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This paper traces the development of computational fluid dynamics as a tool for aircraft design. It addresses the requirements for effective industrial use, and trade-offs between modeling accuracy and computational costs. Essential elements of algorithm design are discussed in detail, together with a unified approach to the design of shock capturing schemes. Finally, the paper discusses the use of techniques drawn from control theory to determine optimal aerodynamic shapes. In the future multidisciplinary analysis and optimization should be combined to provide an integrated design environment.