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The response of a typical field army electrical power system to the electromagnetic pulse was measured at sufficient distance from ground zero to prevent damage from blast and thermal effects. Twenty channels of a recording oscillograph were used to monitor selected variables from -15 seconds to 5 seconds and to provide fiducial indications. From analysis of the data, it was determined that the electrical power system was shut down by a combination of effects such as prompt radiation and effects of the electromag netic pulse. A failure mechanism theory was postulated. Laboratory investigation verified the basic theory. Further laboratory investigation, analog computer analysis, and transient circuit analysis were conducted to determine the charac teristics of the current pulse introduced by the power cable necessary to result in the failure mechanism. If induced currents in the distribu tion cable were the only cause of power system shutdown, a current pulse of approximately 3570 amps maximum would be required. (Author)

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) lead center for space transportation systems development. These systems include earth to orbit launch vehicles, as well as vehicles for orbital transfer and deep space missions. The tasks for these systems include research, technology maturation, design, development, and integration of space transportation and propulsion systems. One of the key elements in any transportation system is the electrical power system (EPS). Every transportation system has to have some form of electrical power and the EPS for each of these systems tends to be as varied and unique as the missions they are supporting. The Preliminary Design Office (PD) at MSFC is tasked to perform feasibility analyses and preliminary design studies for new projects, particularly in the space transportation systems area. All major subsystems, including electrical power, are included in each of these studies. Three example systems being evaluated in PD at this time are the Liquid Fly Back Booster (LFBB) system, the Human Mission to Mars (HMM) study, and a tether based flight experiment called the Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS). These three systems are in various stages of definition in the study phase.

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) lead center for space transportation systems development. These systems include earth to orbit launch vehicles, as well as vehicles for orbital transfer and deep space missions. The tasks for these systems include research, technology maturation, design, development, and integration of space transportation and propulsion systems. One of the key elements in any transportation system is the electrical power system (EPS). Every transportation system has to have some form of electrical power and the EPS for each of these systems tends to be as varied and unique as the missions they are supporting. The Preliminary Design Office (PD) at MSFC is tasked to perform feasibility analyses and preliminary design studies for new projects, particularly in the space transportation systems area. All major subsystems, including electrical power, are included in each of these studies. Three example systems being evaluated in PD at this time are the Liquid Fly Back Booster (LFBB) system, the Human Mission to Mars (HMM) study, and a tether based flight experiment called the Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS). These three systems are in various stages of definition in the study phase.

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems is an active peer-reviewed scientific journal covering electrical power generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation, from the viewpoints of individual power system elements and their integration, interaction and technological advancement. It was established in 1979 and is published ten times annually by Elsevier. The journal presents original papers focusing on theoretical and applied developments in power and systems, such as network planning, modelling, operations, protection, energy economics and man-machine interfaces. Also featured are short contributions and book reviews, as well as selected review articles by invitation of the Editor-in-Chief. The Internet Archive Collection contains microfilm published between 1979 and 1997. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems can be found online at: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy-systems The ISSN is: 0142-0615 Publication History Formerly, Electrical Power and Energy Systems (1979 - 1993)

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems is an active peer-reviewed scientific journal covering electrical power generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation, from the viewpoints of individual power system elements and their integration, interaction and technological advancement. It was established in 1979 and is published ten times annually by Elsevier. The journal presents original papers focusing on theoretical and applied developments in power and systems, such as network planning, modelling, operations, protection, energy economics and man-machine interfaces. Also featured are short contributions and book reviews, as well as selected review articles by invitation of the Editor-in-Chief. The Internet Archive Collection contains microfilm published between 1979 and 1997. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems can be found online at: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy-systems The ISSN is: 0142-0615 Publication History Formerly, Electrical Power and Energy Systems (1979 - 1993)

This report contains results of a two-phase study program investigating the effects of lightning strikes on aircraft and the resulting transients coupled onto the electrical systems. The historical background and overall scope of the study are contained in Section I of the final report. Section II of this report defines the lightning threat and develops electrical system math models. Section III evaluates the normal design of aircraft for inherent hardness. Included in this assessment are wire routing, equipment location, fiber optics, threat level comparisons and the evaluation of specific electrical circuits (e.g., generators, converters, beacon lights, etc.). Section IV of the report analyzes the effects of using add-on protection to suppress induced transients on the electrical system. Protection schemes analyzed include cable shielding, linear protection devices, non-linear protection devices and conductive coatings applied to the aircraft skin. Section V of the final report contains a summary of the design guide which provides the electrical systems engineer with a means of selecting the most appropriate lightning hardening techniques for his design. Section VI discusses reliability/maintainability, system safety and design to cost considerations. Section VII of the report contains the conclusions and recommendations of the study which include protection criteria to develop a lightning tolerant electrical system.

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Electrotechnical Section Name: Power Systems Relays (ETD 35) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 3842-6 Title of Legally Binding Document: Application Guide for Electrical Relays for ac Systems, Part 6: Power Relays Number of Amendments: Equivalence: Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

In traditional electric-power systems, synchronous generator based center electric-power plants have been the main origin of dynamic reactive power sustenance, but owing to the steady growth in the number of renewable power generating plants across the globe 

Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.198534 dc.contributor.author: Madduri Srinivasa Rao dc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-08T12:49:56Z dc.date.available: 2015-07-08T12:49:56Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 0000-00-00 dc.identifier.barcode: 5990010100334 dc.identifier.origpath: /rawdataupload/upload/0100/336 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/198534 dc.description.scanningcentre: IIIT, Allahabad dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 113 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher: Iit Kanpur dc.rights: Out_of_copyright dc.source.library: I I T Kanpur dc.subject.classification: Electrical Engineering dc.title: Coordinated Control Of Facts Devices In Electrical Power Systems

This item represents a case in PACER, the U.S. Government's website for federal case data. This information is uploaded quarterly. To see our most recent version please use the source url parameter, linked below. To see the canonical source for this data, please consult PACER directly.

This paper presents a branch exchange (BE) based heuristic network reconfiguration technique where, the proposed bus classification strategy remodels dynamically as per the modified topology in order to provide a reconfigured network with minimum loss. Further, for fair allocation of the active power losses, it develops a new active power loss allocation (APLA) technique which eradicates the influence of cross-term analytically from loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure has been investigated against other established methods using a 69-bus radial distribution network (RDN). The results of APLA achieved for original and reconfigured 69-bus RDN are found to be promising and judicious as regard to their load demands and geographical locations. The implementation of present reconfiguration procedure provides a total loss reduction benefit of 55.73% to the utility which highlights the significance of the developed procedure against other established techniques.

This paper presents a branch exchange (BE) based heuristic network reconfiguration technique where, the proposed bus classification strategy remodels dynamically as per the modified topology in order to provide a reconfigured network with minimum loss. Further, for fair allocation of the active power losses, it develops a new active power loss allocation (APLA) technique which eradicates the influence of cross-term analytically from loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure has been investigated against other established methods using a 69-bus radial distribution network (RDN). The results of APLA achieved for original and reconfigured 69-bus RDN are found to be promising and judicious as regard to their load demands and geographical locations. The implementation of present reconfiguration procedure provides a total loss reduction benefit of 55.73% to the utility which highlights the significance of the developed procedure against other established techniques.

This paper presents a branch exchange (BE) based heuristic network reconfiguration technique where, the proposed bus classification strategy remodels dynamically as per the modified topology in order to provide a reconfigured network with minimum loss. Further, for fair allocation of the active power losses, it develops a new active power loss allocation (APLA) technique which eradicates the influence of cross-term analytically from loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure has been investigated against other established methods using a 69-bus radial distribution network (RDN). The results of APLA achieved for original and reconfigured 69-bus RDN are found to be promising and judicious as regard to their load demands and geographical locations. The implementation of present reconfiguration procedure provides a total loss reduction benefit of 55.73% to the utility which highlights the significance of the developed procedure against other established techniques.

This paper presents a branch exchange (BE) based heuristic network reconfiguration technique where, the proposed bus classification strategy remodels dynamically as per the modified topology in order to provide a reconfigured network with minimum loss. Further, for fair allocation of the active power losses, it develops a new active power loss allocation (APLA) technique which eradicates the influence of cross-term analytically from loss formulation without any assumptions and approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure has been investigated against other established methods using a 69-bus radial distribution network (RDN). The results of APLA achieved for original and reconfigured 69-bus RDN are found to be promising and judicious as regard to their load demands and geographical locations. The implementation of present reconfiguration procedure provides a total loss reduction benefit of 55.73% to the utility which highlights the significance of the developed procedure against other established techniques.

Silicon control rectifier inverter circuits for electrical power conversion systems and circuit protection for satellites

Silicon control rectifier inverter circuits for electrical power conversion systems and circuit protection for satellites

p. 268-360, advertising matter

p. 268-360, advertising matter

p. 268-360, advertising matter

The development of technology for a fail-operatonal power system controller (PSC) utilizing microprocessor technology for managing the distribution and power processor subsystems of a large multi-kW space electrical power system is discussed. The specific functions which must be performed by the PSC, the best microprocessor available to do the job, and the feasibility, cost savings, and applications of a PSC were determined. A limited function breadboard version of a PSC was developed to demonstrate the concept and potential cost savings.

GardTec Inc. offers a wide range of fan power cords engineered for reliability, safety, and performance across various cooling applications. Our fan power cords are designed to support AC and DC cooling fans, ensuring a steady and secure power connection in both industrial and commercial environments. These cords are available in multiple configurations, including 2-pin and 3-pin connectors, and support various voltage and amperage ranges. Whether you're powering a single axial fan or multiple high-performance fans in a server or HVAC system, GardTec’s power cords deliver consistent results backed by quality manufacturing.

Tri 1 2016/2017

Tri 1 2016/2017

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) lead center for space transportation systems development. These systems include earth to orbit launch vehicles, as well as vehicles for orbital transfer and deep space missions. The tasks for these systems include research, technology maturation, design, development, and integration of space transportation and propulsion systems. One of the key elements in any transportation system is the electrical power system (EPS). Every transportation system has to have some form of electrical power and the EPS for each of these systems tends to be as varied and unique as the missions they are supporting. The Preliminary Design Office (PD) at MSFC is tasked to perform feasibility analyses and preliminary design studies for new projects, particularly in the space transportation systems area. All major subsystems, including electrical power, are included in each of these studies. Three example systems being evaluated in PD at this time are the Liquid Fly Back Booster (LFBB) system, the Human Mission to Mars (HMM) study, and a tether based flight experiment called the Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS). These three systems are in various stages of definition in the study phase.

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1988: Volume 10 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1987-10_9_4 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1988-01_10_1 .

We derive expressions for the expectation values of the local energy and the local power transferred by an external electrical field to a many-particle system of interacting spinless electrons. In analogy with the definition of the (local) presence and current probability densities, we construct a local energy operator such that the time-rate of change of its expectation value provides information on the spatial distribution of power. Results are presented as functions of an arbitrarily small volume $\Omega$, and physical insights are discussed by means of the quantum hydrodynamical representation of the wavefunction, which is proven to allow for a clear-cut separation into contributions with and without classical correspondence. Quantum features of the local power are mainly manifested through the presence of non-local sources/sinks of power and through the action of forces with no classical counterpart. Many-particle classical-like effects arise in the form of current-force correlations and through the inflow/outflow of energy across the boundaries of the volume $\Omega$. Interestingly, such intriguing features are only reflected in the expression for the local power when the volume $\Omega$ is finite. Otherwise, for closed systems with $\Omega \to \infty$, we recover a classical-like single-particle expression.

There are three general classes of codes that can be used in the analysis of electrical systems and their interactive effects: circuit codes, Maxwell's-equations-solving codes (also referred to as field codes), and system codes. Circuit codes employ coupled equations to describe the currents and voltages associated with individual electronic components such as individual transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The largest group of codes is the Maxwell's-equation-solving codes. Conceptually, these codes can be subdivided into frequency- or time-domain codes and statistical codes. There is an additional way of differentiating between the two major categories of Maxwell's-equations-solving codes available for analyses in this area: those that cannot handle discrete particles or macro-particles, and those that can. These two major categories of codes are referred to as linear and nonlinear (self-consistent), since nonlinear effects such as volume or surface breakdown often require a self-consistent analysis. Finally, system codes are used to understand and study the relationship between various elements in a high-power system: sources, transmission lines, antennas, propagation effects, etc. System codes consider the constraints on an electrical system, such as size, weight, and power, and are used to define what components may be used to deliver the required results. The element that most frequently limits a given code s capability to adequately model a system lies in understanding and depicting electron-interaction phenomena with other particles, gas breakdown and streamer formation, and the effects of photo ionization. This paper is based on a study carried out by the Air Force Research Laboratory in 2003 to review the available codes and determine their capability to assess the effects of ionization on advanced high power electrical systems.

There are three general classes of codes that can be used in the analysis of electrical systems and their interactive effects: circuit codes, Maxwell's-equations-solving codes (also referred to as field codes), and system codes. Circuit codes employ coupled equations to describe the currents and voltages associated with individual electronic components such as individual transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The largest group of codes is the Maxwell's-equation-solving codes. Conceptually, these codes can be subdivided into frequency- or time-domain codes and statistical codes. There is an additional way of differentiating between the two major categories of Maxwell's-equations-solving codes available for analyses in this area: those that cannot handle discrete particles or macro-particles, and those that can. These two major categories of codes are referred to as linear and nonlinear (self-consistent), since nonlinear effects such as volume or surface breakdown often require a self-consistent analysis. Finally, system codes are used to understand and study the relationship between various elements in a high-power system: sources, transmission lines, antennas, propagation effects, etc. System codes consider the constraints on an electrical system, such as size, weight, and power, and are used to define what components may be used to deliver the required results. The element that most frequently limits a given code s capability to adequately model a system lies in understanding and depicting electron-interaction phenomena with other particles, gas breakdown and streamer formation, and the effects of photo ionization. This paper is based on a study carried out by the Air Force Research Laboratory in 2003 to review the available codes and determine their capability to assess the effects of ionization on advanced high power electrical systems.

There are three general classes of codes that can be used in the analysis of electrical systems and their interactive effects: circuit codes, Maxwell's-equations-solving codes (also referred to as field codes), and system codes. Circuit codes employ coupled equations to describe the currents and voltages associated with individual electronic components such as individual transistors, resistors, and capacitors. The largest group of codes is the Maxwell's-equation-solving codes. Conceptually, these codes can be subdivided into frequency- or time-domain codes and statistical codes. There is an additional way of differentiating between the two major categories of Maxwell's-equations-solving codes available for analyses in this area: those that cannot handle discrete particles or macro-particles, and those that can. These two major categories of codes are referred to as linear and nonlinear (self-consistent), since nonlinear effects such as volume or surface breakdown often require a self-consistent analysis. Finally, system codes are used to understand and study the relationship between various elements in a high-power system: sources, transmission lines, antennas, propagation effects, etc. System codes consider the constraints on an electrical system, such as size, weight, and power, and are used to define what components may be used to deliver the required results. The element that most frequently limits a given code s capability to adequately model a system lies in understanding and depicting electron-interaction phenomena with other particles, gas breakdown and streamer formation, and the effects of photo ionization. This paper is based on a study carried out by the Air Force Research Laboratory in 2003 to review the available codes and determine their capability to assess the effects of ionization on advanced high power electrical systems.

Computer programs and test data of brushless rotating electrical generators for space flight auxiliary power systems

ix,208p. : 29cm

ix,208p. : 29cm

ix,208p. : 29cm

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1984: Volume 6 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1983-10_5_4 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1984-01_6_1 .

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1989: Volume 11 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1988-10_10_4 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1989-01_11_1 . Note: This issue has no cover

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1990: Volume 12 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1989-10_11_4 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1990-01_12_1 . Note: This issue has no cover

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1990: Volume 12 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1989-10_11_4 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1990-01_12_1 . Note: This issue has no cover

This item represents a case in PACER, the U.S. Government's website for federal case data. This information is uploaded quarterly. To see our most recent version please use the source url parameter, linked below. To see the canonical source for this data, please consult PACER directly.

This item represents a case in PACER, the U.S. Government's website for federal case data. This information is uploaded quarterly. To see our most recent version please use the source url parameter, linked below. To see the canonical source for this data, please consult PACER directly.

This item represents a case in PACER, the U.S. Government's website for federal case data. This information is uploaded quarterly. To see our most recent version please use the source url parameter, linked below. To see the canonical source for this data, please consult PACER directly.

We consider in this work the probabilistic approach to model-based diagnosis when applied to electrical power systems (EPSs). Our probabilistic approach is formally well-founded, as it based on Bayesian networks and arithmetic circuits. We investigate the diagnostic task known as fault isolation, and pay special attention to meeting two of the main challenges . model development and real-time reasoning . often associated with real-world application of model-based diagnosis technologies. To address the challenge of model development, we develop a systematic approach to representing electrical power systems as Bayesian networks, supported by an easy-to-use speci.cation language. To address the real-time reasoning challenge, we compile Bayesian networks into arithmetic circuits. Arithmetic circuit evaluation supports real-time diagnosis by being predictable and fast. In essence, we introduce a high-level EPS speci.cation language from which Bayesian networks that can diagnose multiple simultaneous failures are auto-generated, and we illustrate the feasibility of using arithmetic circuits, compiled from Bayesian networks, for real-time diagnosis on real-world EPSs of interest to NASA. The experimental system is a real-world EPS, namely the Advanced Diagnostic and Prognostic Testbed (ADAPT) located at the NASA Ames Research Center. In experiments with the ADAPT Bayesian network, which currently contains 503 discrete nodes and 579 edges, we .nd high diagnostic accuracy in scenarios where one to three faults, both in components and sensors, were inserted. The time taken to compute the most probable explanation using arithmetic circuits has a small mean of 0.2625 milliseconds and standard deviation of 0.2028 milliseconds. In experiments with data from ADAPT we also show that arithmetic circuit evaluation substantially outperforms joint tree propagation and variable elimination, two alternative algorithms for diagnosis using Bayesian network inference.

A historical overview of electrical power systems used in the U.S. manned spacecraft and some of the U.S. unmanned spacecraft is presented in this investigation. A time frame of approximately 25 years, the period for 1959 to 1984, is covered in this report. Results indicate that the nominal bus voltage was 28 volts dc in most spacecraft and all other voltage levels were derived from this voltage through such techniques as voltage inversion or rectification, or a combination. Most spacecraft used solar arrays for the main source of power except for those spacecraft that had a relatively short flight duration, or deep spaceprobes that were designed for very long flight duration. Fuel cells were used on Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle (short duration flights) while radioisotope thermoelectric generators were employed on the Pioneer, Jupiter/Saturn, Viking Lander, and Voyager spacecraft (long duration flights). The main dc bus voltage was unregulated on the manned spacecraft with voltage regulation provided at the user loads. A combination of regulated, semiregulated, and unregulated buses were used on the unmanned spacecraft depending on the type of load. For example, scientific instruments were usually connected to regulated buses while fans, relays, etc. were energized from an unregulated bus. Different forms of voltage regulation, such as shunt, buck/boot, and pulse-width modulated regulators, were used. This report includes a comprehensive bibliography on spacecraft electrical power systems for the space programs investigated.

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1997: Volume 19 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1996-11_18_8 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1997-01_19_1 . Note: This issue has no cover

Presentation to Aerospace Electrical Systems Expo, providing an overview of NASA's work on hybrid electric and all electric propulsion and projecting technology needs.

Presentation to Aerospace Electrical Systems Expo, providing an overview of NASA's work on hybrid electric and all electric propulsion and projecting technology needs.

International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 1996: Volume 18 , Issue Index. Digitized from IA1631516-02 . Previous issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1995-12_17_6 . Next issue: sim_international-journal-of-electrical-power-and-energy_1996-01_18_1 . Note: This issue has no cover

This thesis develops a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to represent electric power grids subject to interdiction (attack) by terrorists. The work enhances the prototypic One-line Diagram (OD) representations of electric power networks in the VEGA 1.0 decision-support system (Vulnerability of Electrical Power Grids Analysis, version 1.0). Conforming to Windows standards, the new OD GUI incorporates advanced graphical features, which help the user visualize the model and understand the consequences of interdiction. The new ODs also capture the details of system restoration over time following an attack. The enhanced OD GUI has been incorporated into the updated version of the system, VEGA 2.0.

The majority of dynamical studies in power systems focus on the high voltage transmission grids where models consider large generators interacting with crude aggregations of individual small loads. However, new phenomena have been observed indicating that the spatial distribution of collective, nonlinear contribution of these small loads in the low-voltage distribution grid is crucial to outcome of these dynamical transients. To elucidate the phenomenon, we study the dynamics of voltage and power flows in a spatially-extended distribution feeder (circuit) connecting many asynchronous induction motors and discover that this relatively simple 1+1 (space+time) dimensional system exhibits a plethora of nontrivial spatio-temporal effects, some of which may be dangerous for power system stability. Long-range motor-motor interactions mediated by circuit voltage and electrical power flows result in coexistence and segregation of spatially-extended phases defined by individual motor states--a "normal" state where the motors' mechanical (rotation) frequency is slightly smaller than the nominal frequency of the basic AC flows and a "stalled" state where the mechanical frequency is small. Transitions between the two states can be initiated by a perturbation of the voltage or base frequency at the head of the distribution feeder. Such behavior is typical of first-order phase transitions in physics, and this 1+1 dimensional model shows many other properties of a first-order phase transition with the spatial distribution of the motors' mechanical frequency playing the role of the order parameter. In particular we observe (a) propagation of the phase-transition front with the constant speed very long feeders; and (b) hysteresis in transitions between the normal and stalled (or partially stalled) phases.

Book digitized by Google and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.

Book digitized by Google and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.