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Life involves a lot of events and experience, but some of them aren't that fun ??

It is well known that type-1 fuzzy sets (T1 FSs) have limited capabilities to handle some data uncertainties directly, and type-2 fuzzy sets (T2 FSs) can cover the shortcoming of T1 FSs to a certain extent. Fuzzy discrete event systems (FDESs) were proposed based on T1 FSs theory. Hence, FDES may not be a satisfactory model to characterize some high-uncertainty systems. In this paper, we propose a new model, called as bi-fuzzy discrete event systems (BFDESs), by combining classical DESs theory and T2 FSs theory. Then, we consider the supervisory control problem of BFDESs. The bi-fuzzy controllability theorem and nonblocking bi-fuzzy controllability theorem are demonstrated. Also, an algorithm for checking the bi-fuzzy controllability condition is presented. In addition, two controllable approximations to an uncontrollable language are investigated in detail. An illustrative example is provided to show the applicability and the advantages of BFDESs model.

Field Theory on Event Symmetric space-time is constructed using the gauge group of discrete open strings. Models with invariant actions can be viewed as natural extensions of Matrix Models. The objective is to find a fundamental non-perturbative pre-theory for superstrings.

In this paper, we develop a formalism describing in a relativistic way a system which consists of a classical and a quantum part being coupled. The formalism models one particle with spin 1/2 and it is a possible relativistic extension of the Event-Enhanced Quantum Theory. We postulate a covariant algorithm which plays the role of the standard reduction postulate in non-relativistic quantum mechanics. Furthermore, we present an algorithm to simulate detections of the particle.

Preparedness agencies fail to act on gaps identified by exercises; instead, they repeat exercises and never move to resolve issues. After-action reports document exercise findings, but are not shared with forward-facing staff who do the work. Agencies spend federal money exercising capabilities, but fail to implement changes recommended by exercise evaluations. Yet some agencies are able to report successful after-action events and document improved capability performance. This thesis interviewed exercise professionals to identify common success factors and innovative solutions to after-action process challenges. It also surveyed preparedness employees to determine if after-action experiences differ by authority level. The thesis reviewed corporate change management literature looking for common steps to manage change and improve capabilities for emergency management agencies. The survey results show exercise participants experience after-action events differently based partly on their authority level. In particular, employees at an agency’s forefront are less likely to see policy changes or be given an opportunity to read after-action documents and improvement plans. The literature review indicates specific interventions that can alleviate this, and the interviews illustrate instances where changes have been successfully applied. The thesis finally recommends specific strategies to increase the success of improvement plans.

The distributions of two-jet event shapes contain information on hadronization in QCD. Near the two-jet limit, these distributions can be described by convolutions of nonperturbative event shape functions with the same distributions calculated in resummed perturbation theory. The shape functions, in turn, are determined by correlations of momentum flow operators with each other and with light-like Wilson lines, which describe the coupling of soft, wide-angle radiation to jets. We observe that leading power corrections to the mean values of event shapes are determined by the correlation of a single momentum flow operator with the relevant Wilson lines. This generalizes arguments for the universality of leading power corrections based on the low-scale behavior of the running coupling or resummation. We also show how a study of the angularity event shapes can provide information on correlations involving multiple momentum flow operators, giving a window to the system of QCD dynamics that underlies the variety of event shape functions. In deriving these results, we review, develop and compare factorization techniques in conventional perturbative QCD and soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). We give special emphasis to the elimination of double counting of momentum regions in these two formalisms.

The distributions of two-jet event shapes contain information on hadronization in QCD. Near the two-jet limit, these distributions can be described by convolutions of nonperturbative event shape functions with the same distributions calculated in resummed perturbation theory. The shape functions, in turn, are determined by correlations of momentum flow operators with each other and with light-like Wilson lines, which describe the coupling of soft, wide-angle radiation to jets. We observe that leading power corrections to the mean values of event shapes are determined by the correlation of a single momentum flow operator with the relevant Wilson lines. This generalizes arguments for the universality of leading power corrections based on the low-scale behavior of the running coupling or resummation. We also show how a study of the angularity event shapes can provide information on correlations involving multiple momentum flow operators, giving a window to the system of QCD dynamics that underlies the variety of event shape functions. In deriving these results, we review, develop and compare factorization techniques in conventional perturbative QCD and soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). We give special emphasis to the elimination of double counting of momentum regions in these two formalisms.

One can see how this rhetoric inspires terrorism. Amin Husain, an academic of post colonial theory & a leader in Decolonize This Place, gave a speech at today’s “Day of Rage” protest. The event was organized by numerous Islamic & left-wing groups. https://t.co/nxFXCFxNgK Source: https://twitter.com/MrAndyNgo/status/1278548807286841344 Uploader: Andy Ngô

In February 2016 the first observation of gravitational waves were reported. The source of this event, denoted as GW150914, was identified as the merger of two black holes with a about 30 solar masses each, at a distance of approximately 400Mpc. These data where deduced using the Theory of General Relativity. Since 2009 a modified theory was proposed which adds near massive objects phenomenologically the contribution of a dark energy, whose origin are vacuum uctuations. The dark energy accumulates toward smaller distances, reducing effec- tively the gravitational constant. In this contribution we show that as a consequence the deduces chirping mass and the luminosity distance are larger. This result suggests that the black hole merger corresponds to two massive black holes near the center of primordial galaxies at large luminosity distance, i.e. large redshifts.

The affiliation with various social groups can be a critical factor when it comes to quality of life of each individual, making such groups an essential element of every society. The group dynamics, longevity and effectiveness strongly depend on group's ability to attract new members and keep them engaged in group activities. It was shown that high heterogeneity of scientist's engagement in conference activities of the specific scientific community depends on the balance between the numbers of previous attendances and non-attendances and is directly related to scientist's association with that community. Here we show that the same holds for leisure groups of the Meetup website and further quantify individual members' association with the group. We examine how structure of personal social networks is evolving with the event attendance. Our results show that member's increasing engagement in the group activities is primarily associated with the strengthening of already existing ties and increase in the bonding social capital. We also show that Meetup social networks mostly grow trough big events, while small events contribute to the groups cohesiveness.

The affiliation with various social groups can be a critical factor when it comes to quality of life of each individual, making such groups an essential element of every society. The group dynamics, longevity and effectiveness strongly depend on group's ability to attract new members and keep them engaged in group activities. It was shown that high heterogeneity of scientist's engagement in conference activities of the specific scientific community depends on the balance between the numbers of previous attendances and non-attendances and is directly related to scientist's association with that community. Here we show that the same holds for leisure groups of the Meetup website and further quantify individual members' association with the group. We examine how structure of personal social networks is evolving with the event attendance. Our results show that member's increasing engagement in the group activities is primarily associated with the strengthening of already existing ties and increase in the bonding social capital. We also show that Meetup social networks mostly grow trough big events, while small events contribute to the groups cohesiveness.

The affiliation with various social groups can be a critical factor when it comes to quality of life of each individual, making such groups an essential element of every society. The group dynamics, longevity and effectiveness strongly depend on group's ability to attract new members and keep them engaged in group activities. It was shown that high heterogeneity of scientist's engagement in conference activities of the specific scientific community depends on the balance between the numbers of previous attendances and non-attendances and is directly related to scientist's association with that community. Here we show that the same holds for leisure groups of the Meetup website and further quantify individual members' association with the group. We examine how structure of personal social networks is evolving with the event attendance. Our results show that member's increasing engagement in the group activities is primarily associated with the strengthening of already existing ties and increase in the bonding social capital. We also show that Meetup social networks mostly grow trough big events, while small events contribute to the groups cohesiveness.

Hadronic event shapes, that is, event shapes at hadron colliders, could provide a great way to test both standard and non-standard theoretical models. However, they are significantly more complicated than event shapes at e+e- colliders, involving multiple hard directions, multiple channels and multiple color structures. In this paper, hadronic event shapes are examined with Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) by expanding around the dijet limit. A simple event shape, threshold thrust, is defined. This observable is global and has no free parameters, making it ideal for clarifying how resummation of hadronic event shapes can be done in SCET. Threshold thrust is calculated at next-to-leading fixed order (NLO) in SCET and resummed to next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy (NNLL). The scale-dependent parts of the soft function are shown to agree with what is expected from general observations, and the factorization formula is explicitly shown to be renormalization group invariant to 1-loop. Although threshold thrust is not itself expected to be phenomenologically interesting, it can be modified into a related observable which allows the jet pT distribution to be calculated and resummed to NNLL+NLO accuracy. As in other processes, one expects resummation to be important even for moderate jet momenta due to dynamical threshold enhancement. A general discussion of threshold enhancement and non-global logs in hadronic event shapes is also included.

miles morales 

Event clock automata (ECA) are a model for timed languages that has been introduced by Alur, Fix and Henzinger as an alternative to timed automata, with better theoretical properties (for instance, ECA are determinizable while timed automata are not). In this paper, we revisit and extend the theory of ECA. We first prove that no finite time abstract language equivalence exists for ECA, thereby disproving a claim in the original work on ECA. This means in particular that regions do not form a time abstract bisimulation. Nevertheless, we show that regions can still be used to build a finite automaton recognizing the untimed language of an ECA. Then, we extend the classical notions of zones and DBMs to let them handle event clocks instead of plain clocks (as in timed automata) by introducing event zones and Event DBMs (EDBMs). We discuss algorithms to handle event zones represented as EDBMs, as well as (semi-) algorithms based on EDBMs to decide language emptiness of ECA.

We have investigated the emerging conformal field theory behavior on the interior interface of the region near the cosmological event horizon on an example of massless Dirac fermions. Indeed, we have constructed and verified the emerging de Sitter/CFT correspondence for the near cosmological event horizon region. It is in this near horizon region where the infinitely thin shell of matter with the stiffest equation of state (Zeldovich's matter) is placed in the model for a thermodynamically stable `would be black hole' which is sometimes called a gravastar or a dark energy star. We put forward the hypothesis to the effect that the Zeldovich matter consists of the strongly correlated quanta which are best described by the emerging conformal field theory in the near `would be horizon' region of a gravastar/dark energy star.

We have investigated the emerging conformal field theory behavior on the interior interface of the region near the cosmological event horizon on an example of massless Dirac fermions. Indeed, we have constructed and verified the emerging de Sitter/CFT correspondence for the near cosmological event horizon region. It is in this near horizon region where the infinitely thin shell of matter with the stiffest equation of state (Zeldovich's matter) is placed in the model for a thermodynamically stable `would be black hole' which is sometimes called a gravastar or a dark energy star. We put forward the hypothesis to the effect that the Zeldovich matter consists of the strongly correlated quanta which are best described by the emerging conformal field theory in the near `would be horizon' region of a gravastar/dark energy star.

We have investigated the emerging conformal field theory behavior on the interior interface of the region near the cosmological event horizon on an example of massless Dirac fermions. Indeed, we have constructed and verified the emerging de Sitter/CFT correspondence for the near cosmological event horizon region. It is in this near horizon region where the infinitely thin shell of matter with the stiffest equation of state (Zeldovich's matter) is placed in the model for a thermodynamically stable `would be black hole' which is sometimes called a gravastar or a dark energy star. We put forward the hypothesis to the effect that the Zeldovich matter consists of the strongly correlated quanta which are best described by the emerging conformal field theory in the near `would be horizon' region of a gravastar/dark energy star.

In the present paper some consequences of the hypothesis that the supermassive compact object in the Galaxy centre relates to a class of objects without event horizon are examined. The possibility of the existence of such objects was substantiated by the author earlier. It is shown that accretion of a surrounding gas can cause nuclear combustion in the surface layer which, as a result of comptonization of the superincumbent hotter layer, may give a contribution to the observed Sgr A* radiation in the range $10^{15} \div 10^{20} Hz$. It is found a contribution of the possible proper magnetic moment of the object to the observed synchrotron radiation on the basis of Boltzmann's equation for photons which takes into account the influence of gravity to their motion and frequency. We arrive at the conclusion that the hypothesis of the existence in the Galaxy centre of the object with such extraordinary gravitational properties at least does not contradict observations.

We measure the strong coupling constant at NNLO corrections. We do this analysis with moments of event shape variables: thrust, C parameter, heavy jet mass, wide and total jet broadening, by fitting the L3 and DELPHI data with NNLO model. Our real data are consistent with NNLO calculations, because it involves higher order terms in QCD calculations.

We present a new analysis of two-jet event shape distributions in soft collinear effective theory. Extending previous results, we observe that a large class of such distributions can be expressed in terms of vacuum matrix elements of operators in the effective theory. We match these matrix elements to the full theory in the two-jet limit without assuming factorization of the complete set of hadronic final states into independent sums over partonic collinear and soft states. We also briefly discuss the relationship of this approach to diagrammatic factorization in the full theory.

Uploaded by nydivide on May 19, 2010 On May 6, US stock markets opened down and trended down most of the day on worries about the debt crisis in Greece. At 2:42 pm, with the Dow Jones down more than 300 points for the day, the equity market began to fall rapidly, dropping more than 600 points in 5 minutes for an almost 1000 point loss on the day by 2:47 pm. Twenty minutes later, by 3:07 pm, the market had regained most of the 600 point drop.[6]t-On May 6, US stock markets opened down and trended down most of the day on worries about the debt crisis in Greece http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Flash_Crash A Black Swan Event - An event or occurrence that deviates beyond what is normally expected of a situation and that would be extremely difficult to predict http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blackswan.asp#ixzz1ihnAcryA Nassim Taleb states that Larry Summers and the administration have put our economic stability more at risk since the credit crisis has began by adding more debt and leverage to the system. Summers's role in the deregulation of derivatives contracts? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Summers Read THIS BIO "cant and dont want to talk" Nassim Taleb on risk http://www.valuewalk.com/2012/01/nassim-taleb-on-risk/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+valuewalk%2FtNbc+%28Value+Walk%29#.Tw250YFl-PY Ron Paul announces third presidential run 5/13*2011 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/05/13/politics/main20062554.shtml Audio of Stephen Lerner of Service Employees International,http://youtu.be/F5NNGq_BxdU http://www.pierrelemieux.org/stiglitzrisk.pdf So how rare is the scenario in the test? In 1997, former Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker wrote that the possibility of default if Fannie Mae met the test was "remote." To update that analysis, we commissioned Joseph Stiglitz (2001 Nobel Prize winner in economics), Jonathan Orszag, and Peter Orszag to examine the likelihood of the risk-based capital scenario. Their econometric analysis found that the probability of the stress test scenario is conservatively one in 500,000 and may be smaller than one in three million. As a result, they find that the risk of a default by these companies, if they hold sufficient capital to meet the stress test, is "effectively zero." Occupy Wall Street - Scripted by Global Banking Interests http://boogiefinger.blogspot.com/2012/01/occupy-wall-street-scripted-by-global.html http://www.cyberartsweb.org/cpace/scifi/gibson/nagle2.html http://youtu.be/SCdz7Ht0gCk Rahm Emanuel on crisis http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth206/jean_baudrillard_and_hyperrealit.htm Nassim Taleb on Null Linearity http://youtu.be/mhSRaehWSvY Warren Buffett: gold has no value - Telegraph http://tgr.ph/xyFbJP

The standard formalism of quantum theory is enhanced and definite meaning is given to the concepts of experiment, measurement and event. Within this approach one obtains a uniquely defined piecewise deterministic algorithm generating quantum jumps, classical events and histories of single quantum objects. The wave-function Monte Carlo method of Quantum Optics is generalized and promoted to the level of a fundamental process generating all the real events in Nature. The already worked out applications include SQUID-tank model and generalized cloud chamber model with GRW spontaneous localization as a particular case. Differences between the present approach and quantum measurement theories based on environment induced master equations are stressed. Questions: what is classical, what is time, and what are observers are addressed. Possible applications of the new approach are suggested, among them connection between the stochastic commutative geometry and Connes'noncommutative formulation of the Standard Model, as well as potential applications to the theory and practice of quantum computers.

The event by event fluctuations of the ratio of positively to negatively charged hadrons are predicted within the UrQMD model. Corrections for finite acceptance and finite net charge are derived. These corrections are relevant to compare experimental data and transport model results to previous predictions. The calculated fluctuations at RHIC and SPS energies are shown to be compatible with a hadron gas. Thus, deviating by a factor of 3 from the predictions for a thermalized quark-gluon plasma.

The new solution to the problem of time of arrival in quantum theory is presented herein. It allows for computer simulation of particle counters and it implies Born's interpretation. It also suggests new experiments that can answer the question: can a quantum particle detect a detector without being detected?

In a series of recent work, we have introduced a general framework for quantitative reasoning in specification theories. The contribution of this paper is to show how this framework can be applied to yield a robust specification theory for timed specifications.

In this article the propagation of pointlike event probabilities in space is considered. Double-Slit experiment is described in detail. New interpretation of Quantum Theory is formulated.

Soft-collinear effective theory (SCET) is used to demonstrate factorization for event shape distributions in the two-jet region. The leading nonperturbative power corrections to these distributions can be characterized as shape functions defined in terms of Wilson lines of soft gluons. The relation of these results to the well-known predictions for shifts in the distributions induced by the leading power corrections is discussed.

The literature on transformative learning theory and the literature on cross-cultural adaptation were analyzed to identify links between both bodies of literature. The notion of an unexpected phenomenon that influences individuals residing in an unfamiliar culture was shown to be a common thread linking the two bodies of literature. Transformative learning theory called this phenomenon a trigger event, whereas cross-cultural adaptation theory called it culture shock. Eight studies combining both fields were identified. The eight studies differed from one another from the following standpoints: (1) their purpose; (2) the need for the study; (3) the criteria used to select participants; (4) their methodology, and (5) the length of the sojourn in the host culture. The eight studies shared several important similarities as follows: (1) they all referred to disorienting dilemmas that sparked a perspective transformation; (2) the use of nonreflective thinking or reflective thinking was pertinent to each study; (3) they all indicated that cross-cultural learning involved some aspect of transformation; and (4) they all discussed the role of supporting relationships within the context of transformative learning theory. The importance of identifying other theories and bodies of literature with relevance to transformative learning theory was emphasized. (20 references) (MN)

The generalizability of Person-Relative-to-Event (PrE) theory, originally applied to disaster-related situations, is investigated in a non-disaster simulation. The PrE theory of coping with threat emphasizes the relationship between level of appraised threat relative to person resources and personal responsibility. This theory has previously been used to investigate the impact of negative threat appeals on preparedness behavior regarding both earthquakes and tornadoes. PrE theory predicts differences in coping behavior based on level of threat under various conditions of personal responsibility. The present investigation was conducted to verify predictions made by PrE theory when applied to a non-disaster topic (academic assessment). College students (N=65) responded to a questionnaire regarding a verbal assessment examination. Procedures, analysis by MANOVA, and results are described. Support for the theory in both intentions as well as actual preparedness behavior is indicated by results. (Author/EMK)

A procedure is developed for using Soft Collinear Effective Theory (SCET) to generate fully exclusive events, which can then be compared to data from collider experiments. We show that SCET smoothly interpolates between QCD for hard emissions, and the parton shower for soft emissions, while resumming all large logarithms. In SCET, logarithms are resummed using the renormalization group, instead of classical Sudakov factors, so subleading logarithms can be resummed as well. In addition, all loop effects of QCD can be reproduced in SCET, which allows the effective theory to incorporate next-to-leading and higher-order effects. We also show through SCET that in the soft/collinear limit, successive branchings factorize, a fact which is essential to parton showers, and that the splitting functions of QCD are reproduced. Finally, combining these results, we present a example of an algorithm that incorporates the SCET results into an event generator which is systematically improvable.

De Sitter Quantum Gravity is a Yang-Mills theory based on the de Sitter or SO(4,1) group and a promising candidate for a quantum theory of gravity. In this paper, an exact, static, spherically symmetric solution of the classical equations is derived. I show that when the Schwarzchild radius to distance ratio is at post-Newtonian order the theory agrees with general relativity for all parameters but that, once the ratio becomes closer to unity, they differ. At the Schwarzchild radius from a black hole singularity, general relativity predicts an event horizon, which has become a controversial topic in quantum gravity because of information preservation issues. In the De Sitter theory I show, however, that time-like escape paths exist for any mass black hole until the singularity itself is reached. Since an event horizon has never been directly observed and there is currently no observation on which the two theories disagree, this provides a powerful test of the De Sitter theory.

De Sitter Quantum Gravity is a Yang-Mills theory based on the de Sitter or SO(4,1) group and a promising candidate for a quantum theory of gravity. In this paper, an exact, static, spherically symmetric solution of the classical equations is derived. I show that when the Schwarzchild radius to distance ratio is at post-Newtonian order the theory agrees with general relativity for all parameters but that, once the ratio becomes closer to unity, they differ. At the Schwarzchild radius from a black hole singularity, general relativity predicts an event horizon, which has become a controversial topic in quantum gravity because of information preservation issues. In the De Sitter theory I show, however, that time-like escape paths exist for any mass black hole until the singularity itself is reached. Since an event horizon has never been directly observed and there is currently no observation on which the two theories disagree, this provides a powerful test of the De Sitter theory.

A numerical simulation method, based on Dang et al.'s self-consistent theory of large-amplitude collective motion, for rare transition events is presented. The method provides a one-dimensional pathway without knowledge of the final configuration, which includes a dynamical effect caused by not only a potential but also kinetic term. Although it is difficult to apply the molecular dynamics simulation to a narrow-gate potential, the method presented is applicable to the case. A toy model with a high-energy barrier and/or the narrow gate shows that while the Dang et al. treatment is unstable for a changing of model parameters, our method stable for it.

The resummed differential thrust rate in e+e- annihilation is calculated using Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). The resulting distribution in the two-jet region T~1 is found to agree with the corresponding expression derived by the standard approach. A matching procedure to account for finite corrections at T < 1 is then described. There are two important advantages of the SCET approach. First, SCET manifests a dynamical seesaw scale q = p^2/Q in addition to the center-of-mass energy Q and the jet mass scale p ~ Q ~ sqrt(1 - T). Thus, the resummation of logs of p/q can be cleanly distinguished from the resummation of logs of Q/p. Second, finite parts of loop amplitudes appear in specific places in the perturbative distribution: in the matching to the hard function, at the scale Q, in matching to the jet function, at the scale p, and in matching to the soft function, at the scale q. This allows for a consistent merger of fixed order corrections and resummation. In particular, the total NLO e+e- cross section is reproduced from these finite parts without having to perform additional infrared regulation.

The resummed differential thrust rate in e+e- annihilation is calculated using Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). The resulting distribution in the two-jet region T~1 is found to agree with the corresponding expression derived by the standard approach. A matching procedure to account for finite corrections at T < 1 is then described. There are two important advantages of the SCET approach. First, SCET manifests a dynamical seesaw scale q = p^2/Q in addition to the center-of-mass energy Q and the jet mass scale p ~ Q ~ sqrt(1 - T). Thus, the resummation of logs of p/q can be cleanly distinguished from the resummation of logs of Q/p. Second, finite parts of loop amplitudes appear in specific places in the perturbative distribution: in the matching to the hard function, at the scale Q, in matching to the jet function, at the scale p, and in matching to the soft function, at the scale q. This allows for a consistent merger of fixed order corrections and resummation. In particular, the total NLO e+e- cross section is reproduced from these finite parts without having to perform additional infrared regulation.

The resummed differential thrust rate in e+e- annihilation is calculated using Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). The resulting distribution in the two-jet region T~1 is found to agree with the corresponding expression derived by the standard approach. A matching procedure to account for finite corrections at T < 1 is then described. There are two important advantages of the SCET approach. First, SCET manifests a dynamical seesaw scale q = p^2/Q in addition to the center-of-mass energy Q and the jet mass scale p ~ Q ~ sqrt(1 - T). Thus, the resummation of logs of p/q can be cleanly distinguished from the resummation of logs of Q/p. Second, finite parts of loop amplitudes appear in specific places in the perturbative distribution: in the matching to the hard function, at the scale Q, in matching to the jet function, at the scale p, and in matching to the soft function, at the scale q. This allows for a consistent merger of fixed order corrections and resummation. In particular, the total NLO e+e- cross section is reproduced from these finite parts without having to perform additional infrared regulation.

The resummed differential thrust rate in e+e- annihilation is calculated using Soft-Collinear Effective Theory (SCET). The resulting distribution in the two-jet region T~1 is found to agree with the corresponding expression derived by the standard approach. A matching procedure to account for finite corrections at T < 1 is then described. There are two important advantages of the SCET approach. First, SCET manifests a dynamical seesaw scale q = p^2/Q in addition to the center-of-mass energy Q and the jet mass scale p ~ Q ~ sqrt(1 - T). Thus, the resummation of logs of p/q can be cleanly distinguished from the resummation of logs of Q/p. Second, finite parts of loop amplitudes appear in specific places in the perturbative distribution: in the matching to the hard function, at the scale Q, in matching to the jet function, at the scale p, and in matching to the soft function, at the scale q. This allows for a consistent merger of fixed order corrections and resummation. In particular, the total NLO e+e- cross section is reproduced from these finite parts without having to perform additional infrared regulation.

We have applied so-called `optimised' perturbation theory to resolve the renormalisation-scale (mu) ambiguity of exact O(alpha_s^2) QCD calculations of event shape observables in e+e- --> hadrons. We fitted the optimised predictions for 15 observables to hadronic Z0 decay data from the SLD experiment to determine alpha_s(M_Z^2). Comparing with results using the physical scale mu = M_Z we found no reduction in the scatter among alpha_s(M_Z^2) values from the 15 observables, implying that the O(alpha_s^2) predictions with optimised scales are numerically no closer to the exact all-orders results than those with the physical scale.

This paper covers issues relating to the establishment of a sound and conditional probability-compatible rationale for generating linguistic-based inference rules concerning a population. By extending previous preliminary results, the authors detail, in a fully rigorous manner and within the confines of traditional probability theory, that a comprehensive technique can be derived that converts linguistic-based conditional information, couched only in fuzzy-logic terms, into naturally corresponding conditional probabilities. In turn, they demonstrate how such typically underconstrained conditional probabilities can be combined for suitable conclusions and decision making, via a new use of second-order probability logic. This research is part of the ongoing SSC San Diego In-house Laboratory Independent Research FY 01 project CRANOF (a Complexity-Reducing Algorithm for Near-Optimal Fusion).

This paper covers issues relating to the establishment of a sound and conditional probability-compatible rationale for generating linguistic-based inference rules concerning a population. By extending previous preliminary results, the authors detail, in a fully rigorous manner and within the confines of traditional probability theory, that a comprehensive technique can be derived that converts linguistic-based conditional information, couched only in fuzzy-logic terms, into naturally corresponding conditional probabilities. In turn, they demonstrate how such typically underconstrained conditional probabilities can be combined for suitable conclusions and decision making, via a new use of second-order probability logic. This research is part of the ongoing SSC San Diego In-house Laboratory Independent Research FY 01 project CRANOF (a Complexity-Reducing Algorithm for Near-Optimal Fusion).

In the era of information abundance, the effective retrieval and synthesis of relevant knowledge have become essential for informed decision-making and problem-solving. The "Previous Information Methodology (PIM) Theory" emerges as a novel cognitive framework aimed at harnessing the power of prior information to uncover answers and explore possibilities. This research delves into the cognitive processes underlying PIM Theory, focusing on how individuals integrate and leverage existing knowledge to derive insights and consider potential outcomes. Within the context of PIM Theory, the role of memory recall, context recognition, and cognitive biases in shaping the interpretation of previous information is explored. This investigation highlights the delicate balance between leveraging the richness of historical data and guarding against potential biases that might influence decision-making processes.

In this work, we have described the Brans-Dicke theory of gravity and given a particular solution by choosing a power law form of scalar field $\phi$ and constant $\omega$. If we assume first law and entropy formula on apparent horizon then we recover Friedmann equations. Next, assuming first law of thermodynamics, the validity conditions of GSL on event horizon are presented. Also without use first law, if we impose the entropy relation on the horizon, then we also obtain the condition of validity of GSL on event horizon. The validity of GSL completely depends on the model of BD scalar field solutions. We have justified that on the apparent horizon the two process are equivalent, but on the event horizon they are not equivalent. If first law is valid on the event horizon then GSL may be satisfied in BD solution, but if first law is not satisfied then GSL is not satisfied in BD solution. So first law always favours GSL on event horizon. In our effective approach, the first law and GSL is always satisfied in apparent horizon, which do not depend on BD theory of gravity.

In this work, we have described the Brans-Dicke theory of gravity and given a particular solution by choosing a power law form of scalar field $\phi$ and constant $\omega$. If we assume first law and entropy formula on apparent horizon then we recover Friedmann equations. Next, assuming first law of thermodynamics, the validity conditions of GSL on event horizon are presented. Also without use first law, if we impose the entropy relation on the horizon, then we also obtain the condition of validity of GSL on event horizon. The validity of GSL completely depends on the model of BD scalar field solutions. We have justified that on the apparent horizon the two process are equivalent, but on the event horizon they are not equivalent. If first law is valid on the event horizon then GSL may be satisfied in BD solution, but if first law is not satisfied then GSL is not satisfied in BD solution. So first law always favours GSL on event horizon. In our effective approach, the first law and GSL is always satisfied in apparent horizon, which do not depend on BD theory of gravity.

In blackhole physics, the second law of thermodynamics is generally valid whether the blackhole is a static or a non-static one. Considering the universe as a thermodynamical system the second law of blackhole dynamics extends to the non-negativity of the sum of the entropy of the matter and the horizon, known as generalized second law of thermodynamics(GSLT). Here, we have assumed the universe to be bounded by the event-horizon or filled with perfect fluid and holographic dark energy in two cases. Thus considering entropy to be an arbitrary function of the area of the event-horizon, we have tried to find the conditions and the restrictions over the scalar field and equation of state for the validity of the GSLT and both in quintessence-era and in phantom-era in scalar tensor theory.

We analyze a single-particle Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment in which the path length of one arm may change (randomly or systematically) according to the value of an external two-valued variable $x$, for each passage of a particle through the interferometer. Quantum theory predicts an interference pattern that is independent of the sequence of the values of $x$. On the other hand, corpuscular models that reproduce the results of quantum optics experiments carried out up to this date show a reduced visibility and a shift of the interference pattern depending on the details of the sequence of the values of $x$. The proposed experiment will show that: (1) it can be described by quantum theory, and thus not by the current corpuscular models, or (2) it cannot be described by quantum theory but can be described by the corpuscular models or variations thereof, or (3) it can neither be described by quantum theory nor by corpuscular models. Therefore, the proposed experiment can be used to determine to what extent quantum theory provides a description of observed events beyond the usual statistical level.

We analyze a single-particle Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment in which the path length of one arm may change (randomly or systematically) according to the value of an external two-valued variable $x$, for each passage of a particle through the interferometer. Quantum theory predicts an interference pattern that is independent of the sequence of the values of $x$. On the other hand, corpuscular models that reproduce the results of quantum optics experiments carried out up to this date show a reduced visibility and a shift of the interference pattern depending on the details of the sequence of the values of $x$. The proposed experiment will show that: (1) it can be described by quantum theory, and thus not by the current corpuscular models, or (2) it cannot be described by quantum theory but can be described by the corpuscular models or variations thereof, or (3) it can neither be described by quantum theory nor by corpuscular models. Therefore, the proposed experiment can be used to determine to what extent quantum theory provides a description of observed events beyond the usual statistical level.

We enhance the standard formalism of quantum theory to enable events. The concepts of experiment and of measurement are defined. Dynamics is given by Liouville's equation that couples quantum system to a classical one. It implies a unique Markov process involving quantum jumps, classical events and describing sample histories of individual systems.

We enhance the standard formalism of quantum theory to enable events. The concepts of experiment and of measurement are defined. Dynamics is given by Liouville's equation that couples quantum system to a classical one. It implies a unique Markov process involving quantum jumps, classical events and describing sample histories of individual systems.

We enhance the standard formalism of quantum theory to enable events. The concepts of experiment and of measurement are defined. Dynamics is given by Liouville's equation that couples quantum system to a classical one. It implies a unique Markov process involving quantum jumps, classical events and describing sample histories of individual systems.