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This article is from BMC Genomics , volume 13 . Abstract Background: The turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is an important agricultural species and the second largest contributor to the world’s poultry meat production. Genetic improvement is attributed largely to selective breeding programs that rely on highly heritable phenotypic traits, such as body size and breast muscle development. Commercial breeding with small effective population sizes and epistasis can result in loss of genetic diversity, which in turn can lead to reduced individual fitness and reduced response to selection. The presence of genomic diversity in domestic livestock species therefore, is of great importance and a prerequisite for rapid and accurate genetic improvement of selected breeds in various environments, as well as to facilitate rapid adaptation to potential changes in breeding goals. Genomic selection requires a large number of genetic markers such as e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) the most abundant source of genetic variation within the genome. Results: Alignment of next generation sequencing data of 32 individual turkeys from different populations was used for the discovery of 5.49 million SNPs, which subsequently were used for the analysis of genetic diversity among the different populations. All of the commercial lines branched from a single node relative to the heritage varieties and the South Mexican turkey population. Heterozygosity of all individuals from the different turkey populations ranged from 0.17-2.73 SNPs/Kb, while heterozygosity of populations ranged from 0.73-1.64 SNPs/Kb. The average frequency of heterozygous SNPs in individual turkeys was 1.07 SNPs/Kb. Five genomic regions with very low nucleotide variation were identified in domestic turkeys that showed state of fixation towards alleles different than wild alleles. Conclusion: The turkey genome is much less diverse with a relatively low frequency of heterozygous SNPs as compared to other livestock species like chicken and pig. The whole genome SNP discovery study in turkey resulted in the detection of 5.49 million putative SNPs compared to the reference genome. All commercial lines appear to share a common origin. Presence of different alleles/haplotypes in the SM population highlights that specific haplotypes have been selected in the modern domesticated turkey.

The present study incorporates the vast diversity of mushroom species found on different substratum in the premises of Sundarvan-A Nature Discovery Centre, Ahmedabad by emphasizing the good biodiversity of the area despite being in the busy and confined location of the city. 

The present study incorporates the vast diversity of mushroom species found on different substratum in the premises of Sundarvan-A Nature Discovery Centre, Ahmedabad by emphasizing the good biodiversity of the area despite being in the busy and confined location of the city. 

Fascinated with the heritage of ancient Greece, early modern intellectuals cultivated a deep interest in its language, the primary gateway to this long-lost culture, rehabilitated during the Renaissance. Inspired by the humanist battle cry “To the sources!” scholars took a detailed look at the Greek source texts in the original language and its different dialects. In so doing, they saw themselves confronted with major linguistic questions: Is there any order in this immense diversity? Can the Ancient Greek dialects be classified into larger groups? Is there a hierarchy among the dialects? Which dialect is the oldest? Where should problematic varieties such as Homeric and Biblical Greek be placed? How are the differences between the Greek dialects to be described, charted, and explained? What is the connection between the diversity of the Greek tongue and the Greek homeland? And, last but not least, are Greek dialects similar to the dialects of the vernacular tongues? Why (not)? This book discusses and analyzes the often surprising and sometimes contradictory early modern answers to these questions.

Fascinated with the heritage of ancient Greece, early modern intellectuals cultivated a deep interest in its language, the primary gateway to this long-lost culture, rehabilitated during the Renaissance. Inspired by the humanist battle cry “To the sources!” scholars took a detailed look at the Greek source texts in the original language and its different dialects. In so doing, they saw themselves confronted with major linguistic questions: Is there any order in this immense diversity? Can the Ancient Greek dialects be classified into larger groups? Is there a hierarchy among the dialects? Which dialect is the oldest? Where should problematic varieties such as Homeric and Biblical Greek be placed? How are the differences between the Greek dialects to be described, charted, and explained? What is the connection between the diversity of the Greek tongue and the Greek homeland? And, last but not least, are Greek dialects similar to the dialects of the vernacular tongues? Why (not)? This book discusses and analyzes the often surprising and sometimes contradictory early modern answers to these questions.

This article is from PLoS Biology , volume 12 . Abstract : This study describes a novel “white-gray-opaque” tristable phenotypic switching system in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, revealing additional complexity in this organism's ability to adapt to changing environments.

This article is from PLoS Biology , volume 12 . Abstract : This study describes a novel “white-gray-opaque” tristable phenotypic switching system in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, revealing additional complexity in this organism's ability to adapt to changing environments.

This article is from BMC Plant Biology , volume 13 . Abstract Background: Grain texture is one of the most important characteristics in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Puroindoline-D1 genes play the main role in controlling grain texture and are intimately associated with the milling and processing qualities in bread wheat. Results: A series of diagnostic molecular markers and dCAPS markers were used to characterize Pina-D1 and Pinb-D1 in 493 wheat cultivars from diverse geographic locations. A primer walking strategy was used to characterize PINA-null alleles at the DNA level. Results indicated that Chinese landraces encompassing 12 different Puroindoline-D1 allelic combinations showed the highest diversity, while CIMMYT wheat cultivars containing 3 different Puroindoline-D1 allelic combinations showed the lowest diversity amongst wheat cultivars from the five countries surveyed. Two novel Pina-D1 alleles, designated Pina-D1s with a 4,422-bp deletion and Pina-D1u with a 6,460-bp deletion in the Ha (Hardness) locus, were characterized at the DNA level by a primer walking strategy, and corresponding molecular markers Pina-N3 and Pina-N4 were developed for straightforward identification of the Pina-D1s and Pina-D1u alleles. Analysis of the association of Puroindoline-D1 alleles with grain texture indicated that wheat cultivars with Pina-null/Pinb-null allele, possessing an approximate 33-kb deletion in the Ha locus, have the highest SKCS hardness index amongst the different genotypes used in this study. Moreover, wheat cultivars with the PINA-null allele have significantly higher SKCS hardness index than those of Pinb-D1b and Pinb-D1p alleles. Conclusions: Molecular characterization of the Puroindoline-D1 allele was investigated in bread wheat cultivars from five geographic regions, resulting in the discovery of two new alleles - Pina-D1s and Pina-D1u. Molecular markers were developed for both alleles. Analysis of the association of the Puroindoline-D1 alleles with grain texture showed that cultivars with PINA-null allele possessed relatively high SKCS hardness index. This study can provide useful information for the improvement of wheat quality, as well as give a deeper understanding of the molecular and genetic processes controlling grain texture in bread wheat.

For today’s foray into the latest episodes of season 3 of Discovery, Anita is joined by Steve Shives and Laura Hudson. Both have previously been guests on Feminist Frequency’s Star Trek Podcast, and we’re excited to have them here to discuss episodes 4 and 5: “Forget Me Not” and “Die Trying”. Join us as we take a look at an interesting set of episodes, including the first trans character on Star Trek ever, as we continue to weigh in on whether what seems to be a promising season will ultimately deliver. Links Mentioned: * Follow Steve: youtube.com/steveshives * Follow Laura: twitter.com/laura_hudson Follow Us: * Join our community via Patreon - https://patreon.com/femfreq or give and help make the media more feminist: http://www.feministfrequeny.com/donate * Subscribe to FFR on Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2t4wu4I * Subscribe to our Star Trek podcast: https://apple.co/316PtZc * Twitter: @femfreq https://bit.ly/316OVCC * Instagram: @femfreq https://bit.ly/37AbMJd * Our Website: http://www.feministfrequency.com/ Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcchtIijFy4 Uploader: Feminist Frequency

For today’s foray into the latest episodes of season 3 of Discovery, Anita is joined by Steve Shives and Laura Hudson. Both have previously been guests on Feminist Frequency’s Star Trek Podcast, and we’re excited to have them here to discuss episodes 4 and 5: “Forget Me Not” and “Die Trying”. Join us as we take a look at an interesting set of episodes, including the first trans character on Star Trek ever, as we continue to weigh in on whether what seems to be a promising season will ultimately deliver. Links Mentioned: * Follow Steve: youtube.com/steveshives * Follow Laura: twitter.com/laura_hudson Follow Us: * Join our community via Patreon - https://patreon.com/femfreq or give and help make the media more feminist: http://www.feministfrequeny.com/donate * Subscribe to FFR on Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2t4wu4I * Subscribe to our Star Trek podcast: https://apple.co/316PtZc * Twitter: @femfreq https://bit.ly/316OVCC * Instagram: @femfreq https://bit.ly/37AbMJd * Our Website: http://www.feministfrequency.com/ Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcchtIijFy4 Uploader: Feminist Frequency

This article is from BMC Genomics , volume 15 . Abstract Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are ideal signatures for subtyping monomorphic pathogens such as Bacillus anthracis. Here we report the use of next-generation sequencing technology to investigate the historical, geographic and genetic diversity of Bacillus anthracis in France. 122 strains isolated over a 60-years period throughout the country were whole-genome sequenced and comparative analyses were carried out with a focus on SNPs discovery to discriminate regional sub-groups of strains. Results: A total of 1581 chromosomal SNPs precisely establish the phylogenetic relationships existing between the French strains. Phylogeography patterns within the three canSNP sub-lineages present in France (i.e. B.Br.CNEVA, A.Br.011/009 and A.Br.001/002) were observed. One of the more remarkable findings was the identification of a variety of genotypes within the A.Br.011/009 sub-group that are persisting in the different regions of France. The 560 SNPs defining the A.Br.011/009- affiliated French strains split the Trans-Eurasian sub-group into six distinct branches without any intermediate nodes. Distinct sub-branches, with some geographic clustering, were resolved. The 345 SNPs defining the major B.Br CNEVA sub-lineage clustered three main phylogeographic clades, the Alps, the Pyrenees, and the Massif Central, with a small Saône-et-Loire sub-cluster nested within the latter group. The French strains affiliated to the minor A.Br.001/002 group were characterized by 226 SNPs. All recent isolates collected from the Doubs department were closely related. Identification of SNPs from whole-genome sequences facilitates high-resolution strain tracking and provides the level of discrimination required for outbreak investigations. Eight diagnostic SNPs, representative of the main French-specific phylogeographic clusters, were therefore selected and developed into high-resolution melting SNP discriminative assays. Conclusions: This work has established one of the most accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of B. anthracis population structure in a country. An extensive next-generation sequencing (NGS) dataset of 122 French strains have been created that allowed the identification of novel diagnostic SNPs useful to rapidly determine the geographic origin of any strain found in France.