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We develop a framework for studying variational problems in Banach spaces with respect to gradient relations, which encompasses many of the notions of generalized gradients that appear in the literature. We stress the fact that our approach is not dependent on function spaces and therefore applies equally well to functions on metric spaces as to operator algebras. In particular, we consider analogues of Dirichlet and obstacle problems, as well as first eigenvalue problems, and formulate conditions for the existence of solutions and their uniqueness. Moreover, we investigate to what extent a lattice structure may be introduced on (ordered) Banach spaces via a norm-minimizing variational problem. A multitude of examples is provided to illustrate the versatility of our approach.

We generalize the Gleason-Kahane-\.Zelazko theorem to modules. As an application, we show that every linear functional on a Hardy space that is non-zero on outer functions is a multiple of a point evaluation. A further consequence is that every linear endomorphism of a Hardy space that maps outer functions to nowhere-zero functions is a weighted composition operator. In neither case is continuity assumed. We also consider some extensions to other function spaces, including the Bergman, Dirichlet and Besov spaces, the little Bloch space and VMOA.

In Chapter 4 of [25] Triebel proved two theorems concerning pointwise multipliers and diffeomorphisms in function spaces of Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin type. In each case he presented two approaches, one via atoms and one via local means. While the approach via atoms was very satisfactory concerning the length and simplicity, only the rather technical approach via local means proved the theorems in full generality. In this paper we generalize two extensions of these atomic decompositions, one by Skrzypczak (see [22]) and one by Triebel and Winkelvoss (see [30]) so that we are able to give a short proof using atomic representations getting an even more general result than in the two theorems in [25]. References: [22] L. Skrzypczak. Atomic decompositions on manifolds with bounded geometry. Forum Math., 10(1):19-38, 1998. [25] H. Triebel. Theory of Function Spaces II. Birkh\"auser, Basel, 1992. [30] H. Triebel and H. Winkelvo{\ss}. Intrinsic atomic characterizations of function spaces on domains. Math. Z., 221(1):647-673, 1996.

We prove a generalized implicit function theorem for Banach spaces, without the usual assumption that the subspaces involved being complemented. Then we apply it to the problem of parametrization of fibers of differentiable maps, the Lie subgroup problem for Banach-Lie groups, as well as Weil's local rigidity for homomorphisms from finitely generated groups to Banach-Lie groups.

Lusin Area Function and Molecular Characterizations of Musielak-Orlicz Hardy Spaces and Their ApplicationsLet $\varphi: \mathbb R^n\times [0,\infty)\to[0,\infty)$ be a growth function such that $\varphi(x,\cdot)$ is nondecreasing, $\varphi(x,0)=0$, $\varphi(x,t)>0$ when $t>0$, $\lim_{t\to\infty}\varphi(x,t)=\infty$, and $\varphi(\cdot,t)$ is a Muckenhoupt $A_\infty(\mathbb{R}^n)$ weight uniformly in $t$. In this paper, the authors establish the Lusin area function and the molecular characterizations of the Musielak-Orlicz Hardy space $H_\varphi(\mathbb{R}^n)$ introduced by Luong Dang Ky via the grand maximal function. As an application, the authors obtain the $\varphi$-Carleson measure characterization of the Musielak-Orlicz ${\mathop\mathrm{BMO}}$-type space $\mathop\mathrm{BMO}_{\varphi}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, which was proved to be the dual space of $H_\varphi(\mathbb{R}^n)$ by Luong Dang Ky.

We study conical square function estimates for Banach-valued functions, and introduce a vector-valued analogue of the Coifman-Meyer-Stein tent spaces. Following recent work of Auscher-McIntosh-Russ, the tent spaces in turn are used to construct a scale of vector-valued Hardy spaces associated with a given bisectorial operator (A) with certain off-diagonal bounds, such that (A) always has a bounded (H^{\infty})-functional calculus on these spaces. This provides a new way of proving functional calculus of (A) on the Bochner spaces (L^p(\R^n;X)) by checking appropriate conical square function estimates, and also a conical analogue of Bourgain's extension of the Littlewood-Paley theory to the UMD-valued context. Even when (X=\C), our approach gives refined (p)-dependent versions of known results.

Let ${\mathcal X}$ be an RD-space with $\mu({\mathcal X})=\infty$, which means that ${\mathcal X}$ is a space of homogeneous type in the sense of Coifman and Weiss and its measure has the reverse doubling property. In this paper, we characterize the atomic Hardy spaces $H^p_{\rm at}(\{\mathcal X})$ of Coifman and Weiss for $p\in(n/(n+1),1]$ via the radial maximal function, where $n$ is the "dimension" of ${\mathcal X}$, and the range of index $p$ is the best possible. This completely answers the question proposed by Ronald R. Coifman and Guido Weiss in 1977 in this setting, and improves on a deep result of Uchiyama in 1980 on an Ahlfors 1-regular space and a recent result of Loukas Grafakos et al in this setting. Moreover, we obtain a maximal function theory of localized Hardy spaces in the sense of Goldberg on RD-spaces by generalizing the above result to localized Hardy spaces and establishing the links between Hardy spaces and localized Hardy spaces. These results have a wide range of applications. In particular, we characterize the Hardy spaces $H^p_{\rm at}(M)$ via the radial maximal function generated by the heat kernel of the Laplace-Beltrami operator $\Delta$ on complete noncompact connected manifolds $M$ having a doubling property and supporting a scaled Poincar\'e inequality for all $p\in(n/(n+\alpha),1]$, where $\alpha$ represents the regularity of the heat kernel. This extends some recent results of Russ and Auscher-McIntosh-Russ.

We prove that if the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on a separable Banach function space $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and on its associate space $X'(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a maximally modulated Calder\'on-Zygmund singular integral operator $T^\Phi$ is of weak type $(r,r)$ for all $r\in(1,\infty)$, then $T^\Phi$ extends to a bounded operator on $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$. This theorem implies the boundedness of the maximally modulated Hilbert transform on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ under natural assumptions on the variable exponent $p:\mathbb{R}\to(1,\infty)$. Applications of the above result to the boundedness and compactness of pseudodifferential operators with $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$-symbols on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ are considered. Here the Banach algebra $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$ consists of all bounded measurable $V(\mathbb{R})$-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ where $V(\mathbb{R})$ is the Banach algebra of all functions of bounded total variation.

We prove that if the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on a separable Banach function space $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and on its associate space $X'(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a maximally modulated Calder\'on-Zygmund singular integral operator $T^\Phi$ is of weak type $(r,r)$ for all $r\in(1,\infty)$, then $T^\Phi$ extends to a bounded operator on $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$. This theorem implies the boundedness of the maximally modulated Hilbert transform on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ under natural assumptions on the variable exponent $p:\mathbb{R}\to(1,\infty)$. Applications of the above result to the boundedness and compactness of pseudodifferential operators with $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$-symbols on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ are considered. Here the Banach algebra $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$ consists of all bounded measurable $V(\mathbb{R})$-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ where $V(\mathbb{R})$ is the Banach algebra of all functions of bounded total variation.

We prove that if the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on a separable Banach function space $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and on its associate space $X'(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a maximally modulated Calder\'on-Zygmund singular integral operator $T^\Phi$ is of weak type $(r,r)$ for all $r\in(1,\infty)$, then $T^\Phi$ extends to a bounded operator on $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$. This theorem implies the boundedness of the maximally modulated Hilbert transform on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ under natural assumptions on the variable exponent $p:\mathbb{R}\to(1,\infty)$. Applications of the above result to the boundedness and compactness of pseudodifferential operators with $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$-symbols on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ are considered. Here the Banach algebra $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$ consists of all bounded measurable $V(\mathbb{R})$-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ where $V(\mathbb{R})$ is the Banach algebra of all functions of bounded total variation.

We prove that if the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on a separable Banach function space $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and on its associate space $X'(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a maximally modulated Calder\'on-Zygmund singular integral operator $T^\Phi$ is of weak type $(r,r)$ for all $r\in(1,\infty)$, then $T^\Phi$ extends to a bounded operator on $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$. This theorem implies the boundedness of the maximally modulated Hilbert transform on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ under natural assumptions on the variable exponent $p:\mathbb{R}\to(1,\infty)$. Applications of the above result to the boundedness and compactness of pseudodifferential operators with $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$-symbols on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ are considered. Here the Banach algebra $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$ consists of all bounded measurable $V(\mathbb{R})$-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ where $V(\mathbb{R})$ is the Banach algebra of all functions of bounded total variation.

We prove that if the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator is bounded on a separable Banach function space $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and on its associate space $X'(\mathbb{R}^n)$ and a maximally modulated Calder\'on-Zygmund singular integral operator $T^\Phi$ is of weak type $(r,r)$ for all $r\in(1,\infty)$, then $T^\Phi$ extends to a bounded operator on $X(\mathbb{R}^n)$. This theorem implies the boundedness of the maximally modulated Hilbert transform on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ under natural assumptions on the variable exponent $p:\mathbb{R}\to(1,\infty)$. Applications of the above result to the boundedness and compactness of pseudodifferential operators with $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$-symbols on variable Lebesgue spaces $L^{p(\cdot)}(\mathbb{R})$ are considered. Here the Banach algebra $L^\infty(\mathbb{R},V(\mathbb{R}))$ consists of all bounded measurable $V(\mathbb{R})$-valued functions on $\mathbb{R}$ where $V(\mathbb{R})$ is the Banach algebra of all functions of bounded total variation.