  Subject Index 447

This presentation shows results from an initial study of the fundamental physics of ice-crystal ice accretion using the NASA Propulsion Systems Lab (PSL). Ice accretion due to the ingestion of ice-crystals is being attributed to numerous jet-engine power-loss events. The NASA PSL is an altitude jet-engine test facility which has recently added a capability to inject ice particles into the flow. NASA is evaluating whether this facility, in addition to full-engine and motor-driven-rig tests, can be used for more fundamental ice-accretion studies that simulate the different mixed-phase icing conditions along the core flow passage of a turbo-fan engine compressor. The data from such fundamental accretion tests will be used to help develop and validate models of the accretion process. The present study utilized a NACA0012 airfoil. The mixed-phase conditions were generated by partially freezing the liquid-water droplets ejected from the spray bars. This presentation shows data regarding (1) the freeze out characteristics of the cloud, (2) changes in aerothermal conditions due to the presence of the cloud, and (3) the ice accretion characteristics observed on the airfoil model. The primary variable in this test was the PSL plenum humidity which was systematically varied for two duct-exit-plane velocities (85 and 135 ms) as well as two particle size clouds (15 and 50 m MVDi). The observed clouds ranged from fully glaciated to fully liquid, where the liquid clouds were at least partially supercooled. The air total temperature decreased at the test section when the cloud was activated due to evaporation. The ice accretions observed ranged from sharp arrow-like accretions, characteristic of ice-crystal erosion, to cases with double-horn shapes, characteristic of supercooled water accretions.

We start by reviewing some interesting results in mesoscopic physics illustrating nontrivial insights on Quantum Mechanics. We then review the general principles of dephasing (sometimes called "decoherence") of Quantum-Mechanical interference by coupling to the environment degrees of freedom. A particular recent example of dephasing by a current-carrying (nonequilibrium) system is then discussed in some detail. This system is itself a manifestly Quantum Mechanical one and this is another illustration of detection without the need for "classical observers" etc. We conclude by describing briefly a recent problem having to do with the orbital magnetic response of conduction electrons (another manifestly Quantum Mechanical property): The magnetic response of a normal layer (N) coating a superconducting cylinder (S). Some recent very intriguing experimental results on a giant paramagnetic component of this response are explained using special states in the normal layer. It is hoped that these discussions illustrate not only the vitality and interest of mesoscopic physics\cite{book} but also its extreme relevance to fundamental issues in Quantum Mechanics.

We start by reviewing some interesting results in mesoscopic physics illustrating nontrivial insights on Quantum Mechanics. We then review the general principles of dephasing (sometimes called "decoherence") of Quantum-Mechanical interference by coupling to the environment degrees of freedom. A particular recent example of dephasing by a current-carrying (nonequilibrium) system is then discussed in some detail. This system is itself a manifestly Quantum Mechanical one and this is another illustration of detection without the need for "classical observers" etc. We conclude by describing briefly a recent problem having to do with the orbital magnetic response of conduction electrons (another manifestly Quantum Mechanical property): The magnetic response of a normal layer (N) coating a superconducting cylinder (S). Some recent very intriguing experimental results on a giant paramagnetic component of this response are explained using special states in the normal layer. It is hoped that these discussions illustrate not only the vitality and interest of mesoscopic physics\cite{book} but also its extreme relevance to fundamental issues in Quantum Mechanics.

We start by reviewing some interesting results in mesoscopic physics illustrating nontrivial insights on Quantum Mechanics. We then review the general principles of dephasing (sometimes called "decoherence") of Quantum-Mechanical interference by coupling to the environment degrees of freedom. A particular recent example of dephasing by a current-carrying (nonequilibrium) system is then discussed in some detail. This system is itself a manifestly Quantum Mechanical one and this is another illustration of detection without the need for "classical observers" etc. We conclude by describing briefly a recent problem having to do with the orbital magnetic response of conduction electrons (another manifestly Quantum Mechanical property): The magnetic response of a normal layer (N) coating a superconducting cylinder (S). Some recent very intriguing experimental results on a giant paramagnetic component of this response are explained using special states in the normal layer. It is hoped that these discussions illustrate not only the vitality and interest of mesoscopic physics\cite{book} but also its extreme relevance to fundamental issues in Quantum Mechanics.

We start by reviewing some interesting results in mesoscopic physics illustrating nontrivial insights on Quantum Mechanics. We then review the general principles of dephasing (sometimes called "decoherence") of Quantum-Mechanical interference by coupling to the environment degrees of freedom. A particular recent example of dephasing by a current-carrying (nonequilibrium) system is then discussed in some detail. This system is itself a manifestly Quantum Mechanical one and this is another illustration of detection without the need for "classical observers" etc. We conclude by describing briefly a recent problem having to do with the orbital magnetic response of conduction electrons (another manifestly Quantum Mechanical property): The magnetic response of a normal layer (N) coating a superconducting cylinder (S). Some recent very intriguing experimental results on a giant paramagnetic component of this response are explained using special states in the normal layer. It is hoped that these discussions illustrate not only the vitality and interest of mesoscopic physics\cite{book} but also its extreme relevance to fundamental issues in Quantum Mechanics.

We start by reviewing some interesting results in mesoscopic physics illustrating nontrivial insights on Quantum Mechanics. We then review the general principles of dephasing (sometimes called "decoherence") of Quantum-Mechanical interference by coupling to the environment degrees of freedom. A particular recent example of dephasing by a current-carrying (nonequilibrium) system is then discussed in some detail. This system is itself a manifestly Quantum Mechanical one and this is another illustration of detection without the need for "classical observers" etc. We conclude by describing briefly a recent problem having to do with the orbital magnetic response of conduction electrons (another manifestly Quantum Mechanical property): The magnetic response of a normal layer (N) coating a superconducting cylinder (S). Some recent very intriguing experimental results on a giant paramagnetic component of this response are explained using special states in the normal layer. It is hoped that these discussions illustrate not only the vitality and interest of mesoscopic physics\cite{book} but also its extreme relevance to fundamental issues in Quantum Mechanics.

The 10th edition of Halliday, Resnick and Walkers  Fundamentals of Physics  provides the perfect solution for teaching a 2 or 3 semester calculus-based physics course, providing instructors with a tool by which they can teach students how to effectively read scientific material, identify fundamental concepts, reason through scientific questions, and solve quantitative problems. The 10th edition builds upon previous editions by offering new features designed to better engage students and support critical thinking. These include NEW Video Illustrations that bring the subject matter to life, NEW Vector Drawing Questions that test students conceptual understanding, and additional multimedia resources (videos and animations) that provide an alternative pathway through the material for those who struggle with reading scientific exposition.

The 10th edition of Halliday, Resnick and Walkers  Fundamentals of Physics  provides the perfect solution for teaching a 2 or 3 semester calculus-based physics course, providing instructors with a tool by which they can teach students how to effectively read scientific material, identify fundamental concepts, reason through scientific questions, and solve quantitative problems. The 10th edition builds upon previous editions by offering new features designed to better engage students and support critical thinking. These include NEW Video Illustrations that bring the subject matter to life, NEW Vector Drawing Questions that test students conceptual understanding, and additional multimedia resources (videos and animations) that provide an alternative pathway through the material for those who struggle with reading scientific exposition.

Two volume course on fundamental physics

Two volume course on fundamental physics

Fundamentals Of Physics ( David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker) 

Fundamentals of Physics Halliday & Resnick 10th edition

Fundamentals of Physics Halliday & Resnick 10th edition

Instructor solutions manual for Fundamentals of Physics, 10th Edition by Jearl Walker, David Halliday, and Robert Resnick, published by Wiley. Solutions and explanations are present for all problems in the original textbook

Indoctrination document presents nuclear, reactor, and atomic physics in an easy, straightforward manner. The entire subject of nuclear physics including atomic structure ionization, isotopes, radioactivity, and reactor dynamics is discussed.

Includes index

593

146 p. 22 cm

The problem of collisionless shocks is posed as the problem of understanding how in a completely collisionless streaming high-temperature plasma shocks can develop at all, forming discontinuous transition layers of thickness much less than any collisional mean free path length. The history of shock research is briefly reviewed. It is expressed that collisionless shocks as a realistic possibility of a state of matter have been realized not earlier than roughly half a centruy ago. The basic properties of collisionless shocks are noted in preparing the theory of collisionless shocks and a classification of shocks is given in terms of their physical properties, which is developed in the following chapters. The structure of this chapter is as follows: 1. A cursory historical overview, describing the early history, gasdynamic shocks, the realisation of the existence of collisionless shocks and their investigation over three decades in theory and observation until the numerical simulation age, 2. Posing the shock problem as the question: When are shocks? 3. Types of collisionless shocks, describing electrostatic shocks, magnetized shocks, MHD shocks, shock evolutionarity and coplanarity, switch-on and switch-off shocks, 4. Criticality, describing the transition from subcritical dissipative to supercritical viscose shocks, 5. Remarks.