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A flow injection analysis (FIA) system incorporating a microcolumn of activated alumina was used for the determination of molybdenum by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The transient signal resulting from the injection of molybdenum was determined by a spectrally segmented photodiode-array spectro-meter. Linear calibration was established for molybdenum over a concentration range 0 - 1000 ng/ml. The detection capability was approximately 50 times better than offered by comparable continuous- nebulization systems. The detection limit for molybdenum was 0.2 ng/ml, and the relative standard deviations at 500 and 10 ng/ml were about 2 and 5%, respectively. The ability of the multichannel photodiode array spectrometer to correct for background shifts which occur during signal integration period provided improved precision and accuracy. Application to the analysis of molybdenum in standard sea water (NASS-2) was demonstrated. Flow injection analysis, Preconcentration, Inductively coupled plasma, Multielement analysis, Photodiode array spectrometer.

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system incorporating a microcolumn of activated alumina was used for the determination of molybdenum by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The transient signal resulting from the injection of molybdenum was determined by a spectrally segmented photodiode-array spectro-meter. Linear calibration was established for molybdenum over a concentration range 0 - 1000 ng/ml. The detection capability was approximately 50 times better than offered by comparable continuous- nebulization systems. The detection limit for molybdenum was 0.2 ng/ml, and the relative standard deviations at 500 and 10 ng/ml were about 2 and 5%, respectively. The ability of the multichannel photodiode array spectrometer to correct for background shifts which occur during signal integration period provided improved precision and accuracy. Application to the analysis of molybdenum in standard sea water (NASS-2) was demonstrated. Flow injection analysis, Preconcentration, Inductively coupled plasma, Multielement analysis, Photodiode array spectrometer.

This article is from International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , volume 11 . Abstract Platinum-based cytostatics, such as cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin are widely used agents in the treatment of various types of tumors. Large amounts of these drugs are excreted through the urine of patients into wastewaters in unmetabolised forms. This phenomenon leads to increased amounts of platinum ions in the water environment. The impacts of these pollutants on the water ecosystem are not sufficiently investigated as well as their content in water sources. In order to facilitate the detection of various types of platinum, we have developed a new, rapid, screening flow injection analysis method with electrochemical detection (FIA-ED). Our method, based on monitoring of the changes in electrochemical behavior of analytes, maintained by various pH buffers (Britton-Robinson and phosphate buffer) and potential changes (1,000, 1,100 and 1,200 mV) offers rapid and cheap selective determination of platinum-based cytostatics and platinum chlorides, which can also be present as contaminants in water environments.

This paper deals with a procedure for preconcentration and determination of indigo carmine in textile industrial effluent. The product of Indigo blue sulphonation, 5,5´-disulfonic indigotin (5,5´-DI) aqueous solution was run through a mini-column packed with green coconut fiber (Cocos Nucifera L.) in a flow injection system . The 5,5´-DI was preconcentrated on the sorbent at pH 2 and sample flow rate 3.9 mL min -1 and eluted by HCl 0.1 mol L -1 to be detected by UV-vis spectrophotometry at 612 nm.   An increase of 18.7% in the indigo recovery was observed with fiber washed with albumin and 11.7% in fiber washed with NaOH . A linear response was observed within the range 0.157 to 75.2 µmol L -1 , with detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate estimated as 0.0376 µmol L -1 (95 % confidence level), 4.5% (n = 21) and 101 determinations per hour, respectively. The enrichment factor achieved was 1.64. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of 5,5´-disulfonic indigotin in textile industrial effluents .

Stability analyses of high-speed boundary-layer flow past a 5o half angle sharp cone with the wall-normal injection of air through a porous strip are performed using Navier-Stokes solutions for the mean flow and linear stability theory. The configuration and free-stream parameters are chosen to be similar to the experiments, which were carried out at Caltech?s T5 shock tunnel to investigate the effect of CO2 injection on laminar-turbulent transition. The analysis is focused on pure aerodynamic effects in the framework of perfect gas model. It is shown that the injection leads to destabilization of the Mack second mode in the nearfield relaxation region and its stabilization in the far-field relaxation region. To reduce the destabilization effect it was suggested to decrease the injector surface slope or use suction-blowing of zero net injection. However, the e(n) computations showed that these modifications did not improve the injector performance in the near-filed region in general. For special cases of low injection rates in which the N-factors in the near field region are below the critical level, shaping can produce a significant stabilization in the mid- and far-field regions.

Stability analyses of high-speed boundary-layer flow past a 5 deg half angle sharp cone with the wall-normal injection of air through a porous strip are performed using Navier-Stokes solutions for the mean flow and linear stability theory. The configuration and free-stream parameters are chosen to be similar to the experiments, which were carried out at Caltech's T5 shock tunnel to investigate the effect of CO2 injection on laminar-turbulent transition. The analysis is focused on pure aerodynamic effects in the framework of perfect gas model. It is shown that the injection leads to destabilization of the Mack second mode in the nearfield relaxation region and its stabilization in the far-field relaxation region. To reduce the destabilization effect it was suggested to decrease the injector surface slope or use suction blowing of zero net injection. However, the eN computations showed that these modifications did not improve the injector performance in the near-filed region in general. For special cases of low injection rates in which the N-factors in the near field region are below the critical level, shaping can produce a significant stabilization in the mid- and far-field regions.

Stability analyses of high-speed boundary-layer flow past a 5 deg half angle sharp cone with the wall-normal injection of air through a porous strip are performed using Navier-Stokes solutions for the mean flow and linear stability theory. The configuration and free-stream parameters are chosen to be similar to the experiments, which were carried out at Caltech's T5 shock tunnel to investigate the effect of CO2 injection on laminar-turbulent transition. The analysis is focused on pure aerodynamic effects in the framework of perfect gas model. It is shown that the injection leads to destabilization of the Mack second mode in the nearfield relaxation region and its stabilization in the far-field relaxation region. To reduce the destabilization effect it was suggested to decrease the injector surface slope or use suction blowing of zero net injection. However, the eN computations showed that these modifications did not improve the injector performance in the near-filed region in general. For special cases of low injection rates in which the N-factors in the near field region are below the critical level, shaping can produce a significant stabilization in the mid- and far-field regions.

The development of a theoretical model is investigated of the incompressible jet injection process. The discharge of a turbulent jet into a cross flow was mathematically modeled by using an integral method which accounts for natural fluid mechanisms such as turbulence, entrainment, buoyancy, and heat transfer. The analytical results are supported by experimental data and demonstrate the usefulness of the theory for estimating the trajectory and flow properties of the jet for a variety of injection conditions. The capability of predicting jet flow properties, as well as two- and three-dimensional jet paths, was enhanced by obtaining the jet cross-sectional area during the solution of the conservation equations. Realistic estimates of temperature in the jet fluid were acquired by accounting for heat losses in the jet flow due to forced convection and to entrainment of free-stream fluid into the jet.

The flow field, spray penetration, and combustion in two-stroke diesel engines are described. Fuel injection begins at 345 degrees after top dead center (ATDC) and n-dodecane is used as the liquid fuel. Arrhenius kinetics is used to calculate the reaction rate term in the quasi-global combustion model. When the temperature, fuel, and oxygen mass fraction are within suitable flammability limits, combustion begins spontaneously. No spark is necessary to ignite a localized high temperature region. Compression is sufficient to increase the gaseous phase temperature to a point where spontaneous chemical reactions occur. Results are described for a swirl angle of 22.5 degrees.

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Legally Binding Document: ET ISO 14673-3: Milk and milk products -- Determination of nitrate and nitrite contents -- Part 3: Method using cadmium reduction and flow injection analysis with in-line dialysis (Routine method) Name of Standards Organization: Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE) LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards

http://uf.catalog.fcla.edu/uf.jsp?st=UF000989399&ix=nu&I=0&V=D

The development of a theoretical model is investigated of the incompressible jet injection process. The discharge of a turbulent jet into a cross flow was mathematically modeled by using an integral method which accounts for natural fluid mechanisms such as turbulence, entrainment, buoyancy, and heat transfer. The analytical results are supported by experimental data and demonstrate the usefulness of the theory for estimating the trajectory and flow properties of the jet for a variety of injection conditions. The capability of predicting jet flow properties, as well as two- and three-dimensional jet paths, was enhanced by obtaining the jet cross-sectional area during the solution of the conservation equations. Realistic estimates of temperature in the jet fluid were acquired by accounting for heat losses in the jet flow due to forced convection and to entrainment of free-stream fluid into the jet.

This paper deals with a procedure for preconcentration and determination of indigo carmine in textile industrial effluent. The product of Indigo blue sulphonation, 5,5´-disulfonic indigotin (5,5´-DI) aqueous solution was run through a mini-column packed with green coconut fiber (Cocos Nucifera L.) in a flow injection system . The 5,5´-DI was preconcentrated on the sorbent at pH 2 and sample flow rate 3.9 mL min -1 and eluted by HCl 0.1 mol L -1 to be detected by UV-vis spectrophotometry at 612 nm.   An increase of 18.7% in the indigo recovery was observed with fiber washed with albumin and 11.7% in fiber washed with NaOH . A linear response was observed within the range 0.157 to 75.2 µmol L -1 , with detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate estimated as 0.0376 µmol L -1 (95% confidence level), 4.5% (n = 21) and 101 determinations per hour, respectively. The enrichment factor achieved was 1.64. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of 5,5´-disulfonic indigotin in textile industrial effluents .

We investigate the effect of small suction Reynolds number and permeability parameter on the stability of Poiseuille fluid flow in a porous medium between two parallel horizontal stationary porous plates . We have shown that the perturbed flow is governed by an equation named modified Orr-Sommerfeld equation. We find also that the normalization of the wall-normal velocity with characteristic small suction (or small injection) velocity is important for a perfect command of porous medium fluid flow stability analysis. The stabilizing effect of the parameters in general and small suction Reynolds number and permeability parameters in particular on the linear stability are found.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 12 . Abstract A flow injection analysis (FIA) incorporating a thiosemicarbazone-based coated wire electrode (CWE) was developed method for the determination of mercury(II). A 0.1 M KNO3 carrier stream with pH between 1 and 5 and flow rate of 1 mL·min−1 were used as optimum parameters. A linear plot within the concentration range of 5 × 10−6–0.1 M Hg(II), slope of 27.8 ± 1 mV per decade and correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.984 were obtained. The system was successfully applied for the determination of mercury(II) in dental amalgam solutions and spiked environmental water samples. Highly reproducible measurements with relative standard deviation (RSD < 1% (n = 3)) were obtained, giving a typical throughput of 30 samples·h−1.

This article is from Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) , volume 14 . Abstract A rapid, simple and stable biosensor for aspartame detection was developed. Alcohol oxidase (AOX), carboxyl esterase (CaE) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were immobilised with glutaraldehyde (GA) onto screen-printed electrodes modified with cobalt-phthalocyanine (CoPC). The biosensor response was fast. The sample throughput using a flow injection analysis (FIA) system was 40 h−1 with an RSD of 2.7%. The detection limits for both batch and FIA measurements were 0.1 μM for methanol and 0.2 μM for aspartame, respectively. The enzymatic biosensor was successfully applied for aspartame determination in different sample matrices/commercial products (liquid and solid samples) without any pre-treatment step prior to measurement.

In this work, the linear stability of the viscous incompressible fluid flow between two parallel horizontal porous stationary plates with the assumption that there is a small constant suction at upper plate and a small constant injection at the lower plate is studied.The Navier-Stokes and continuous equations are reduced to an equation modified by the suction Reynolds number, which we call modified Orr-Sommerfeld equation. This equation is rewritten as an eigenvalue problem and is solved numerically using Matlab (Windows Version). The effect of small suction Reynolds number on the linear stability fluid flow is discussed.

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Food and Agriculture Section Name: Dairy Products and Equipment (FAD 19) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 9967-3 Title of Legally Binding Document: Milk and milk products - Determinaion of nitrate and nitrite contents, Part 3: Method using cadmium reduction and flow injection analysis with in-line dialysis Number of Amendments: Equivalence: ISO/TR 13569 Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Food and Agriculture Section Name: Dairy Products and Equipment (FAD 19) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 9967-3 Title of Legally Binding Document: Milk and milk products - Determinaion of nitrate and nitrite contents, Part 3: Method using cadmium reduction and flow injection analysis with in-line dialysis Number of Amendments: Equivalence: ISO/TR 13569 Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

When an electrical power network undergoes a non-steady state condition or when been subjected to an unbalance power condition, the need for a complete electrical solution arise in which load flow analysis become a key tool. This paper examined the power flow status of Borokiri 33/11kV, 15MVA injection substation of the Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company to ascertain its steady state operating condition for improved performance. The Newton Raphson Load Flow Techniques was used to analyze the network in Electrical Transient Analyser Program (ETAP) Software to determine the various bus operating voltages, active and reactive power flow at generator bus and voltage phase angles at specified bus bars. It was observed from the base-case simulation that Harold Wilson 11kV feeder was overloaded and was operating under a critical under voltage condition while New Road 11kV feeder was marginally under voltage. Both cases were resolved by the application of transformer load tap changing (LTC) mechanism and the introduction of appropriate shunt capacitor bank at strategic point of Harold Wilson feeder. The Voltage profile of Harold Wilson and New Road feeder were improved from 89.22% to 95.37% and 94.49% to 99.01% respectively. However, it was recommended that bifurcation of Harold Wilson 11kV feeder should be conducted to reduce the overloading condition of the network.

This standard has been duly incorporated into federal law per the following sections of the Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR § 63.14 . This document was posted by Public.Resource.Org, which is not affiliated with nor authorized by the United States government, the State governments, or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). We posted this document in order to allow citizens to read the laws that govern us. By order of the Honorable U.S. Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit in their unanimous opinion of September 12, 2023 in Public.Resource.Org v. ASTM et. al.

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Among inorganic anions, cyanide is a potent toxicant in environment. Its species are historically known as the most harmful chemical pollutants of the environment to directly affect human health and some aquatics activity, even at minimum levels. Cyanide compounds are widely available with various chemical compositions and are applied in many industrial fields. This mini-review focused on the cyanide species and their measurement utilizing several analytical techniques. Detailed information on an indirectly determined cyanide species in various environmental samples was also reviewed using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a flow injection system (FIA-FAAS). Obtained various analytical performance properties of an indirectly measured free cyanide ion in various samples using FAAS investigated from this study.

This article is from DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , volume 21 . Abstract Background: Piroxicam (PXM) belongs to the wide class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). PXM has been widely applied in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, gonarthrosis, osteoarthritis, backaches, neuralgia, mialgia. In the presented work, a green and benign sample pretreatment method called temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction (TCIL-DLPME) was followed with stopped-flow injection spectrofluorimetry (SFIS) for quantitation of PXM in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Methods: Temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction (TCIL-DLPME) was applied as an environmentally friendly sample enrichment method to extract and isolate PXM prior to quantitation. Dispersion of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Hmim][PF6]) ionic liquid (IL) through the sample aqueous solution was performed by applying a relatively high temperature. PXM was extracted into the extractor, and after phase separation, PXM in the final solution was determined by stopped-flow injection spectrofluorimetry (SFIS). Results and Major Conclusion: Different factors affecting the designed method such as IL amount, diluting agent, pH and temperature were investigated in details and optimized. The method provided a linear dynamic range of 0.2-150 μg l-1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.046 μg l-1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.1%. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the analytical applicability of the recommended method, it was applied for quantitation of PXM in real samples.

This article is from DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , volume 21 . Abstract Background: Piroxicam (PXM) belongs to the wide class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). PXM has been widely applied in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, gonarthrosis, osteoarthritis, backaches, neuralgia, mialgia. In the presented work, a green and benign sample pretreatment method called temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction (TCIL-DLPME) was followed with stopped-flow injection spectrofluorimetry (SFIS) for quantitation of PXM in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Methods: Temperature-controlled ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction (TCIL-DLPME) was applied as an environmentally friendly sample enrichment method to extract and isolate PXM prior to quantitation. Dispersion of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Hmim][PF6]) ionic liquid (IL) through the sample aqueous solution was performed by applying a relatively high temperature. PXM was extracted into the extractor, and after phase separation, PXM in the final solution was determined by stopped-flow injection spectrofluorimetry (SFIS). Results and Major Conclusion: Different factors affecting the designed method such as IL amount, diluting agent, pH and temperature were investigated in details and optimized. The method provided a linear dynamic range of 0.2-150 μg l-1, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.046 μg l-1 and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.1%. Furthermore, in order to demonstrate the analytical applicability of the recommended method, it was applied for quantitation of PXM in real samples.