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Main 2015-2016 accomplishments; high sensitivity measurements of air absorption of energy from femtosecond filaments. Published; absolute measurements of electronic, vibrational, and rotational nonlinear response in H2 and D2. Published; first measurement of nonlinear index in the mid-IR (low wavelength end). Published; acceleration of electrons to 10 MeV energy using record low laser pulse energies. Published; discovery of spatio-temporal optical vortices. Submitted.

This project dealt with the theory, implementation, and application of simulations of light-matter interactions characterized by four attributes: i) Extreme temporal dynamics and super-broad spectra, ii) Strong reshaping of pulsed waveforms, iii) Interaction with matter over long distances, and iv) Structured geometry. The goal of this project was to create A) Theoretical basis, and B) Practical implementation in software. Both of these objectives were achieved in what is the first practical framework to deal with these difficult-to-model situations. The theory is realized in the generalized unidirectional pulse propagation equations (gUPPE), which marries techniques of extreme nonlinear optics with a whole class of beam-propagation methods for waveguides. New methods were implemented that facilitate modeling on realistic scales in situations which until now required approximate approaches. An important product of this effort is a freely available software, called gUPPEcore. This is complemented by the gUPPElab, which helps new users to adopt the techniques developed in this project. Through collaboration with several research groups, gUPPEcore and lab has been designed and tested in applications to a number of problems in nonlinear optics. Dedicated website was created to serve new users.

A multi-prong experimental and theoretical studies of recently discovered extremely nonlinear liquid crystals and novel nonlinear optical processes have been conducted. Specifically, we have successfully carried out the following projects: (i) Synthesis of nonlinear nematic liquid crystals containing highly photosensitive/photoconductive nano-particulates (Gold nano-wires, CdSe nanorods); (ii) Synthesis of nonlinear liquids with large two- and multi-photon absorption and excited-state absorption coefficients; (iii) Complete characterization of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the supra-nonlinearities of these liquid crystalline systems (iv) Design/fabrication of nonlinear fiber array and tunable 2-and 3-D liquid crystalline photonic crystals, frequency selective surfaces and core-shell nano-spheres dispersed bulk liquid crystalline film (v) Complete quantitative studies of self-action effects such as all-optical switching, optical limiting, nonlinear guided waves using visible as well as infrared lasers. Paralleling these studies, we have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of several unique and high performance holographic, modulation, mixing, limiting, adaptive optics and various self-action or optically activated devices. These devices are operational at low power/intensity levels over a wide spectral and temporal bandwidth, and have opened up new avenues for future research and development possibilities, especially when coupled to nano-structures and nano-metamaterials of unique optical, electro-optical and nonlinear-optical properties.

Intrinsic to the process of high-order harmonic generation is the creation of plasma and the resulting spatiotemporal distortions of the driving laser pulse. Inside a high finesse cavity where the driver pulse and gas medium are reused, this can lead to optical bistability of the cavity-plasma system, accumulated self-phase modulation of the intracavity pulse, and coupling to higher order cavity modes. We present an experimental and theoretical study of these effects and discuss their implications for power scaling of intracavity high-order harmonic generation and extreme ultraviolet frequency combs.

Dies ist das erste Buch, in dem Alfred Wegener seine Theorie der Kontinentalverschiebung darlegt. Zeit seines Lebens wurde diese Theorie größtenteils abgelehnt und geriet nach seinem Tod in Vergessenheit. Erst Jahrzehnte später wurden seine Ideen als wahr erkannt und auf verschiedene Arten nachgewiesen. Alfred Wegener war ein deutscher Meteorologe, Geo- und Polarwissenschaftler. Er starb auf seiner dritten Expedition nach Grönland. (Zusammenfassung von Availle) <br><br> This is the first book - it was read from the first edition 1915 - that describes the idea and basic evidence for continental drift.