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A fast experimental protocol was established for the simultaneous determination of methane, ethane, propane, and butane in nitrogen from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. The method is based on correlations established between known gas compositions and their FT-IR spectra. The spectra were collected in the region of 4,000 to 400/cm through KBr windows in a 100-mm pathlength gas sample cell operating at 100, 300, 500, 700, and 1,000 mm Hg pressure. Correlation between blending partial pressure or GC-based analysis and FT-IR data produced squared correlation coefficients (R2) in excess of 0.98. Total required analytical time is less than 2 minutes. jg p3

We report the performance of a silicon wafer beamsplitter for use for low $\Delta\nu>0.3 cm^{-1}$ resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy at far infrared frequencies. We characterize the Si beamsplitter by comparing throughput spectra measured with it to those measured with the standard Mylar beamsplitters commonly used in that range. We find that the throughput of the silicon beamsplitter is substantially greater than that of the Mylar beamsplitters over most of the IR spectrum, and that they are comparable in some limited ranges. The 2 mm silicon beamsplitter has an etalon spacing of about 0.7 cm^{-1}, which interferes with its use for $0.1 cm^{-1}

The thermo-oxidation of unfilled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The process was found to follow an auto-oxidative reaction sequence, where formation of alkyl and peroxy radicals is the initial step. It was also determined that only the butadiene portion of the copolymer was oxidized, no oxidation of the styrene portion could be detected. The DSC results yielded enthalpies in the range of 90 to 180 J/g with an activation energy of 35.0 kcal/mole.

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR-PAS) has been used to examine surfaces of composite solid propellants. Depletion of crystalline energetic material from extruded surfaces and of plasticizer from aged surfaces has been documented. In addition, a method has been developed to determine the mass per unit area of graphite on coated propellant surfaces.

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The rapid thermal decomposition characteristics of alkylammonium nitrate salts in which the alkyl group is a hydrocarbon cage are described. Cubylammonium nitrate, cubane-1, 4-diammonium dinitrate, and penta undecane-4- exo-e-endo diammonium dinitrate were studied. Comparisons are made to the behavior of other alkylammonium nitrate salts upon fast thermolysis. Keywords: Energetic materials, Rapid scan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermal decomposition.

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This article is from Scientific Reports , volume 3 . Abstract The volatile compounds from fruits vary based on the spoilage stage. We used FTIR spectroscopy to analyze and to attempt to identify the spoilage process of strawberries. To enhance the sensitivity of the measuring system, we increased the optical pathlength by using multi-reflecting mirrors. The volatile compounds that were vaporized from strawberries in different spoilage stages were tested. We analyzed the spectra and found that the concentrations of esters, alcohols, ethylene, and similar compounds changed with deterioration. The change patterns of the infrared spectra for the volatiles were further examined using 2D correlation spectroscopy. We analyzed the spectral data using PCA and were able to distinguish the fresh, slightly spoiled strawberries from the seriously spoiled strawberries. This study demonstrates that FTIR is an effective tool for monitoring strawberry spoilage and for providing status alerts.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Gypsum soils are among the most restrictive and widespread substrates for plant life. Plants living on gypsum are classified as gypsophiles (exclusive to gypsum) and gypsovags (non-exclusive to gypsum). The former have been separated into wide and narrow gypsophiles, each with a putative different ecological strategy. Mechanisms displayed by gypsum plants to compete and survive on gypsum are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the main chemical groups in the leaves of plants with different specificity to gypsum soils and to explore the ability of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra analyzed with neural network (NN) modelling to discriminate groups of gypsum plants. Leaf samples of 14 species with different specificity to gypsum soils were analysed with FTIR spectroscopy coupled to neural network (NN) modelling. Spectral data were further related to the N, C, S, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and ash concentrations of samples. The FTIR spectra of the three groups analyzed showed distinct features that enabled their discrimination through NN models. Wide gypsophiles stood out for the strong presence of inorganic compounds in their leaves, particularly gypsum and, in some species, also calcium oxalate crystals. The spectra of gypsovags had less inorganic chemical species, while those of narrow gypsum endemisms had low inorganics but shared with wide gypsophiles the presence of oxalate. Gypsum and calcium oxalate crystals seem to be widespread amongst gypsum specialist plants, possibly as a way to tolerate excess Ca and sulphate. However, other mechanisms such as the accumulation of sulphates in organic molecules are also compatible with plant specialization to gypsum. While gypsovags seem to be stress tolerant plants that tightly regulate the uptake of S and Ca, the ability of narrow gypsum endemisms to accumulate excess Ca as oxalate may indicate their incipient specialization to gypsum.

This article is from Frontiers in Plant Science , volume 5 . Abstract Roots of forest trees are associated with various ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal species that are involved in nutrient exchange between host plant and the soil compartment. The identification of ECM fungi in small environmental samples is difficult. The present study tested the feasibility of attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy followed by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to discriminate in situ collected ECM fungal species. Root tips colonized by distinct ECM fungal species, i.e., Amanita rubescens, Cenococcum geophilum, Lactarius subdulcis, Russula ochroleuca, and Xerocomus pruinatus were collected in mono-specific beech (Fagus sylvatica) and mixed deciduous forests in different geographic areas to investigate the environmental variability of the ECM FTIR signatures. A clear HCA discrimination was obtained for ECM fungal species independent of individual provenance. Environmental variability neither limited the discrimination between fungal species nor provided sufficient resolution to discern species sub-clusters for different sites. However, the de-convoluted FTIR spectra contained site-related spectral information for fungi with wide nutrient ranges, but not for Lactarius subdulcis, a fungus residing only in the litter layer. Specific markers for distinct ECM were identified in spectral regions associated with carbohydrates (i.e., mannans), lipids, and secondary protein structures. The present results support that FTIR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis is a reliable and fast method to identify ECM fungal species in minute environmental samples. Moreover, our data suggest that the FTIR spectral signatures contain information on physiological and functional traits of ECM fungi.

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The hydrogen bonding behavior of segmented polyurethane elastomers and model hard segment compounds has been examined by performing simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. In model hard segments of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) extended with (2,2,3,3-d4) butanediol (BDO), and 2,4-toluenediisocyanate also chain extended with BDO, the spectra show a linear decrease in the apparent degree of hydrogen bonding over most of the temperature range. In the case of MDI-BDO, there is thus no clear correlation between DSC multiple endotherms and the degree of hydrogen bonding. Examination of an elastomer containing 70% bwt. of MDI/BDO hard segment and polyether soft segment however reveals a transition in the degree of hydrogen bonding coincident with an endotherm whose origin has been previously ascribed to the onset of a microphase mixing transition. This result clearly demonstrates that thermally induced morphological changes can affect markedly the hydrogen bonding behavior of polyurethanes. The study also illustrates that chemical changes occur during a typical DSC thermogram. In particular, reversal of the polyurethane reaction equilibrium is evidenced by emergence of an isocyanate absorbance band at high temperatures for all materials.

The hydrogen bonding behavior of segmented polyurethane elastomers and model hard segment compounds has been examined by performing simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. In model hard segments of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) extended with (2,2,3,3-d4) butanediol (BDO), and 2,4-toluenediisocyanate also chain extended with BDO, the spectra show a linear decrease in the apparent degree of hydrogen bonding over most of the temperature range. In the case of MDI-BDO, there is thus no clear correlation between DSC multiple endotherms and the degree of hydrogen bonding. Examination of an elastomer containing 70% bwt. of MDI/BDO hard segment and polyether soft segment however reveals a transition in the degree of hydrogen bonding coincident with an endotherm whose origin has been previously ascribed to the onset of a microphase mixing transition. This result clearly demonstrates that thermally induced morphological changes can affect markedly the hydrogen bonding behavior of polyurethanes. The study also illustrates that chemical changes occur during a typical DSC thermogram. In particular, reversal of the polyurethane reaction equilibrium is evidenced by emergence of an isocyanate absorbance band at high temperatures for all materials.

As part of the Surface Cleanliness Verification project, sponsored by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center conducted an investigation of grazing-angle reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a tool for online cleanliness verification at DOD maintenance and repair facilities. In the project's first year, the feasibility of grazing-angle reflectance FTIR was demonstrated in the laboratory for the detection of organic contaminant residues on reflective surfaces. In Years 2 and 3 this technology was transitioned from the laboratory into a portable field device capable of detecting organic and certain inorganic contaminants on reflective surfaces at very sensitive levels ( 1.0 microgram/sq cm). Examples of DoD applications where surface cleanliness is critical include coating, plating and bonding of aircraft parts; beaming refurbishment; and shipboard surface tile mounting. Visual inspection and water break testing are often inadequate to detect contamination that may cause subsequent bonding or fouling problems if not removed.

As part of the Surface Cleanliness Verification project, sponsored by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center conducted an investigation of grazing-angle reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a tool for online cleanliness verification at DOD maintenance and repair facilities. In the project's first year, the feasibility of grazing-angle reflectance FTIR was demonstrated in the laboratory for the detection of organic contaminant residues on reflective surfaces. In Years 2 and 3 this technology was transitioned from the laboratory into a portable field device capable of detecting organic and certain inorganic contaminants on reflective surfaces at very sensitive levels ( 1.0 microgram/sq cm). Examples of DoD applications where surface cleanliness is critical include coating, plating and bonding of aircraft parts; beaming refurbishment; and shipboard surface tile mounting. Visual inspection and water break testing are often inadequate to detect contamination that may cause subsequent bonding or fouling problems if not removed.

As part of the Surface Cleanliness Verification project, sponsored by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center conducted an investigation of grazing-angle reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a tool for online cleanliness verification at DOD maintenance and repair facilities. In the project's first year, the feasibility of grazing-angle reflectance FTIR was demonstrated in the laboratory for the detection of organic contaminant residues on reflective surfaces. In Years 2 and 3 this technology was transitioned from the laboratory into a portable field device capable of detecting organic and certain inorganic contaminants on reflective surfaces at very sensitive levels ( 1.0 microgram/sq cm). Examples of DoD applications where surface cleanliness is critical include coating, plating and bonding of aircraft parts; beaming refurbishment; and shipboard surface tile mounting. Visual inspection and water break testing are often inadequate to detect contamination that may cause subsequent bonding or fouling problems if not removed.

As part of the Surface Cleanliness Verification project, sponsored by the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center conducted an investigation of grazing-angle reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy as a tool for online cleanliness verification at DOD maintenance and repair facilities. In the project's first year, the feasibility of grazing-angle reflectance FTIR was demonstrated in the laboratory for the detection of organic contaminant residues on reflective surfaces. In Years 2 and 3 this technology was transitioned from the laboratory into a portable field device capable of detecting organic and certain inorganic contaminants on reflective surfaces at very sensitive levels ( 1.0 microgram/sq cm). Examples of DoD applications where surface cleanliness is critical include coating, plating and bonding of aircraft parts; beaming refurbishment; and shipboard surface tile mounting. Visual inspection and water break testing are often inadequate to detect contamination that may cause subsequent bonding or fouling problems if not removed.

Capparis divaricata lam commonly known as caper bush, belonging to genus Capparidaceae, found throughout India. In this study, we determine the phytocomponents in dried leaf and fruit peel extract of Capparis divaricata lam (cappardaecea).The FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectroscopy is an essential tool for determining the composition and structure of organic compounds. The FTIR spectroscopy is an essential tool for profiling biochemical compounds that exist in herbal extraction, FTIR method was selected because it is a very rapid and economic method for the characterizing of a functional group. The dried sample has been taken for the identification of chemical bonds which are present in the plant sample. The FTIR peaks analyzed in leaf shows the OH, CH2, C=C, C-OH, CH3 and CH, bonds while in fruit peel it shows OH, CH2, C=C, C-OH, CH3, CH and C=O bonds. The presence of C=O bond tells us that they are useful in organic synthesis catalysis and as catalyst precursors in homogenous catalysis. The CH3 bonds suggest that the Methyl containing Amino Acid is present. The C-O-H group indicates the presence of Fatty Acids. Silicones and Sulfones the presence of various biological activities and are therapeutic targets. All the identified phytocomponents are having pharmacological activity and absorbance bond shows strong, stretching, symmetric and asymmetric bonds. So Capparis divaricata lam can be considered as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

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Drought isa major constraint in many rainfed areas and affects rice yield. We aimed to characterize the physiological changes in rice in response to drought using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Eighty rice landrace seedlings were subjected to drought in the greenhouse using a PEG 6000. Physiological parameters, including total chlorophyll content, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, and biochemical changes were evaluated. Based on the FTIR results, the landraces were divided into three main groups: tolerant, moderately tolerant, and susceptible. Principal component analysis revealed spectral differences between the control and drought stress treatment groups. Lipid, pectin, and lignin content increased after drought stress. The biochemical components of plants at different drought tolerance levels were also compared. The lipid (CH 2 and CH 3 ), lignin (C=C), pectin (C=O), and protein (C=O, N–H) contents were the highest in the drought-tolerant cultivars, followed by the moderately tolerant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. Cultivar 17 and 49 were the most tolerant, and the functional groups were identified and characterized using FTIR. Overall, these results will be useful in selecting parental cultivars for rice breeding programs.

This standard has been duly incorporated into federal law per the following sections of the Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR § 1065.1010 . This document was posted by Public.Resource.Org, which is not affiliated with nor authorized by the United States government, the State governments, or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). We posted this document in order to allow citizens to read the laws that govern us. By order of the Honorable U.S. Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit in their unanimous opinion of September 12, 2023 in Public.Resource.Org v. ASTM et. al.

This article is from Frontiers in Plant Science , volume 5 . Abstract Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy has been extensively used as a potent, fast and non-destructive procedure for analyzing cell wall architectures, with the capacity to provide abundant information about their polymers, functional groups, and in muro entanglement. In conjunction with multivariate analyses, this method has proved to be a valuable tool for tracking alterations in cell walls. The present review examines recent progress in the use of FT-MIR spectroscopy to monitor cell wall changes occurring in muro as a result of various factors, such as growth and development processes, genetic modifications, exposition or habituation to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and responses to other abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as its biotechnological applications.

This article is from Journal of Ginseng Research , volume 38 . Abstract To determine whether Fourier transform (FT)-IR spectral analysis combined with multivariate analysis of whole-cell extracts from ginseng leaves can be applied as a high-throughput discrimination system of cultivation ages and cultivars, a total of total 480 leaf samples belonging to 12 categories corresponding to four different cultivars (Yunpung, Kumpung, Chunpung, and an open-pollinated variety) and three different cultivation ages (1 yr, 2 yr, and 3 yr) were subjected to FT-IR. The spectral data were analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis. A dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis of the FT-IR spectral data on ginseng leaves showed that leaf samples were initially segregated into three groups in a cultivation age-dependent manner. Then, within the same cultivation age group, leaf samples were clustered into four subgroups in a cultivar-dependent manner. The overall prediction accuracy for discrimination of cultivars and cultivation ages was 94.8% in a cross-validation test. These results clearly show that the FT-IR spectra combined with multivariate analysis from ginseng leaves can be applied as an alternative tool for discriminating of ginseng cultivars and cultivation ages. Therefore, we suggest that this result could be used as a rapid and reliable F1 hybrid seed-screening tool for accelerating the conventional breeding of ginseng.

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This article is from Pharmacognosy Magazine , volume 10 . Abstract Objective:: The main objective of this work is to determine the feasibility of identification of crude and processed Radix Scrophulariae using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy couple with soft independent modeling of class analogy (FT-IR-SIMCA). Materials and Methods:: A total of 50 different crude Radix Scrophulariae was used to product processed ones. The spectra were acquired by FT-IR spectroscopy using a diffuse reflectance fiber optic probe. For the multivariate analysis, SIMCA was used. Results showed that FT-IR-SIMCA was useful to discriminate the processed Radix Scrophulariae samples from crude samples. These samples could be successfully classified by SIMCA. Results:: In all cases, the recognition and rejection rates were 97.8% and 100%, respectively. When testing with the blind sample that was picked out from the chosen samples, the accuracy was up to 90%. Conclusion:: It means that the methodology is capable of accurately separating processed Radix Scrophulariae from crude samples.

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This article is from Biotechnology for Biofuels , volume 7 . Abstract Background: Oleaginous microorganisms, such as different yeast and algal species, can represent a sustainable alternative to plant oil for the production of biodiesel. They can accumulate fatty acids (FA) up to 70% of their dry weight with a predominance of (mono)unsaturated species, similarly to what plants do, but differently from animals. In addition, their growth is not in competition either with food, feed crops, or with agricultural land.Despite these advantages, the exploitation of the single cell oil system is still at an early developmental stage. Cultivation mode and conditions, as well as lipid extraction technologies, represent the main limitations. The monitoring of lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms is consequently crucial to develop and validate new approaches, but at present the majority of the available techniques is time consuming, invasive and, when relying on lipid extraction, can be affected by FA degradation. Results: In this work the fatty acid accumulation of the oleaginous yeasts Cryptococcus curvatus and Rhodosporidium toruloides and of the non-oleaginous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (as a negative control) was monitored in situ by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Indeed, this spectroscopic tool can provide complementary information to those obtained by classical techniques, such as microscopy, flow cytometry and gas chromatography. As shown in this work, through the analysis of the absorption spectra of intact oleaginous microorganisms it is possible not only to monitor the progression of FA accumulation but also to identify the most represented classes of the produced lipids. Conclusions: Here we propose FTIR microspectroscopy - supported by multivariate analysis - as a fast, reliable and non invasive method to monitor and analyze FA accumulation in intact oleaginous yeasts. The results obtained by the FTIR approach were in agreement with those obtained by the other classical methods like flow cytometry and gas chromatography. Moreover, the possibility to track lipid production in real time is highly desirable to support the initial screening of strains and media as well as to optimize the scaling up experiments, which are essential for a viable and successful development of an industrial production process.

Spatial resolution of most imaging devices is fundamentally restricted by diffraction. This limitation is manifested in the loss of high spatial frequency information contained in evanescent waves. As a result, conventional far-field optics yields no information about an object's subwavelength features. Here we propose a novel approach to recovering evanescent waves in the far field, thereby enabling subwavelength-resolved imaging and spatial spectroscopy. Our approach relies on shifting the frequency and the wave vector of near-field components via scattering on acoustic phonons. This process effectively removes the spatial frequency cut-off for unambiguous far field detection. A straightforward extension of this technique, which we call spatial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, allows to preserve phase information, making it possible to perform 3D subwavelength imaging. We discuss the implementation of such a system in the mid-IR and THz bands, with possible extension to other spectral regions.

Spatial resolution of most imaging devices is fundamentally restricted by diffraction. This limitation is manifested in the loss of high spatial frequency information contained in evanescent waves. As a result, conventional far-field optics yields no information about an object's subwavelength features. Here we propose a novel approach to recovering evanescent waves in the far field, thereby enabling subwavelength-resolved imaging and spatial spectroscopy. Our approach relies on shifting the frequency and the wave vector of near-field components via scattering on acoustic phonons. This process effectively removes the spatial frequency cut-off for unambiguous far field detection. A straightforward extension of this technique, which we call spatial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, allows to preserve phase information, making it possible to perform 3D subwavelength imaging. We discuss the implementation of such a system in the mid-IR and THz bands, with possible extension to other spectral regions.

This article is from BMC Biophysics , volume 4 . Abstract Background: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been used as analytical tool in chemistry for many years. In addition, FTIR can also be applied as a rapid and non-invasive method to detect and identify microorganisms. The specific and fingerprint-like spectra allow - under optimal conditions - discrimination down to the species level. The aim of this study was to develop a fast and reproducible non-molecular method to differentiate pure samples of Bacillus spores originating from different species as well as to identify spores in a simple matrix, such as the clay mineral, bentonite. Results: We investigated spores from pure cultures of seven different Bacillus species by FTIR in reflection or transmission mode followed by chemometrical data treatment. All species investigated (B. atrophaeus, B. brevis, B. circulans, B. lentus, B. megaterium, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis) are typical aerobic soil-borne spore formers. Additionally, a solid matrix (bentonite) and mixtures of benonite with spores of B. megaterium at various wt/wt ratios were included in the study. Both hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis of the spectra along with multidimensional scaling allowed the discrimination of different species and spore-matrix-mixtures. Conclusions: Our results show that FTIR spectroscopy is a fast method for species-level discrimination of Bacillus spores. Spores were still detectable in the presence of the clay mineral bentonite. Even a tenfold excess of bentonite (corresponding to 2.1 × 1010 colony forming units per gram of mineral matrix) still resulted in an unambiguous identification of B. megaterium spores.

This paper surveyed four potential military uses for a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. A physical method to retrieve vertical atmospheric temperature profiles using a least-squares solution on atmospheric radiance observed at the surface in the 4.3-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band was analyzed. The method was not successful. Weighting functions, calculated from the surface looking up, were a maximum at the surface, so no unique solution for temperature retrieval by height was determined. Observed atmospheric radiance measurements were compared with radiance calculated using the Moderate Resolution Transmittance Code (MODTRAN). Qualitative comparison showed spectral features of observed and calculated radiance plots matched exceptionally well. The utility of the FTIR spectrometer for environmental monitoring was demonstrated by identifying CO2, CO, O3, HCl, SO2, and N2O emissions from a coal-burning plant smokestack. An FTIR spectrometer was used to collect data of controlled detonations of statically displayed Mk 82, Mk 83, and Mk 84 bombs; High-speed Anti-Radiant Missiles (HARM); Tomahawk Land-Attack Missiles (TLAM); and C-4 plastic explosive over the 1800-6000 /cm spectral band at 16 /cm resolution. Results showed there were unique spectral features associated with some warhead types.

This paper surveyed four potential military uses for a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. A physical method to retrieve vertical atmospheric temperature profiles using a least-squares solution on atmospheric radiance observed at the surface in the 4.3-micrometer carbon dioxide absorption band was analyzed. The method was not successful. Weighting functions, calculated from the surface looking up, were a maximum at the surface, so no unique solution for temperature retrieval by height was determined. Observed atmospheric radiance measurements were compared with radiance calculated using the Moderate Resolution Transmittance Code (MODTRAN). Qualitative comparison showed spectral features of observed and calculated radiance plots matched exceptionally well. The utility of the FTIR spectrometer for environmental monitoring was demonstrated by identifying CO2, CO, O3, HCl, SO2, and N2O emissions from a coal-burning plant smokestack. An FTIR spectrometer was used to collect data of controlled detonations of statically displayed Mk 82, Mk 83, and Mk 84 bombs; High-speed Anti-Radiant Missiles (HARM); Tomahawk Land-Attack Missiles (TLAM); and C-4 plastic explosive over the 1800-6000 /cm spectral band at 16 /cm resolution. Results showed there were unique spectral features associated with some warhead types.

There has been considerable interest in ethylenediammonium dinitrate (EDD) as a component of mixtures with other nitrate salts and various organic molecules for use in melt castable explosives. Most of this work is described in the international patent literature. EDD mixtures with ammonium nitrate (AN) are more thermally stable than EDD alone, and they have better performance than AN alone. The eutectic mixture has a lower melting point than either component making it suitable for melt casting. However, EDD/AN mixtures suffer from volume changes with temperature because of the phase transitions of AN. The addition of potassium nitrate (KN) stabilizes the AN and counters the expansion of AN at 32 C caused by one of the solid-solid phase transitions. This Interim Report describes the fast thermal decomposition processes of AN, EDD and two heterogeneous mixtures: EDD/AN (50/50) and EDD/AN/KN (46/46/8), called EAK. The techniques employed are rapid scan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy/Temperature Profiling as the main technique and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to support the temperature profiling data obtained at the high heating rates.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) using a photoacoustic sampling cell has been used to obtain high quality infrared spectra of various fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and the corresponding resin matrixes. Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) offers the advantages of having little or no sample preparation for high quality spectra to be obtained and no alignment of the infrared incident beam is necessary. This makes PAS an ideal sampling method for in-field testing of composite laminates. The spectra revealed information on the degree of cure of the resin system by monitoring the 915/cm absorption band and the type of reinforcement material used (glass or Kevlar).

The measurement capabilities of an infrared interferometer spectrometer are documented for both field and laboratory usage. This instrument provided intermediate resolution coverage (0.3/cm to 5/cm) in the 1.6 to 5.4 micron spectral interval. It has been used in the field to study radiation from aircraft exhaust plumes, background emission, and atmospheric transmission. In the laboratory, line spectra of flames have been measured and nonequilibrium vibrational temperatures derived. System configuration, operating procedure, and data processing are discussed. The performance of the interferometer is illustrated by typical spectral data. (Author)

Counterfeit and illicit tobacco may contain potentially toxic organic impurities that result in adverse health effects for the consumer. Carcinogenic substances have been found in elevated concentrations in counterfeit tobacco. The current study explored swift and cost-effective methods, such as Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, and near-infrared spectroscopy to identify counterfeit tobacco products. Moreover, it also assessed the spectral quality based on range, number of peaks, maximum peak intensity, and signal-to-noise ratio. In spectral analysis, infrared exhibited superior quality over Raman and near-infrared with a higher signal-to-noise ratio. Near-infrared, although with a limited wavelength range, showed good quality. Raman, however, displayed poor spectral quality due to noise interference. Identification success varied with chemo metric methods, with infrared correctly identifying four out of five counterfeit tobacco products and near-infrared identifying three out of five. Raman failed in identification, while infrared showed success with some mismatches using principal component analysis. Near-infrared and Raman successfully identified counterfeit tobacco, with near-infrared providing the most distinct separation. Quantification results varied across spectroscopy techniques and chemo-metric methods. 

The application of electrochemically modulated infrared spectroscopy has been particulary rewarding in the case of the metal/electrolyte interface, but there have been surprisingly few attempts to extend the method to the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. We have taken an approach which exploits the fact that in the case of a semiconductor the surface density of minority carries can be perturbed at constant potential by illumination. In this way it should be possible to modulate the rate of the surface reactions involved in photoetching and hence to detect the vibrational spectra of intermediate species. The illuminated n-Silicon/aqueous Ammonium Fluoride interface has been studied by attenuated reflectance infrared spectroscopy under conditions in which photoetching occurs. An anomalously strong Si-H stretch band was observed to develop in the region of 2100/cm when the silicon was illuminated. The intensity of the band was found to increase linearly with time under steady illumination, rapidly exceeding values corresponding to monolayer hydrogen coverage. The absorbance decayed slowly in the dark. The results indicate that the etching process involves a Si(II) intermediate which can disproportionate to form a hydrogenated amorphous silicon overlayer which builds up progressively as photoetching proceeds.

The Joint Oil Analysis Program Technical Support Center (JOAP-TSC) was tasked by the U.S. Air Force to determine the appropriateness of various oil analysis techniques to provide early warning of abnormal operating conditions. The study analyzed tilde 1300 samples from F-16, F110-GE100 gas turbine engines by spectroscopy (AES and FT-IR) and direct reading and analytical ferrography. A statistical analysis of the data collected is presented.

One possible origin of prebiotic organic material is that these compounds were formed via Fischer-Tropsch-type (FTT) reactions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on silicate and oxide grains in the warm, inner-solar nebula. To investigate this possibility, an experimental system has been built in which the catalytic efficiency of different grain-analog materials can be tested. During such runs, the gas phase above these grain analogs is sampled using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. To provide quantitative estimates of the concentration of these gases, a technique in which high-resolution spectra of the gases are calculated using the high-resolution transmission molecular absorption (HITRAN) database is used. Next, these spectra are processed via a method that mimics the processes giving rise to the instrumental line shape of the FT-IR spectrometer, including apodization, self-apodization, and broadening due to the finite resolution. The result is a very close match between the measured and computed spectra. This technique was tested using four major gases found in the FTT reactions: carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, and water. For the ranges typical of the FTT reactions, the carbon monoxide results were found to be accurate to within 5% and the remaining gases accurate to within 10%. These spectra can then be used to generate synthetic calibration data, allowing the rapid computation of the gas concentrations in the FTT experiments.

Subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform spectroscopy (SNIFTIRS) has yielded the first spectroscopic evidence that bisulfate anion adsorption is associated with the anomalous peaks seen in the cyclic voltammetry of Pt(111) in sulfuric acid. The infrared data indicates that the beginning of bisulfate anion adsorption coincides with onset of the anomalous peak region (about+0.15 V vs SCE in 0.05 M H2SO4). The same IR spectra afford no evidence of sulfate anion adsorption on the Pt (111) single crystal electrode, over the potential range studied (-0.26 to +0.70 V vs SCE). Over this same potential region the adsorbed bisulfate absorption peak position showed a strong potential dependence. This increase in peak position with increasingly anodic potentials is rationalized using molecular orbital arguments. Keywords: Bisulfate adsorption; Platinum; Single crystal electrodes; Fourier transform infrared.

Reported is the first application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as an analytical probe for the in situ monitoring of electrochemical interfacial phenomena. The structure of acetonitrile at the interface is reported. (Author)

This article is from Scientific Reports , volume 3 . Abstract We aimed to develop a reliable method based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) to discriminate Escherichia coli clones from B2(n = 9) and D(n = 13) phylogenetic groups. Eighty-eight E. coli isolates belonging to phylogenetic groups B2(n = 39) and D(n = 49), including particularly widespread high risk clones or clonal complexes (HiRCC) ST131, ST69, ST393 and ST405 were studied. Spectra were analysed by unsupervised (hierarchical cluster analysis-HCA) and supervised methods (soft independent modelling of class analogy-SIMCA and partial least square discriminant analysis-PLSDA). B2-ST131 isolates were discriminated from B2 non-ST131 and D phylogroup isolates (ST69, ST393, ST405) by HCA, SIMCA and PLSDA. D-ST69, D-ST393 and D-ST405 isolates were also distinguished from each other and from other STs from phylogroup D by the three methods. We demonstrate that FTIR-ATR coupled with chemometrics is a reliable and alternative method to accurately discriminate particular E. coli clones. Its validation towards an application at a routine basis could revolutionize high-throughput bacterial typing.

1Twas the Night Before Christmas (A Visit From St. Nicholas)

By Clement Clarke Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you nine different readings of Clement C. Moore's <em>'Twas the Night Before Christmas</em>, a weekly poetry project. (Summary by Annie Coleman)

2Greener Than You Think

By Ward Moore

Do remember reading a panic-mongering news story a while back about genetically engineered “Frankengrass” “escaping” from the golf course where it had been planted? That news story was foreshadowed decades previously in the form of prophetic fiction wherein a pushy salesman, a cash-strapped scientist, and a clump of crabgrass accidentally merge forces with apocalyptic consequences. A triple-genre combo of science fiction, horror, and satire, Greener Than You Think is a forgotten classic that resonates beautifully with modern times. This is a faithful reading of a 1947 first edition text. (Summary by Lee Elliot)

In 1921, American poet H.D. collected and published a selection of previously published poems by Marianne Moore. Although this angered Moore, as it was entirely unauthorized, she later accepted the edition as well made and used it as the basis for her own 1924 publication of Observations. Moore's unique poetry matches the experimentation underway during the American Modernist movement. Much of it incorporates seemingly out-of-place quotations into complex free verse that often uses Nature as a subject matter. <BR><BR> Today, despite the self-motivated alteration of her poetry in later life, done much to the dismay of her devotees, scholars consider Moore a significant American poet worthy of intense study in an a unalterable place in the canon.<br /> (Summary by Oscar Goff)</br>

4Esther Waters

By George Moore

“She stood on the platform watching the receding train. A few bushes hid the curve of the line; the white vapour rose above them, evaporating in the pale evening. A moment more and the last carriage would pass out of sight. The white gates swung forward slowly and closed over the line”. Thus opens the novel about Esther Waters, young, pious woman from a poor working class family who, while working as a kitchen maid, is seduced by another employee, becomes pregnant, is deserted by her lover, and against all odds decides to raise her child as a single mother. Esther Waters is one of a group of Victorian novels that depict the life of a “fallen woman”. It is considered to be Moore’s best novel. (Summary from Wikipedia, revised by Stav Nisser.)

LibriVox volunteers bring you 16 recordings of <em>While Gazing on the Moon's Light</em> by Thomas Moore. This was the weekly poetry project for May 10th, 2009.

6Drink To Her

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 18 recordings of <i>Drink To Her</i> by Thomas Moore. This was the weekly poetry project for July 5th, 2009.

7Day-Dream

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 9 recordings of The Day-Dream by Sir Thomas Moore. This was the fortnightly poetry project for July 12th, 2009.

George Edward Moore, usually known as G. E. Moore, (1873 – 1958) was a distinguished and influential English philosopher. He was, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and (before them) Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy.

9In the Morning of Life

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you eight recordings of In the Morning of Life by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry project for September 13th, 2009.

LibriVox volunteers bring you 11 recordings of ’Tis the Last Rose of Summer by Sir Thomas Moore. This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for November 15th, 2009.

11Visit From Saint Nicholas

By Clement Clarke Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 24 recordings of A Visit From Saint Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore. More commonly known today as 'Twas the Night Before Christmas. This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for December 13th, 2009.

12Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 17 recordings of <i>Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms</i> by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry project for February 14th, 2010.

13To...With all my soul

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 22 recordings of To...:"With all my soul, then, let us part" by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry project for May 16th, 2010.

14So Warmly We Met

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 19 recordings of So Warmly We Met by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry project for August 22nd, 2010.

15Love's Young Dream

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 8 recordings of Love's Young Dream by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry project for September 26th, 2010.

16My Heart and Lute

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 12 recordings of My Heart and Lute by Thomas Moore . This was the Weekly Poetry project for December 12th, 2010<br><br>"My Heart and Lute" is a song/poem by Thomas Moore. In Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll, Alice recognizes the tune used in the song called Haddocks' Eyes sung by the White Knight. (Summary by Wikipedia)

17Oh, No - Not Even When First We Loved

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 18 recordings of Oh, No - Not Even When First We Loved by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry Valentine's project for February 13, 2011.<br><br>Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish poet, singer, songwriter, and entertainer, now best remembered for the lyrics of The Minstrel Boy and The Last Rose of Summer. He was responsible, with John Murray, for burning Lord Byron's memoirs after his death. In his lifetime he was often referred to as Anacreon Moore. (summary by Wikipedia)

18Celibates

By George Moore

The author is considered the first great Irish writer of realist fiction and is said to have been an inspiration for James Joyce. Celibates is a novel of three characters: Mildred Lawson, John Norton and Agnes Lahens.They have nothing in common other than an absolute love of themselves and an inability to sympathize with others. In that vein, it constitutes a striking image of our own modern day self-absorbed society. (Introduction by James Carson)

19For Every Music Lover

By Aubertine Woodward Moore

A series of essays for music lovers, covering many topics. From music appreciation, to violin and symphony, music education, to piano and, in fact, the very origins of music, there is sure to be something for everyone. (Summary by prwells32)

LibriVox volunteers bring you 18 recordings of On Passing Deadman’s Island by Thomas Moore. This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for July 22, 2012.<br><br>Thomas Moore was an Irish poet, singer, songwriter, and entertainer. In 1803 he was appointed registrar to the Admiralty in Bermuda, he found his work very light and uninspiring, so only spent around three months on the island. Because of his brief stay there he has sometimes been treated as an unofficial poet laureate of Bermuda.<br>After leaving Bermuda he travelled across the United States and Canada in a Grand Tour. His stay in Nova Scotia was possibly the inspiration for this poem. (Summary from Wikipedia)

21Here, Take My Heart

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 23 recordings of Here, Take My Heart by Thomas Moore. This was the Weekly Poetry project for July 29, 2012.<br><br> This weekly poem is one of the many love poems by the 19th-century Irish poet Thomas Moore. Some of his poems were composed. One of his best known poems is The Last Rose Of Summer. (Summary by Stav Nisser)

22Oh, Call It by Some Better Name

By Thomas Moore

LibriVox volunteers bring you 15 recordings of "Oh, Call It by Some Better Name" by Thomas Moore.<br><br> Thomas Moore was an Irish poet, singer, songwriter, and entertainer, now best remembered for the lyrics of The Minstrel Boy and The Last Rose of Summer. (Summary by Wikipedia)

LibriVox volunteers bring you 16 recordings of The Meeting of the Waters by Thomas Moore. This was the Fortnightly Poetry project for November 25, 2102.

George Moore, an Irish writer involved with the Celtic Revival was influenced by the French Realists and particularly by the work of Émile Zola. Often considered as the first modern Irish novelist he became involved with Lady Gregory and William Butler Yeats in the establishment of the Irish Literary Theatre. As part of his involvement with the Literary Revival, he wrote a set of short stories set in Ireland, drawn from his experiences growing up on his family’s estates in Co. Mayo. The stories were intended to be translated into Irish as a part of a new tradition of Gaelic Literature. <br> The stories were later published in English as The Untilled Field, in 1903. Moore was initially influenced by Ivan Turgenyev’s collection of short stories, Tales of a Sportsman and in turn they are thought to have been an influence on James Joyce’s Dubliners collection. Moore’s stories look at Irish rural life at the end of the 19th Century and examines the role that the clergy played in the lives of those who remained after mass emigration denuded the Irish countryside. - Summary by Noel Badrian

Clement Clarke Moore (July 15, 1779 – July 10, 1863) was an American Professor of Oriental and Greek Literature, as well as Divinity and Biblical Learning, at the General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He is the author of the yuletide poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas", which later became famous as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas". <br /> This poem seems to be a 'moral' version of "The Night Before Christmas".

LibriVox volunteers bring you seven readings of Farewell! – But Whenever – by Thomas Moore. This is the fortnightly poetry project for October 12, 2014.