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In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Legally Binding Document: GB 19606-102: Noise limit value for household and similar electrical appliances Name of Standards Organization: Standardization Administration of China (SAC) LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Electrotechnical Section Name: Rotating Machinery (ETD 15) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 12065 Title of Legally Binding Document: Permissible limits of noise level for rotating electrical machines Number of Amendments: 1 Equivalence: IEC 60034-9 Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Electrotechnical Section Name: Rotating Machinery (ETD 15) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 12998-2 Title of Legally Binding Document: Methods of Measurement of Airborne Noise Emitted by Rotating Electrical Machinery, Part 2: Survey Method Number of Amendments: Equivalence: ISO 1680-2 Superceding: IS 6098 Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Electronics and Information Technology Section Name: Environmental Testing Procedure (LITD 1) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 9000-21 Title of Legally Binding Document: Basic environmental testing procedures for electronic, electrical items, Part 21: Acoustics noise test Number of Amendments: Equivalence: Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

We have studied temperature-dependent (77-300 K) electrical characteristics and low-frequency noise (LFN) in chemical vapor deposited (CVD) single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) based back-gated field-effect transistors (FETs). Electrical characterization and LFN measurements were conducted on MoS2 FETs with Al2O3 top-surface passivation. We also studied the effect of top-surface passivation etching on the electrical characteristics of the device. Significant decrease in channel current and transconductance was observed in these devices after the Al2O3 passivation etching. For passivated devices, the two-terminal resistance variation with temperature showed a good fit to the activation energy model, whereas for the etched devices the trend indicated a hopping transport mechanism. A significant increase in the normalized drain current noise power spectral density (PSD) was observed after the etching of the top passivation layer. The observed channel current noise was explained using a standard unified model incorporating carrier number fluctuation and correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanisms. Detailed analysis of the gate-referred noise voltage PSD indicated the presence of different trapping states in passivated devices when compared to the etched devices. Etched devices showed weak temperature dependence of the channel current noise, whereas passivated devices exhibited near-linear temperature dependence.

We have studied temperature-dependent (77-300 K) electrical characteristics and low-frequency noise (LFN) in chemical vapor deposited (CVD) single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) based back-gated field-effect transistors (FETs). Electrical characterization and LFN measurements were conducted on MoS2 FETs with Al2O3 top-surface passivation. We also studied the effect of top-surface passivation etching on the electrical characteristics of the device. Significant decrease in channel current and transconductance was observed in these devices after the Al2O3 passivation etching. For passivated devices, the two-terminal resistance variation with temperature showed a good fit to the activation energy model, whereas for the etched devices the trend indicated a hopping transport mechanism. A significant increase in the normalized drain current noise power spectral density (PSD) was observed after the etching of the top passivation layer. The observed channel current noise was explained using a standard unified model incorporating carrier number fluctuation and correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanisms. Detailed analysis of the gate-referred noise voltage PSD indicated the presence of different trapping states in passivated devices when compared to the etched devices. Etched devices showed weak temperature dependence of the channel current noise, whereas passivated devices exhibited near-linear temperature dependence.

From a quantum point of view, it is mandatory to include the measurement process when predicting the time-evolution of a quantum system. In this paper, a model to treat the measurement of the (TeraHertz) THz electrical current in quantum devices is presented. The explicit interaction of a quantum system with an external measuring apparatus is analyzed through the unambiguous notion of the Bohmian conditional wave function, the wave function of a subsystem. It it shown that such THz quantum measurement process can be modeled as a weak measurement: The systems suffers a small perturbation due to the apparatus, but the current is measured with a great uncertainty. This uncertainty implies that a new source of noise appears at THz frequencies. Numerical (quantum Monte Carlo) experiments are performed confirming the weak character of this measurement. This work also indicates that at low frequencies this noise is negligible and it can be ignored. From a classical point of view, the origin of this noise due to the measurement at THz frequencies can be attributed to the plasmonic effect of those electrons at the contacts (by interpreting the contacts themselves as part of the measuring apparatus).

We investigate the visibility of the current and shot-noise correlations of electrical analogs of the optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the Hanbury Brown Twiss interferometer. The electrical analogs are discussed in conductors subject to high magnetic fields where electron motion is along edge states. The transport quantities are modulated with the help of an Aharonov-Bohm flux. We discuss the conductance (current) visibility and shot noise visibility as a function of temperature and applied voltage. Dephasing is introduced with the help of fictitious voltage probes. Comparison of these two interferometers is of interest since the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is an amplitude (single-particle) interferometer whereas the Hanbury Brown Twiss interferometer is an intensity (two-particle) interferometer. A direct comparison is only possible for the shot noise of the two interferometers. We find that the visibility of shot noise correlations of the Hanbury Brown Twiss interferometer as function of temperature, voltage or dephasing, is qualitatively similar to the visibility of the first harmonic of the shot noise correlation of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In contrast, the second harmonic of the shot noise visibility of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer decreases much more rapidly with increasing temperature, voltage or dephasing rate.

Virtually every device that makes use of the new ceramic superconductors will need normal conductor to superconductor contacts. The current-voltage and electrical noise characteristics of these contacts could become important design considerations. I-V and low frequency electrical noise measurements are presented on contacts between a normal conductor and superconducting polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7. The contacts were formed by first sputtering gold palladium pads onto the surface of the bulk superconductor and then using silver epoxy to attach a wire(s) to each pad. Voltage across the contacts was found for small current densities. The voltage spectral density, S sub v(f), a quantity often used to characterize electrical noise, very closely followed an empirical relationship given by S sub v(f) = C(VR)sq/f, where V is the DC voltage across the contact, R is the contact resistance, F is frequency, and C is a contant found to be 2 x 10(exp -10)/Omega sq at 78 K. This relationship was found to be independent of contact area, contact geometry, sample fabrication technique, and sample density.

Electrical noise and cross talk generated during explosive testing by gage and cable destruction were investigated. Results indicate that the primary instrumentation parameters affecting noise and cross talk levels are cable type, transducer bridge symmetry and its effects on signal conditioner common mode rejection ratio, and the degree of isolation between conditioner power circuits.

Bell System Technical Journal, 31: 5. September 1952 pp 950-975. Electrical Noise in Semiconductors. (Montgomery, H.C.)

Electrical noise and cross talk generated during explosive testing by gage and cable destruction were investigated. Results indicate that the primary instrumentation parameters affecting noise and cross talk levels are cable type, transducer bridge symmetry and its effects on signal conditioner common mode rejection ratio, and the degree of isolation between conditioner power circuits.

We theoretically study energy pumping processes in an electrical circuit with avalanche diodes, where non-Gaussian athermal noise plays a crucial role. We show that a positive amount of energy (work) can be extracted by an external manipulation of the circuit in a cyclic way, even when the system is spatially symmetric. We discuss the properties of the energy pumping process for both quasi-static and fnite-time cases, and analytically obtain formulas for the amounts of the work and the power. Our results demonstrate the significance of the non-Gaussianity in energetics of electrical circuits.

We theoretically study energy pumping processes in an electrical circuit with avalanche diodes, where non-Gaussian athermal noise plays a crucial role. We show that a positive amount of energy (work) can be extracted by an external manipulation of the circuit in a cyclic way, even when the system is spatially symmetric. We discuss the properties of the energy pumping process for both quasi-static and fnite-time cases, and analytically obtain formulas for the amounts of the work and the power. Our results demonstrate the significance of the non-Gaussianity in energetics of electrical circuits.

Electrical noise and cross talk generated during explosive testing by gage and cable destruction were investigated. Results indicate that the primary instrumentation parameters affecting noise and cross talk levels are cable type, transducer bridge symmetry and its effects on signal conditioner common mode rejection ratio, and the degree of isolation between conditioner power circuits.

Cryogen-free low-temperature setups are becoming more prominent in experimental science due to their convenience and reliability, and concern about the increasing scarcity of helium as a natural resource. Despite not having any moving parts at the cold end, pulse tube cryocoolers introduce vibrations that can be detrimental to the experiments. We characterize the coupling of these vibrations to the electrical signal observed on cables installed in a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator. The dominant electrical noise is in the 5 to 10 kHz range and its magnitude is found to be strongly temperature dependent. We test the performance of different cables designed to diagnose and tackle the noise, and find triboelectrics to be the dominant mechanism coupling the vibrations to the electrical signal. Flattening a semi-rigid cable or jacketing a flexible cable in order to restrict movement within the cable, successfully reduces the noise level by over an order of magnitude. Furthermore, we characterize the effect of the pulse tube vibrations on an electron spin qubit device in this setup. Coherence measurements are used to map out the spectrum of the noise experienced by the qubit, revealing spectral components matching the spectral signature of the pulse tube.

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Electrotechnical Section Name: Rotating Machinery (ETD 15) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS 12998-1 Title of Legally Binding Document: Method of measurement of airborne noise emitted by rotating electrical machinery, Part 1: Engineering method for free-field conditions over a reflecting plane Number of Amendments: Equivalence: ISO 1680-1 Superceding: IS 6098 Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

Electrical noise and cross talk generated during explosive testing by gage and cable destruction were investigated. Results indicate that the primary instrumentation parameters affecting noise and cross talk levels are cable type, transducer bridge symmetry and its effects on signal conditioner common mode rejection ratio, and the degree of isolation between conditioner power circuits.

Folkscanomy Electronics Articles: Troubleshooting Electrical Noise

Bibliography: p. [483]-487

A short review is presented of a recently developed computational approach which allows the study of the resistance noise over the full range of bias values, from the linear regime up to electrical breakdown. Resistance noise is described in terms of two competing processes in a random resistor network. The two processes are thermally activated and driven by an electrical bias. In the linear regime, a scaling relation has been found between the relative variance of resistance fluctuations and the average resistance. The value of the critical exponent is significantly higher than that associated with 1/f noise. In the nonlinear regime, occurring when the bias overcomes the threshold value, the relative variance of resistance fluctuations scales with the bias. Two regions can be identified in this regime: a moderate bias region and a pre-breakdown one. In the first region, the scaling exponent has been found independent of the values of the model parameters and of the bias conditions. A strong nonlinearity emerges in the pre-breakdown region which is also characterized by non-Gaussian noise. The results compare well with measurements of electrical breakdown in composites and with electromigration experiments in metallic lines.

We have measured and compared the response of hybrid NbTiN-Al Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) to changes in bath temperature and illumination by sub-mm radiation. We show that these two stimulants have an equivalent effect on the resonance feature of hybrid MKIDs. We determine an electrical NEP from the measured temperature responsivity, quasiparticle recombination time, superconducting transition temperature and noise spectrum, all of which can be measured in a dark environment. For the two hybrid NbTiN-Al MKIDs studied in detail the electrical NEP is within a factor of two of the optical NEP, which is measured directly using a blackbody source.

Gap-junctional coupling is an important way of communication between neurons and other excitable cells. Strong electrical coupling synchronizes activity across cell ensembles. Surprisingly, in the presence of noise synchronous oscillations generated by an electrically coupled network may differ qualitatively from the oscillations produced by uncoupled individual cells forming the network. A prominent example of such behavior is the synchronized bursting in islets of Langerhans formed by pancreatic \beta-cells, which in isolation are known to exhibit irregular spiking. At the heart of this intriguing phenomenon lies denoising, a remarkable ability of electrical coupling to diminish the effects of noise acting on individual cells. In this paper, we derive quantitative estimates characterizing denoising in electrically coupled networks of conductance-based models of square wave bursting cells. Our analysis reveals the interplay of the intrinsic properties of the individual cells and network topology and their respective contributions to this important effect. In particular, we show that networks on graphs with large algebraic connectivity or small total effective resistance are better equipped for implementing denoising. As a by-product of the analysis of denoising, we analytically estimate the rate with which trajectories converge to the synchronization subspace and the stability of the latter to random perturbations. These estimates reveal the role of the network topology in synchronization. The analysis is complemented by numerical simulations of electrically coupled conductance-based networks. Taken together, these results explain the mechanisms underlying synchronization and denoising in an important class of biological models.

We have measured the resistance noise of copper metallic wires during a tensile stress. The time variation of the main resistance is continuous up to the wire breakdown, but its fluctuations reveal the intermittent and heterogeneous character of plastic flow. We show in particular direct correlations between strengthening mechanisms and noise spectra characteristics.

Is there accurate and cost effective solution for reducing noises from electrical cables and electrical panels in present era Industrial panel noise can easily reduced by using some calculations and methods only. Cost effective way to reduce noise is shown below techniques. Let us understand by below mentioned examples and techniques. Mr. Darnesh "Electrical Panels and Cables Noise Solutions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46461.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46461/electrical-panels-and-cables-noise-solutions/mr-darnesh

Low-frequency 1/f noise is ubiquitous, and dominates the signal-to-noise performance in nanodevices. Here we investigate the noise characteristics of single-layer and bilayer graphene nano-devices, and uncover an unexpected 1/f noise behavior for bilayer devices. Graphene is a single layer of graphite, where carbon atoms form a 2D honeycomb lattice. Despite the similar composition, bilayer graphene (two graphene monolayers stacked in the natural graphite order) is a distinct 2D system with a different band structure and electrical properties. In graphene monolayers, the 1/f noise is found to follow Hooge's empirical relation with a noise parameter comparable to that of bulk semiconductors. However, this 1/f noise is strongly suppressed in bilayer graphene devices, and exhibits an unusual dependence on the carrier density, different from most other materials. The unexpected noise behavior in graphene bilayers is associated with its unique band structure that varies with the charge distribution among the two layers, resulting in an effective screening of potential fluctuations due to external impurity charges. The findings here point to exciting opportunities for graphene bilayers in low-noise applications.

Low-frequency 1/f noise is ubiquitous, and dominates the signal-to-noise performance in nanodevices. Here we investigate the noise characteristics of single-layer and bilayer graphene nano-devices, and uncover an unexpected 1/f noise behavior for bilayer devices. Graphene is a single layer of graphite, where carbon atoms form a 2D honeycomb lattice. Despite the similar composition, bilayer graphene (two graphene monolayers stacked in the natural graphite order) is a distinct 2D system with a different band structure and electrical properties. In graphene monolayers, the 1/f noise is found to follow Hooge's empirical relation with a noise parameter comparable to that of bulk semiconductors. However, this 1/f noise is strongly suppressed in bilayer graphene devices, and exhibits an unusual dependence on the carrier density, different from most other materials. The unexpected noise behavior in graphene bilayers is associated with its unique band structure that varies with the charge distribution among the two layers, resulting in an effective screening of potential fluctuations due to external impurity charges. The findings here point to exciting opportunities for graphene bilayers in low-noise applications.

The mechanism at the base of phase noise generation in electrical oscillators is reexamined from first principles. The well known Lorentzian spectral power distribution is obtained, together with a clearcut expression for the line-width parameter. The mechanism of suppression of the amplitude fluctuations and its effects are discussed and the true role of the figure of merit $Q_0$ of the resonator is restated. The up conversion of low frequency components from a non-white noise source is also considered. A number of simple numerical experiments is presented to illustrate and clarify the mathematical results.

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Noise is generally thought as detrimental for energy transport in coupled oscillator networks. However, it has been shown that for certain coherently evolving systems, the presence of noise can enhance, somehow unexpectedly, their transport efficiency; a phenomenon called environment-assisted quantum transport (ENAQT) or dephasing-assisted transport. Here, we report on the experimental observation of such effect in a network of coupled electrical oscillators. We demonstrate that by introducing stochastic fluctuations in one of the couplings of the network, a relative enhancement in the energy transport efficiency of $22.5 \pm 3.6\,\%$ can be observed.

We investigate the spin entanglement in the superconductor-quantum dot system proposed by Recher, Sukhorukov and Loss, coupling it to an electronic beam-splitter. The superconductor-quantum dot entangler and the beam-splitter are treated within a unified framework and the entanglement is detected via current correlations. The state emitted by the entangler is found to be a linear superposition of non-local spin-singlets at different energies, a spin-entangled two-particle wavepacket. Colliding the two electrons in the beam-splitter, the singlet spin-state gives rise to a bunching behavior, detectable via the current correlators. The amount of bunching depends on the relative positions of the single particle levels in the quantum dots and the scattering amplitudes of the beam-splitter. The singlet spin entanglement, insensitive to orbital dephasing but suppressed by spin dephasing, is conveniently quantified via the Fano factors. It is found that the entanglement-dependent contribution to the Fano factor is of the same magnitude as the non-entangled, making an experimental detection feasible. A detailed comparison between the current correlations of the non-local spin-singlet state and other states, possibly emitted by the entangler, is performed. This provides conditions for an unambiguous identification of the non-local singlet spin entanglement.

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Since 1984, electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) has been used to monitor cell behavior in tissue culture and has proven sensitive to cell morphological changes and cell motility. We have taken ECIS measurements on several cultures of non-cancerous (HOSE) and cancerous (SKOV) human ovarian surface epithelial cells. By analyzing the noise in real and imaginary electrical impedance, we demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish the two cell types purely from signatures of their electrical noise. Our measures include power-spectral exponents, Hurst and detrended fluctuation analysis, and estimates of correlation time; principal-component analysis combines all the measures. The noise from both cancerous and non-cancerous cultures shows correlations on many time scales, but these correlations are stronger for the non-cancerous cells.

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions are nanostructures that auto-oscillate stochastically under the effect of thermal noise. Recent works showed that despite their stochasticity, such junctions possess a capability to synchronize to subthreshold voltage drives, in a way that can be enhanced or controlled by adding noise. In this work, we investigate a system composed of two electrically coupled junctions, connected in series to a periodic voltage source. We make use of numerical simulations and of an analytical model to demonstrate that both junctions can be phase-locked to the drive, in phase or in anti-phase. This synchronization phenomenon can be controlled by both thermal and electrical noises, although the two types of noises induce qualitatively different behaviors. Namely, thermal noise can stabilize a regime where one junction is phase-locked to the drive voltage while the other is blocked in one state. On the contrary, electrical noise causes the junctions to have highly correlated behaviors and thus cannot induce the latter. These results open the way for the design of superparamagnetic tunnel junctions that can perform computation through synchronization, and which harvest the largest part of their energy consumption from thermal noise.

Low frequency electrical noise measurements have been used to probe the electronic state of the perovskite-type manganese oxide Pr2/3Ca1/3MnO3 versus temperature and in the vicinity of the field-induced transition from the insulating, charge-ordered state (I-CO) to the metallic, ferromagnetic state (M-F). At high temperature we have observed a high level of the excess noise with mainly a gaussian distribution of the resistance fluctuations, and the associated power spectral density has a standard 1/f dependence. However, in the hysteretic region, where the electrical resistance depends dramatically on the sample history, we have observed a huge non-gaussian noise characterized by two level fluctuator-like switching (TLS) in the time domain. We discuss the origin of the noise in terms of percolative behavior of the conductivity. We speculate that the dominant fluctuators are manganese clusters switching between the M-F and the I-CO phases.

Close up recording of a humming electrical substation transformer box. Recorded with ZOOM H5.

Improvement of existing pulsejet engines resulted in engines having (1) a 425-fps design speed with a maximum over 500 fps, (2) a design-speed life exceeding 41 hr, (3) a 444-g design-acceleration loading with a maximum over 575 g, and (4) a specific thrust of 2.23. An analysis indicated that a 25% greater thrust is possible with a ducted engine at a 550-fps tip speed. Acoustic coupling of 2 engines with proximate tailpipes reduced the fundamental-frequency noise level. Exhaust-shroud design requirements were established for shrouds which enhance acoustic coupling and which do not adversely affect static performance. Opposed-engine configurations further reduced the noise level and favorably affected performance. The inlet noise level was not reduced by acoustically coupling /4 ducts. A capacitance-type pressure pickup with a 1.25- mc carrier frequency and a 50-psi maximum was used with a high-impedance probe to determine engine-pressure variations. Average inlet-valve operating temperatures of 145 deg F may permit the use of strain gages as inlet-valve position indicators. Inlet-valve natural frequency and damping characteristics could not be determined with commercial vibration equipment. Studies of electrical analogies for engine analysis provided (1) a basic circuit demonstrating the analogous behavior of electrical circuits and pulsejet engines, (2) a relaxation oscillator providing repetitive analogy operations and simulating combustion, (3) an artificial electrical line simulating acoustic resonant characteristics, and (4) a determination of engine-tube resonant modes.

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Legally Binding Document: GB 19606-2: Noise limit value for household and similar electrical appliances—Particular requirements for vacuum cleaners and water suction cleaning appliances Name of Standards Organization: Standardization Administration of China (SAC) LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Legally Binding Document: GB 19606-2: Noise limit value for household and similar electrical appliances—Particular requirements for vacuum cleaners and water suction cleaning appliances Name of Standards Organization: Standardization Administration of China (SAC) LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

Electrical noise and cross talk generated during explosive testing by gage and cable destruction were investigated. Results indicate that the primary instrumentation parameters affecting noise and cross talk levels are cable type, transducer bridge symmetry and its effects on signal conditioner common mode rejection ratio, and the degree of isolation between conditioner power circuits.

The endochronic degradation of MOS devices arising from the global response of the device parameters collectively deteriorating under the repetitive influence of electrical overstresses (at subcatastrophic levels) such as electrostatic discharge (ESD), electromagnetic pulsing (EMP), etc., is quantified in terms of noise characteristics. Life-time studies depicting the degradation of a test device are presented. Computer and experimental data are furnished. (Author)

The endochronic degradation of MOS devices arising from the global response of the device parameters collectively deteriorating under the repetitive influence of electrical overstresses (at subcatastrophic levels) such as electrostatic discharge (ESD), electromagnetic pulsing (EMP), etc., is quantified in terms of noise characteristics. Life-time studies depicting the degradation of a test device are presented. Computer and experimental data are furnished. (Author)

Electrical noise measurement system measures noise generated by edge-type connectors and circuit cards when they are subjected to sinusoidal vibration. It provides a signal across the contact area and monitors the signal change during vibration. Noise measured can be expressed as a varying change in total contact resistance.

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Legally Binding Document: GB 19606-101: Noise limit value for household and similar electrical appliances— Particular requirements for food blender Name of Standards Organization: Standardization Administration of China (SAC) LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Legally Binding Document: GB 19606-101: Noise limit value for household and similar electrical appliances— Particular requirements for food blender Name of Standards Organization: Standardization Administration of China (SAC) LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. (For more information: 12 Tables of Code ) Name of Standards Organization: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Division Name: Electronics and Information Technology Section Name: Wires, Cables, Waveguides and Accessories (LITD 6) Designator of Legally Binding Document: IS/IEC 61196-1-107 Title of Legally Binding Document: Coaxial Communication Cables Part 1-107 Electrical Test Methods -- Test for Cable Microphony Charge Level(Mechanically Induced Noise) Number of Amendments: Equivalence: IEC 61196 Part 1-107:2005 Superceding: Superceded by: LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT Step Out From the Old to the New --Jawaharlal Nehru Invent a new India using knowledge. --Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

The distribution of resistance fluctuations of conducting thin films with granular structure near electrical breakdown is studied by numerical simulations. The film is modeled as a resistor network in a steady state determined by the competition between two biased processes, breaking and recovery. Systems of different sizes and with different levels of internal disorder are considered. Sharp deviations from a Gaussian distribution are found near breakdown and the effect increases with the degree of internal disorder. However, we show that in general this non-Gaussianity is related to the finite size of the system and vanishes in the large size limit. Nevertheless, near the critical point of the conductor-insulator transition, deviations from Gaussianity persist when the size is increased and the distribution of resistance fluctuations is well fitted by the universal Bramwell-Holdsworth-Pinton distribution.

The distribution of resistance fluctuations of conducting thin films with granular structure near electrical breakdown is studied by numerical simulations. The film is modeled as a resistor network in a steady state determined by the competition between two biased processes, breaking and recovery. Systems of different sizes and with different levels of internal disorder are considered. Sharp deviations from a Gaussian distribution are found near breakdown and the effect increases with the degree of internal disorder. However, we show that in general this non-Gaussianity is related to the finite size of the system and vanishes in the large size limit. Nevertheless, near the critical point of the conductor-insulator transition, deviations from Gaussianity persist when the size is increased and the distribution of resistance fluctuations is well fitted by the universal Bramwell-Holdsworth-Pinton distribution.

The distribution of resistance fluctuations of conducting thin films with granular structure near electrical breakdown is studied by numerical simulations. The film is modeled as a resistor network in a steady state determined by the competition between two biased processes, breaking and recovery. Systems of different sizes and with different levels of internal disorder are considered. Sharp deviations from a Gaussian distribution are found near breakdown and the effect increases with the degree of internal disorder. However, we show that in general this non-Gaussianity is related to the finite size of the system and vanishes in the large size limit. Nevertheless, near the critical point of the conductor-insulator transition, deviations from Gaussianity persist when the size is increased and the distribution of resistance fluctuations is well fitted by the universal Bramwell-Holdsworth-Pinton distribution.

In celebration of Independence Day in the United States, 2006, LibriVox volunteers bring you ten different recordings of <em>The Flag Goes By</em> by Henry Holcomb Bennett. This was the Weekly Poetry project for the week of July 2nd, 2006.<br />(Summary by Annie Coleman)

2Card

By Arnold Bennett

The ‘Card’ in question is Edward Henry Machin - His mother called him ‘Denry’. This light-hearted story is of his rise from humble beginnings as the son of a washerwoman and sempstress in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, in the pottery towns (which Arnold Bennett christened ‘The Five Towns’) of the English Midlands; how, by his own wits, enterprise and ‘nerve’ he rose to wealth, married bliss and public recognition as the youngest-ever mayor of his home town.<br /><br />“’And yet,’ demanded Councillor Barlow, ‘what’s he done? What great cause is he identified with?<br />’‘He’s identified,’ said the speaker, ‘with the great cause of cheering us all up’.” (summary by Andy Minter)

3Price of Love

By Arnold Bennett

Rachel Louise Fleckring works for the elderly Mrs Maldon, and although with the woman for only a short time, she is taken into the heart of the family. She falls in love with one of Mrs Maldon's descendants, but along the way, she has to come to terms with the fact that he isn't, perhaps, the perfectly honest man she thought he was. (Summary by Christine)

4How to Live on Twenty-Four Hours a Day

By Arnold Bennett

"Which of us lives on twenty-four hours a day? And when I say 'lives,' I do not mean exists, nor 'muddles through.'" -- Arnold Bennett knew a "rat race" when he saw one. Every day, his fellow white-collar Londoners followed the same old routine. And they routinely decried the sameness in their lives.-- So Bennett set out to explain how to inject new enthusiasm into living. In this delightful little work, he taught his fellow sufferers how to set time apart for improving their lives. Yes, he assured them, it could be done. Yes, if you want to feel connected with the world, instead of endlessly pacing the treadmill (or, "exceeding your programme", as he called it), you must do so.-- For time, as he gleefully notes, is the ultimate democracy. Each of us starts our day with 24 hours to spend. Even a saint gets not a minute more; even the most inveterate time-waster is docked not a second for his wastrel ways. And he can choose today to turn over a new leaf! -- Bennett believed that learning to discern cause and effect in the world would give his readers an endless source of enjoyment and satisfaction. Instead of only being able to discuss what they had heard, they could graduate to what they thought... and lift themselves completely from the deadening influence of a day at the office. (Summary by Mark F Smith)

5Old Wives' Tale

By Arnold Bennett

The Old Wives' Tale is a novel by Arnold Bennett, first published in 1908. It deals with the lives of two very different sisters, Constance and Sophia Baines, following their stories from their youth, working in their mother's draper's shop, into old age. It is generally regarded as one of Bennett's finest works. It covers a period of about 70 years from roughly 1840 to 1905, and is set in Burslem and Paris. (Summary by Andy)

6Grand Babylon Hotel

By Arnold Bennett

Theodore Racksole, a rich American multi-millionaire, buys the Grand Babylon Hotel, a luxurious hotel in London, as a whim - and then finds out there are strange things going on - a German prince is supposed to arrive but never turns up, someone is found murdered in the hotel, but then the body disappears. With the help of his independent daughter Nella and another German prince, Racksole sets out to solve the mystery.<BR><BR> Bennett wrote this as a 15-part serial, for a lark, in 15 days, and sold it for 100 pounds. It first appeared in The Golden Penny in 1902, which described it as "the most original, amusing, and thrilling serial written in a decade". (Summary by Anna Simon)<BR><BR>NB the Wikipedia page for this book (see link on the left) contains some plot spoilers!

7Literary Taste: How to Form It

By Arnold Bennett

Arnold Bennett describes a method for enjoying literature, and suggests the contents of a comprehensive library. Chapters 1-10 and 14 describe his method for learning to enjoy literature. Chapters 11, 12, and 13 contain detailed lists of the 337 volumes required to complete a comprehensive library of English works. This reading is from the 1913 version at Project Gutenberg, and so does not contain the revisions made by Swinnerton for the 1939 edition, which included authors of the early Twentieth Century. Swinnerton's revisions are available from Wikipedia. (Summary by Timothy Ferguson)

8Tales of the Five Towns

By Arnold Bennett

This is a selection of short stories recounting, with gentle satire and tolerant good humour, the small town provincial life at the end of the nineteenth century, based around the six towns in the county of Staffordshire, England, known as the Potteries. Arnold Bennett chose to fictionalize these towns by changing their names and omitting one (Fenton) as he apparently felt that “Five Towns” was more euphonious than “Six Towns”. The real town names which are thinly disguised in the novel are: Hanley, Longton, Burslem and Tunstal, the fifth, Stoke, became “Knype”. <br /><br />Arnold Bennett (1867-1931) was born in Hanley, the eldest child of a pawnbroker who subsequently became a solicitor. Bennett’s father wished him to become a solicitor too, but he failed his university entrance examination and instead became a solicitor's clerk, at first in his father's office and, from 1889, in London. <br /><br />He showed early promise as a writer winning a writing competition in a local newspaper as a boy. In London he began to see his writing published in popular magazines and he joined the staff of ‘Woman’ magazine in 1893. <br /><br />His first novel to be published, <em>A Man from the North</em>, appeared in 1898 and its success allowed him to give up other work to concentrate on writing. His first short story (<em>A Letter Home</em>) was written in 1893 and appears in <em>Tales of the Five Towns</em>. (Summary by Martin Clifton)

The plot centers on Anna Tellwright, daughter of a wealthy but miserly and dictatorial father, living in the Potteries area of Staffordshire, England. Her activities are strictly controlled by the Methodist church. Having escaped her father by marrying the respectable and attractive Henry, she attempts in vain to help Willy, son of a drunken and bankrupt business associate of her father's. (Summary by Wikipedia)

10Mental Efficiency

By Arnold Bennett

In this light-hearted yet thought-provoking collection of articles, Bennett offers his thoughts on exercising the mind, organising your life, the advantages (and disadvantages) of marriage and other pocket philosophies.<BR/><BR/>The book stands the test of time, and much is still relevant and amusing - perhaps even more so, with nearly 100 years of hindsight, than when it was originally written.<BR/><BR/>The book "X" to which Bennett refers in Chapter 5 is <i>An Essay on the Principle of Population</i> by Thomas Malthus, of which there is also a <a href="http://librivox.org/an-essay-on-the-principle-of-population-by-thomas-malthus/" target="_blank"> Librivox recording</a>. (Summary by Ruth Golding)

11Regent

By Arnold Bennett

'The Regent' is, if not a sequel to 'The Card', then a 'Further Adventures of' the eponymous hero of that novel.<br /><br />Denry Machin is now forty-three and begins to feel that he is getting old, that making money and a happy home life are not enough and that he has lost his touch as the entrepreneur and entertainer of the 'Five Towns'.<br /><br />In fact, as he says to himself 'What I want is change - and a lot of it too!'. A chance meeting at the local theatre leads to his going to London and then... (Summary by A.J.M.)

12Clayhanger

By Arnold Bennett

This first of a trilogy of novels is a coming-of-age story set in the Midlands of Victorian England, following Edwin Clayhanger as he leaves school, takes over the family business, and falls in love.<BR>The books are set in Bennett's usual setting of "the 5 Towns", a thinly-disguised version of the six towns of "the Potteries" which amalgamated (at the time of which Bennett was writing) into the borough (and later city) of Stoke-on-Trent.<BR>In one of the earlier chapters in the book, Bennett writes that Edwin had only heard of a philosopher as 'someone who made the best of a bad job' and in some ways that is what Edwin has to do in the book - survive under a stifling layer of conduct imposed by his father, his church and the society he is part of.<BR>(Introduction by Wikipedia, summarised by seasound11)

This book is a good reference on the perennial flower gardening and landscaping. It contains information on growing the plants from seed and explains how to grow and care for the traditional garden flowering plants, bulbs, trees, and shrubs. There are sections covering all aspects of ornamental gardens including water gardens and caring for house plants in the winter. The author has lots of unexpected but good advice in her chapter of Don’ts, for example: “ Don’t supply with cut flowers, plants and the like, people who spend more money for unnecessary luxuries than you do for your whole garden, and then tell you how foolish you are to spend so much time and money, and work so hard for your flowers.” As this shows, the author is at times as colorful as the flowers in this informative book (Summary by A.L. Gramour)

This book is a good reference on vegetable gardening. It covers the economic value of a vegetable garden, planning and locating the garden, maintaining soil fertility, hotbeds, garden tools, sowing seeds, transplanting seedlings, growing and storing vegetables, managing garden pests, and fall garden work.(Summary by A.L. Gramour)

In <i>The Feast of St. Friend, a Christmas book</i>, Arnold Bennett shares his views on Christmas as the season of goodwill. As always, Bennett's writing includes some thought-provoking ideas liberally spiced with his wry sense of humour, and as always too, you can barely believe it was written so long ago. This was published exactly 100 years ago, in 1911. (Introduction by Ruth Golding)

<br />Bennett's essays always provide food for thought and bring a wry smile to the lips. Human nature, it appears, changes little over the ages, and Bennett, as always, stands the test of time, though in the case of some of the essays in this eclectic collection, it is well to remember that they were written at the time of the First World War and the fight for women's suffrage. (Summary by Ruth Golding)

17Matador of the Five Towns and Other Stories

By Arnold Bennett

Twenty-two short stories by Arnold Bennett, mainly set in the 'Five Towns', Bennett's name for the pottery manufacturing towns of the English midlands (Summary by Andy Minter)

18Human Machine

By Arnold Bennett

Bennett asks us to consider our brains as the most wonderful machine, a machine which is the only thing in this world that we can control. As he writes: "I am simply bent on calling your attention to a fact which has perhaps wholly or partially escaped you -- namely, that you are the most fascinating bit of machinery that ever was."<br /><br />As ever, his prose is honeyed, his thoughts inspired, and his advice as relevant today as when it was written.

19Hilda Lessways

By Arnold Bennett

This book is the second in Bennett’s four books about life in the Five Towns (the real life Potteries in Staffordshire). It tells the story of Hilda before her marriage to Edwin Clayhanger (from the first book). Bennett explores Hilda's ambition to make a career for herself, her coming of age and her working experiences as a shorthand clerk and keeper of a lodging house in London and Brighton. He also shows her intensifying relationship with the enigmatic George Cannon that ends in her disastrous bigamous marriage and pregnancy, and finally her reconciliation with Edwin Clayhanger (Summary by Simon Evers)

20These Twain

By Arnold Bennett

Hilda is saved from destitution by Edwin Clayhanger who marries her. The two, with Hilda's son by her disastrous 'marriage' to George Cannon, are living in Bursley. Edwin does not enjoy an entirely happy marriage with Hilda because of her outspokenness. Hilda has strong opinions on matters which at the time were considered to be a male preserve – for example, on Edwin’s business. She also does things without telling him. As a consequence, Edwin has his doubts about their marriage and is angered by his wife just as he had been by his father. The book shows how Hilda and Edwin attempt to compromise, its title being a play on words: does it mean "these two" or "these separate"? It is suggested that they had both become perhaps too set in their ways before their marriage, even though each was in some way 'saved' by their union. (Summary by Simon Evers)

21Pretty Lady

By Arnold Bennett

‘The Pretty Lady’ is considered to be one of Bennett's most revealing and under-rated works. It is the story of a French prostitute, Christine, who has escaped from wartime Ostend, and set herself up in business in London. Though a refugee, she demands no pity; she is self-sufficient, practical and realistic. Christine is not a harpy preying on innocent soldiers, but a canny businesswoman, doing the best she can with the opportunities life has given her. Her main relationship is with G.J. Hoape, a wealthy man above the military age. Bennett in this novel presents a disturbing image of wartime society, fragmented, uneasy and divided. There are references to industrial unrest and to social injustices, and hints that the British press is less than frank about the war. (Summary by Simon Evers)

22Buried Alive

By Arnold Bennett

The hero is Mr Priam Farll, a painter of considerable ability. He is, however, extremely shy – so shy that when his valet, Henry Leek, dies suddenly, the doctor believes the dead man to be Priam Farll and the live man the valet. The artist does not try to disabuse him. After the funeral (in Westminster Abbey), Priam Farll marries a widow and lives a happy life until the loss of his wife’s money means he has to take up painting again. A connoisseur of art recognises his style but thinks the paintings are by an imposter. He makes a fortune by buying his works through a small dealer and selling them in America as genuine. Meanwhile Priam Farll refuses through his obstinate shyness to prove his own identity. (Summary by Simon Evers)

23Roll-Call

By Arnold Bennett

"The Roll-Call" is the sequel to the Clayhanger trilogy. This book concerns the young life of Clayhanger's stepson, George. George Edwin Cannon (he quickly dropped the surname Clayhanger), is an architect, in many ways representing the ambitions held by his stepfather, Edwin. However, he possesses an arrogance endowed by family wealth and Bennett examines with some aplomb the difficulty of bringing up children without spoiling them. George eventually joins the army and this is a fitting finale to this fine series. (Summary by Simon Evers)

24Ghost: A Modern Fantasy

By Arnold Bennett

The novel opens with Carl Foster, a recently qualified doctor, coming to London to try and make his fortune. He meets a famous tenor, Signor Alresca, who suffers a dreadful injury backstage and Foster tends to him. He thus meets the lead soprano, Rosetta Rosa, and falls hopelessly in love with her.<br><br>Alresca takes Foster under his wing and they travel to Alresca's home in Bruges. It is clear to Foster that Alresca has some strange obsession. Foster also notices a stranger who seems to be dogging his footsteps.<br><br>Things take an even more sinister turn when Alresca inexplicably dies. . .<br><br>(Summary by Simon Evers)

25How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (version 2)

By Arnold Bennett

Are you really 'living', or just existing? Do you want to improve yourself or just continue to muddle through? Do you use the time given you each day, or just throw most of it away? These questions Bennett asks each of us and for those who want to really live and learn, offers very valuable advice.<br /><br /> Time is the most precious of commodities, states Bennett in this book. Many books have been written on how to live on a certain amount of money each day. And he added that the old adage "time is money" understates the matter, as time can often produce money, but money cannot produce more time. Time is extremely limited, and Bennett urged others to make the best of the time remaining in their lives. Which of us lives on twenty-four hours a day? And when I say "lives," I do not mean exists, nor "muddles through." Which of us is free from that uneasy feeling that the "great spending departments" of his daily life are not managed as they ought to be? [...] Which of us is not saying to himself -- which of us has not been saying to himself all his life: "I shall alter that when I have a little more time"? We never shall have any more time. We have, and we have always had, all the time there is. - Summary from the author's preface and the reader.