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336 pages 27 cm

336 pages 27 cm

336 pages 27 cm

336 pages 27 cm

322 p. 23 cm

TM 11-661 Electrical Fundamentals: Direct Current 1951-06-22. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. MAGNETISM. Invisible forces 1 1 Early history of magnetism 2 1 Magnetic compass 3 1 Magnetism and electricity 4 1 Experiment: attraction of iron filings to a bar magnet 5 1 Artificial magnets 6 3 Magnetic and nonmagnetic substances 7 3 Magnetic poles 8 4 Earth as a magnet 9 5 Molecular theory of magnetism 10 5 Attraction and repulsion of magnetic poles 11 5 Factors affecting magnetic force 12 7 Magnetic field 13 8 Lines of force 14 11 Characteristics of magnetic fields 15 13 Permeability 16 14 Handling and care of magnets 17 15 Theory of magnetization 18 15 Summary 19 16 Review questions 20 17 2. ELECTRIFICATION. Early history of electrification 21 18 Attraction and repulsion 22 18 Theory of electrification 23 20 Structure of matter 24 20 Structure of the atom 25 21 Electrons, protons, and neutrons 26 23 Forces associated with matter in the universe 27 25 Charging 28 26 Summary 29 27 Review questions 30 27 3. ELECTROSTATICS. Electric field and lines of force 31 29 Exploring an electric field 32 29 Electric lines of force 33 29 Lines of force associated with two charged bodies 34 30 Potential energy in gravitational field 35 32 Potential in an electric field 36 32 Summary 37 35 Review questions 38 36 4. CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS. Free electrons 39 37 Conductors and insulators 40 37 Summary 41 38 Review questions 42 38 CHAPTER 5. CURRENT, VOLTAGE, AND RESISTANCE. Electric circuit 43 39 Current 44 39 Definition of current 45 39 Electron theory of conduction 46 41 Electric current 47 42 Measurement of current 48 43 Measurement of emf 49 44 Electrical resistance. . 50 45 Measurement of wire conductors 51 46 Conductance 52 47 Common conducting materials 53 47 Resistors 54 48 American Wire Gage 55 49 Table of relative resistances and conductances of some common 56 50 materials as compared to annealed copper. Table of specific resistivities 57 50 Wire table 58 51 Heat losses 59 52 Power rating of resistors 60 52 Commercial resistors 61 52 Resistor color code 62 53 Prefixes 63 53 Conversion table 64 55 Circuit symbols 65 55 Summary 66 57 Review questions 67 57 6. OHM'S LAW General 68 58 Ohm's law 69 58 Practical application 70 59 Memory method 71 59 Units of measurement 72 60 Applications 73 60 Summary 74 63 Review questions 75 63 7. PRIMARY CELLS Early experiments and discoveries 76 64 Voltaic pile 77 64 Simple voltaic cell and its parts 78 65 Chemical explanation of cell operation 79 65 Local action 80 66 Internal resistance 81 67 Polarization 82 68 Cells and batteries 83 69 The dry cell 84 69 Terminals 85 71 Voltage and current of dry cells 86 71 Current capacity rating of dry cells 87 72 Testing batteries 88 72 Methods of testing batteries 89 73 Connecting dry cells 90 73 Connecting cells in series 91 73 Connecting cells in parallel 92 74 Improper connections of cells in parallel 93 75 Effects of unequal cell voltages in parallel 94 75 Connecting cells in series-parallel 95 75 Classification of dry batteries in accordance with use 96 76 Summary 97 76 Review questions 98 78 CHAPTER 8. SECONDARY CELLS. General 99 79 Chemical action of lead-acid secondary cells 100 79 Construction of lead-acid storage batteries 101 81 The electrolyte 102 83 The rating of secondary cells - 103 84 Charging of lead-acid batteries 104 84 Testing of lead-acid batteries .105 86 Care of lead-acid batteries . 106 87 The Edison storage battery 107 88 Summary 108 88 Review questions 109 89 9. CIRCUITS. General 110 90 The series circuit 111 90 Rise or fall of potential, voltage drops 112 92 Precautions in handling circuits 113 93 Laws of series circuits 114 94 Simple parallel circuit 115 96 Series-parallel circuit 116 96 Law of parallel circuits 117 96 Combining parallel resistances 118 98 Series-parallel circuits 119 101 Calculations in series-parallel circuit 120 102 Series-parallel circuit problem 121 105 Complex circuits; Kirchhoff's laws 122 106 Circuit tracing 123 106 Summary 124 107 Review questions. 125 108 10. ELECTROMAGNETISM. Oersted's experiment 126 112 A magnetic field is produced by electric current 127 112 Relationship between current and its magnetic field 128 113 Left-hand rule 129 114 Magnetic field between conductors carrying currents 130 115 Magnetic field of a single coil 131 116 Electromagnets 132 117 The magnetic circuit 133 118 Magnetomotive force 134 119 Magnetization curves 135 119 Hysteresis loss 136 120 Relationship of electric and magnetic fields 137 121 Energy in magnetic and electric fields 138 122 Summary 139 123 Review questions 140 123 11. INDUCED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE Electromagnetic induction due to cutting of magnetic field by a conductor 141 125 Left-hand generator rule 142 125 Electromagnetic induction due to cutting of a conductor by a magnetic field 143 126 Factors determining the magnitude of induced electromagnetic force 144 126 Explanation of electromagnetic induction 145 127 Faraday's law 146 128 Inducing an emf in a neighboring conductor (mutual induetion) 147 129 Summary 148 131 Review questions 149 131 CHAPTER 12. INDUCTANCE Self-induction 150 132 Inductance 151 133 Growth and decay of current in inductive circuits 152 134 Development of high induced voltages when an inductive circuit is completely broken 153 137 Types of inductors 154 137 Mutual inductance 155 139 Factors affecting mutual inductance 156 140 Coupling 157 141 Ignition system 158 142 Inductors in series and parallel 159 142 Summary 160 144 Review questions 161 145 APPENDIX I. APPENDIX I. POWER, WORK, UNITS, AND DIMENSIONS 147 II. CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN LEAD-ACID CELL - 156 III. APPLICATION OF KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS TO THE SOLUTION OF D-C NETWORKS 159 IV. MISCELLANEOUS 179 INDEX 182 Digitized by Google Books.

U.S. Army Training Circular # TC 9-60 Communications-Electronics Fundamentals: Basic Principles of Alternating Current and Direct Current. August 2004. Preface x Chapter 1 Safety 1-1 Overview 1-1 Danger Signs of Equipment Malfunction 1-1 Electrical Shock 1-2 Questions 1-5 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Electricity 2-1 Matter 2-1 Energy Levels 2-2 Shells and Subshells 2-5 Ionization 2-7 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators 2-7 Electrostatics 2-8 Static Electricity 2-8 Nature of Charges 2-9 Charged Bodies 2-10 Coulomb's Law of Charges 2-10 Electric Fields 2-10 Magnetism 2-12 Energy and Work 2-24 Electrical Charges 2-25 Voltage Production 2-27 Electric Current 2-34 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. "This publication supersedes FM 11-60, 8 November 1982, and FM 11-61, 8 November 1982. Electrical Resistance 2-38 Conductance 2-41 Electrical Resistors 2-41 Wattage Rating 2-43 Standard Color Code System 2-44 Simplying the Color Code 2-46 Questions 2-49 Chapter 3 Direct Current 3-1 Basic Electric Circuit 3-1 Schematic Diagrams 3-1 Ohm's Law 3-2 Power 3-5 Series Direct Current Circuits 3-10 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law 3-24 Circuit Terms and Characteristics 3-25 Parallel Direct Current Circuits 3-29 Series-Parallel Direct Current Circuits 3-52 Combination-Circuit Problems 3-52 Questions 3-58 Chapter 4 Batteries 4-1 Battery Components 4-1 Primary and Secondary Cells 4-3 Electrochemical Action 4-3 Polarization of the Cell 4-6 Local Action 4-6 Types of Cells 4-6 Batteries as Power Sources 4-9 Battery Construction 4-1 1 Battery Maintenance 4-14 Safety Precautions with Batteries 4-23 Capacity and Rating of Batteries 4-23 Battery Charging 4-24 Questions 4-26 Chapter 5 Concepts of Alternating Current 5-1 Alternating Current And Direct Current 5-1 Disadvantages of Direct Current Compared to Alternating Current 5-2 Electromagnetism 5-2 Magnetic Fields 5-3 Basic Alternating Current Generation 5-8 Alternating Current Values 5-14 Sine Waves in Phase 5-17 Sine Waves Out of Phase 5-18 Ohm's Law in Alternating Current Circuits 5-19 Questions 5-20 Chapter 6 Inductance 6-1 Characteristics of Inductance 6-1 Electromotive Force 6-1 Self-Inductance 6-2 Counter Electromotive Force 6-4 Factors Affecting Coil Inductance 6-7 Unit of Inductance 6-1 1 Power Loss in an Inductor 6-12 Mutual Inductance 6-12 Questions 6-14 Chapter 7 Capacitance 7-1 Electrostatic Field 7-1 Simple Capacitor 7-2 Capacitor Rating 7-5 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor 7-6 Charge and Discharge of a Capacitor 7-9 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 7-10 Fixed Capacitor 7-12 Capacitive and Inductive Reactance 7-15 Inductive Reactance 7-17 Capacitors and Alternating Current 7-18 Impedance 7-20 Questions 7-21 Chapter 8 Transformers 8-1 Introduction to Transformers 8-1 Basic Operation of a Transformer 8-3 Applications of Transformers 8-4 Transformer Components 8-4 Core Characteristics 8-5 Transformer Windings 8-8 Schematic Symbols for Transformers 8-10 No-Load Condition 8-1 1 Counter Electromotive Force 8-12 Voltage in the Secondary 8-12 Turns and Voltage Ratios 8-12 Effect of a Load 8-15 Power Relationship between Primary and Secondary Windings 8-15 Actual Transformer Losses 8-15 Transformer Efficiency 8-18 Transformer Ratings 8-19 Distribution Transformers 8-19 Isolation Transformers 8-19 Transformer Taps 8-20 Autotransformers 8-21 Transformer Safety 8-23 Questions 8-24 Appendix A Glossary .... References Index .... Glossary- 1 References-1 Index- 1 Figures Figure 2-1. Structures of Simple Atoms 2-3 Figure 2-2. Excitation by a Photon 2-4 Figure 2-3. Shell Designation 2-6 Figure 2-4. Copper Atom 2-6 Figure 2-5. Producing Static Electricity by Friction 2-9 Figure 2-6. Reaction Between Charged Bodies 2-1 1 Figure 2-7. Lines of Force 2-12 Figure 2-8. Iron Filings Cling to the Poles of a Magnet 2-1 5 Figure 2-9. A Bar Magnet Acts as a Compass 2-15 Figure 2-10. The Earth is a Magnet 2-16 Figure 2-11. Molecular Magnets 2-1 8 Figure 2-12. Magnetized Iron Atom 2-18 Figure 2-13. Pattern Formed by Iron Filings 2-1 9 Figure 2-14. Bar Magnet Showing Lines of Force 2-20 Figure 2-15. Magnetic Poles in Close Proximity 2-20 Figure 2-16. Magnetized Nail 2-22 Figure 2-17. Effects of a Magnetic Substance in a Magnetic Field 2-23 Figure 2-18. Magnetic Shield 2-23 Figure 2-19. Water Analogy of Electric Difference in Potential 2-27 Figure 2-20. Piezoelectric Effect 2-29 Figure 2-21. Voltage Produced by Heat 2-30 Figure 2-22. Voltage Produced by Light 2-31 Figure 2-23. Voltaic Cell 2-33 Figure 2-24. Voltage Produced by Magnetism 2-35 Figure 2-25. Directed Drift 2-36 Figure 2-26. Effect of Directed Drift 2-37 Figure 2-27. Atomic Spacing in Conductors 2-39 Figure 2-28. Square and Circular Mil 2-40 Figure 2-29. Types of Resistors 2-42 Figure 2-30. Resistors of Different Wattage Ratings 2-44 Figure 2-31. Resistor Color Codes 2-44 Figure 3-1. Flashlight Schematic 3-2 Figure 3-2. Determining Resistance in a Basic Circuit 3-4 Figure 3-3. Determining Voltage in a Basic Circuit 3-4 Figure 3-4. Ohm's Law in Diagram Form 3-6 Figure 3-5. Summary of Basic Formulas 3-7 Figure 3-6. Comparison of Basic and Series Circuits 3-1 1 Figure 3-7. Calculating Total Resistance in a Series Circuit 3-12 Figure 3-8. Calculating the Value of One Resistance in a Series Circuit 3-12 Figure 3-9. Current in a Series Circuit 3-13 Figure 3-10. Calculating Individual Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit 3-14 Figure 3-11. Calculating Applied Voltage in a Series Circuit 3-15 Figure 3-12. Calculating Total Power in a Series Circuit 3-17 Figure 3-13. Solving for Various Values in a Series Circuit 3-19 Figure 3-14. Computing Series Circuit Values 3-21 Figure 3-15. Normal and Open Circuit 3-26 Figure 3-16. Normal and Short Circuit Conditions 3-26 Figure 3-17. Short Due to Broken Insulation 3-27 Figure 3-18. Effect of Internal Source 3-28 Figure 3-19. Effect of Source Resistance on Power Output 3-29 Figure 3-20. Example of a Basic Parallel Circuit 3-30 Figure 3-21. Voltage Comparison in a Parallel Circuit 3-31 Figure 3-22. Example Problem of a Parallel Circuit 3-31 Figure 3-23. Analysis of Current in a Parallel Circuit 3-33 Figure 3-24. Current Behavior in a Parallel Circuit 3-35 Figure 3-25. Circuit for Example Problem 3-37 Figure 3-26. Two Equal Resistors Connected 3-38 Figure 3-27. Example Circuit With Unequal Parallel Resistors 3-39 Figure 3-28. Example of a Parallel Circuit With Unequal Branch Resistors 3-40 Figure 3-29. Parallel Circuit With Two Unequal Resistors 3-41 Figure 3-30. Example of a Parallel Circuit 3-42 Figure 3-31. Parallel Circuit With Equivalent Circuit 3-44 Figure 3-32. Parallel Circuit Problem 3-46 Figure 3-33. First Equivalent Parallel Circuit 3-48 Figure 3-34. Second Equivalent Parallel Circuit 3-49 Figure 3-35. Parallel Circuit Redrawn to Final Equivalent Circuit 3-50 Figure 3-36. Simple Series-Parallel Circuit 3-54 Figure 4-1. Simple Voltaic or Galvanic Cell 4-1 Figure 4-2. Dry Cell Cross-Sectional View 4-2 Figure 4-3. Secondary Cell 4-5 Figure 4-4. Cutaway View of the General-Purpose Dry Cell 4-7 Figure 4-5. Series-Connected Cells 4-10 Figure 4-6. Parallel-Connected Cells 4-1 1 Figure 4-7. Lead-Acid Construction 4-12 Figure 4-8. Lead-Acid Battery Plate Arrangement 4-13 Figure 4-9. Nickel-Cadmium Cell 4-13 Figure 4-10. Leak Test 4-14 Figure 4-11. Battery Terminal and Clamp Cleaners 4-1 5 Figure 4-12. Cleaning a Dirty Battery Terminal 4-16 Figure 4-13. Cleaning a Dirty Battery Clamp 4-16 Figure 4-14. Reduced Contact Area Equals Increased Heating 4-17 Figure 4-15. Battery Logbook 4-18 Figure 4-16. Hydrometer 4-19 Figure 5-1. Comparing Direct Current and Alternating Current Flow in a Wire 5-1 Figure 5-2. Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Conductor 5-3 Figure 5-3. Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Conductor, Detailed View 5-5 Figure 5-4. Magnetic Field Around Two Parallel Conductors 5-6 Figure 5-5. Magnetic Field Produced by a Current-Carrying Coil 5-7 Figure 5-6. Left-Hand Rule for Coils 5-8 Figure 5-7. Simple Alternating Current Generator 5-9 Figure 5-8. Basic Alternating Current Generator 5-9 Figure 5-9. Left-Hand Rule for Generators 5-10 Figure 5-10. Period of a Sine Wave 5-12 Figure 5-11. Wavelength 5-13 Figure 5-12. Wavelength Measurement 5-13 Figure 5-13. Maximum of Peak Value 5-14 Figure 5-14. Peak and Peak-to-Peak Values 5-15 Figure 5-15. Various Values Used to Indicate Sine Wave Amplitude 5-16 Figure 5-16. Voltage and Current Waves In Phase 5-17 Figure 5-17. Voltage Waves 90 Degrees Out of Phase 5-18 Figure 5-18. Voltage Waves 180 Degrees Out of Phase 5-19 Figure 6-1. Generation of an Electromotive Force in an Electrical Conductor 6-2 Figure 6-2. Current Movement and Flux Direction Relationship 6-3 Figure 6-3. Self-Inductance 6-5 Figure 6-4. Inductance 6-6 Figure 6-5. Inductor Types and Schematic Symbols 6-7 Figure 6-6. Inductor Factor (Turns) 6-8 Figure 6-7. Inductance Factor (Diameter) 6-9 Figure 6-8. Inductance Factor (Coil Length) 6-10 Figure 6-9. Inductance Factor (Core Materials) 6-10 Figure 6-10. Coils of Various Inductances 6-11 Figure 6-11. Effect of the Position of Coils on Mutual Induction 6-13 Figure 6-12. Mutual Inductance 6-13 Figure 7-1. Electrostatic Lines of Force Surrounding Two Unlike Charged Particles 7-1 Figure 7-2. Electrostatic Lines of Force Surrounding Two Like Charged Particles 7-2 Figure 7-3. Distortion of an Electron's Orbit Due to Electrostatic Force 7-2 Figure 7-4. Distortion of Electron Orbits in a Dielectric 7-3 Figure 7-5. Circuit Symbols for Capacitors 7-3 Figure 7-6. Charging a Capacitor 7-7 Figure 7-7. Electron Motion During Charge 7-7 Figure 7-8. Discharging a Capacitor 7-9 Figure 7-9. Capacitors in Series 7-10 Figure 7-10. Parallel Capacitive Circuit 7-1 1 Figure 7-11. Construction of an Electrolytic Capacitor 7-13 Figure 7-12. Paper Capacitor 7-14 Figure 7-13. Voltage and Current Waveforms 7-16 Figure 7-14. Comparison of Sine Wave and Circle in an Inductive Circuit 7-17 Figure 7-15. Phase Relationship of Voltage and Current in a Capacitive Circuit 7-18 Figure 8-1. Automobile Step-Up Transformer 8-2 Figure 8-2. Basic Transformer Action 8-3 Figure 8-3. Hollow-Core Construction 8-5 Figure 8-4. Windings Wrapped Around Laminations 8-6 Figure 8-5. Shell-Type Construction 8-6 Figure 8-6. Exploded View of Shell-Type Transformer Construction 8-7 Figure 8-7. Cutaway View of Shell-Type Core With Windings 8-7 Figure 8-8. 450/1 20-Volt Step-Down Transformer 8-8 Figure 8-9. Polarity Markings for Large Transformers 8-9 Figure 8-10. Instantaneous Polarity 8-10 Figure 8-11. Schematic Symbols for Various Types of Transformers 8-10 Figure 8-12. Transformer Under No-Load Conditions 8-11 Figure 8-13. Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios 8-13 Figure 8-14. Simple Transformer Indicating Primary and Secondary Winding Flux Relationship 8-16 Figure 8-15. Schematic Diagram of a Typical Transformer 8-20 Figure 8-16. Schematic Diagram of an Autotransformer With a Movable Tap 8-21 Figure 8-17. Step-Down Transformer 8-21 Figure 8-18. Properly Functioning and Damaged Autotransformer Winding 8-22 Table 2-1. Standard Color Code for Resistors 2-45 Table 4-1. Specific Gravity of the Lead-Acid Battery 4-20 Table 7-1. Dielectric Constants for Common Materials 7-4 Digitized by the US Army.

U.S. Army Training Circular # TC 9-60 Communications-Electronics Fundamentals: Basic Principles of Alternating Current and Direct Current. August 2004. Preface x Chapter 1 Safety 1-1 Overview 1-1 Danger Signs of Equipment Malfunction 1-1 Electrical Shock 1-2 Questions 1-5 Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Electricity 2-1 Matter 2-1 Energy Levels 2-2 Shells and Subshells 2-5 Ionization 2-7 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators 2-7 Electrostatics 2-8 Static Electricity 2-8 Nature of Charges 2-9 Charged Bodies 2-10 Coulomb's Law of Charges 2-10 Electric Fields 2-10 Magnetism 2-12 Energy and Work 2-24 Electrical Charges 2-25 Voltage Production 2-27 Electric Current 2-34 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. "This publication supersedes FM 11-60, 8 November 1982, and FM 11-61, 8 November 1982. Electrical Resistance 2-38 Conductance 2-41 Electrical Resistors 2-41 Wattage Rating 2-43 Standard Color Code System 2-44 Simplying the Color Code 2-46 Questions 2-49 Chapter 3 Direct Current 3-1 Basic Electric Circuit 3-1 Schematic Diagrams 3-1 Ohm's Law 3-2 Power 3-5 Series Direct Current Circuits 3-10 Kirchhoffs Voltage Law 3-24 Circuit Terms and Characteristics 3-25 Parallel Direct Current Circuits 3-29 Series-Parallel Direct Current Circuits 3-52 Combination-Circuit Problems 3-52 Questions 3-58 Chapter 4 Batteries 4-1 Battery Components 4-1 Primary and Secondary Cells 4-3 Electrochemical Action 4-3 Polarization of the Cell 4-6 Local Action 4-6 Types of Cells 4-6 Batteries as Power Sources 4-9 Battery Construction 4-1 1 Battery Maintenance 4-14 Safety Precautions with Batteries 4-23 Capacity and Rating of Batteries 4-23 Battery Charging 4-24 Questions 4-26 Chapter 5 Concepts of Alternating Current 5-1 Alternating Current And Direct Current 5-1 Disadvantages of Direct Current Compared to Alternating Current 5-2 Electromagnetism 5-2 Magnetic Fields 5-3 Basic Alternating Current Generation 5-8 Alternating Current Values 5-14 Sine Waves in Phase 5-17 Sine Waves Out of Phase 5-18 Ohm's Law in Alternating Current Circuits 5-19 Questions 5-20 Chapter 6 Inductance 6-1 Characteristics of Inductance 6-1 Electromotive Force 6-1 Self-Inductance 6-2 Counter Electromotive Force 6-4 Factors Affecting Coil Inductance 6-7 Unit of Inductance 6-1 1 Power Loss in an Inductor 6-12 Mutual Inductance 6-12 Questions 6-14 Chapter 7 Capacitance 7-1 Electrostatic Field 7-1 Simple Capacitor 7-2 Capacitor Rating 7-5 Charging and Discharging a Capacitor 7-6 Charge and Discharge of a Capacitor 7-9 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 7-10 Fixed Capacitor 7-12 Capacitive and Inductive Reactance 7-15 Inductive Reactance 7-17 Capacitors and Alternating Current 7-18 Impedance 7-20 Questions 7-21 Chapter 8 Transformers 8-1 Introduction to Transformers 8-1 Basic Operation of a Transformer 8-3 Applications of Transformers 8-4 Transformer Components 8-4 Core Characteristics 8-5 Transformer Windings 8-8 Schematic Symbols for Transformers 8-10 No-Load Condition 8-1 1 Counter Electromotive Force 8-12 Voltage in the Secondary 8-12 Turns and Voltage Ratios 8-12 Effect of a Load 8-15 Power Relationship between Primary and Secondary Windings 8-15 Actual Transformer Losses 8-15 Transformer Efficiency 8-18 Transformer Ratings 8-19 Distribution Transformers 8-19 Isolation Transformers 8-19 Transformer Taps 8-20 Autotransformers 8-21 Transformer Safety 8-23 Questions 8-24 Appendix A Glossary .... References Index .... Glossary- 1 References-1 Index- 1 Figures Figure 2-1. Structures of Simple Atoms 2-3 Figure 2-2. Excitation by a Photon 2-4 Figure 2-3. Shell Designation 2-6 Figure 2-4. Copper Atom 2-6 Figure 2-5. Producing Static Electricity by Friction 2-9 Figure 2-6. Reaction Between Charged Bodies 2-1 1 Figure 2-7. Lines of Force 2-12 Figure 2-8. Iron Filings Cling to the Poles of a Magnet 2-1 5 Figure 2-9. A Bar Magnet Acts as a Compass 2-15 Figure 2-10. The Earth is a Magnet 2-16 Figure 2-11. Molecular Magnets 2-1 8 Figure 2-12. Magnetized Iron Atom 2-18 Figure 2-13. Pattern Formed by Iron Filings 2-1 9 Figure 2-14. Bar Magnet Showing Lines of Force 2-20 Figure 2-15. Magnetic Poles in Close Proximity 2-20 Figure 2-16. Magnetized Nail 2-22 Figure 2-17. Effects of a Magnetic Substance in a Magnetic Field 2-23 Figure 2-18. Magnetic Shield 2-23 Figure 2-19. Water Analogy of Electric Difference in Potential 2-27 Figure 2-20. Piezoelectric Effect 2-29 Figure 2-21. Voltage Produced by Heat 2-30 Figure 2-22. Voltage Produced by Light 2-31 Figure 2-23. Voltaic Cell 2-33 Figure 2-24. Voltage Produced by Magnetism 2-35 Figure 2-25. Directed Drift 2-36 Figure 2-26. Effect of Directed Drift 2-37 Figure 2-27. Atomic Spacing in Conductors 2-39 Figure 2-28. Square and Circular Mil 2-40 Figure 2-29. Types of Resistors 2-42 Figure 2-30. Resistors of Different Wattage Ratings 2-44 Figure 2-31. Resistor Color Codes 2-44 Figure 3-1. Flashlight Schematic 3-2 Figure 3-2. Determining Resistance in a Basic Circuit 3-4 Figure 3-3. Determining Voltage in a Basic Circuit 3-4 Figure 3-4. Ohm's Law in Diagram Form 3-6 Figure 3-5. Summary of Basic Formulas 3-7 Figure 3-6. Comparison of Basic and Series Circuits 3-1 1 Figure 3-7. Calculating Total Resistance in a Series Circuit 3-12 Figure 3-8. Calculating the Value of One Resistance in a Series Circuit 3-12 Figure 3-9. Current in a Series Circuit 3-13 Figure 3-10. Calculating Individual Voltage Drops in a Series Circuit 3-14 Figure 3-11. Calculating Applied Voltage in a Series Circuit 3-15 Figure 3-12. Calculating Total Power in a Series Circuit 3-17 Figure 3-13. Solving for Various Values in a Series Circuit 3-19 Figure 3-14. Computing Series Circuit Values 3-21 Figure 3-15. Normal and Open Circuit 3-26 Figure 3-16. Normal and Short Circuit Conditions 3-26 Figure 3-17. Short Due to Broken Insulation 3-27 Figure 3-18. Effect of Internal Source 3-28 Figure 3-19. Effect of Source Resistance on Power Output 3-29 Figure 3-20. Example of a Basic Parallel Circuit 3-30 Figure 3-21. Voltage Comparison in a Parallel Circuit 3-31 Figure 3-22. Example Problem of a Parallel Circuit 3-31 Figure 3-23. Analysis of Current in a Parallel Circuit 3-33 Figure 3-24. Current Behavior in a Parallel Circuit 3-35 Figure 3-25. Circuit for Example Problem 3-37 Figure 3-26. Two Equal Resistors Connected 3-38 Figure 3-27. Example Circuit With Unequal Parallel Resistors 3-39 Figure 3-28. Example of a Parallel Circuit With Unequal Branch Resistors 3-40 Figure 3-29. Parallel Circuit With Two Unequal Resistors 3-41 Figure 3-30. Example of a Parallel Circuit 3-42 Figure 3-31. Parallel Circuit With Equivalent Circuit 3-44 Figure 3-32. Parallel Circuit Problem 3-46 Figure 3-33. First Equivalent Parallel Circuit 3-48 Figure 3-34. Second Equivalent Parallel Circuit 3-49 Figure 3-35. Parallel Circuit Redrawn to Final Equivalent Circuit 3-50 Figure 3-36. Simple Series-Parallel Circuit 3-54 Figure 4-1. Simple Voltaic or Galvanic Cell 4-1 Figure 4-2. Dry Cell Cross-Sectional View 4-2 Figure 4-3. Secondary Cell 4-5 Figure 4-4. Cutaway View of the General-Purpose Dry Cell 4-7 Figure 4-5. Series-Connected Cells 4-10 Figure 4-6. Parallel-Connected Cells 4-1 1 Figure 4-7. Lead-Acid Construction 4-12 Figure 4-8. Lead-Acid Battery Plate Arrangement 4-13 Figure 4-9. Nickel-Cadmium Cell 4-13 Figure 4-10. Leak Test 4-14 Figure 4-11. Battery Terminal and Clamp Cleaners 4-1 5 Figure 4-12. Cleaning a Dirty Battery Terminal 4-16 Figure 4-13. Cleaning a Dirty Battery Clamp 4-16 Figure 4-14. Reduced Contact Area Equals Increased Heating 4-17 Figure 4-15. Battery Logbook 4-18 Figure 4-16. Hydrometer 4-19 Figure 5-1. Comparing Direct Current and Alternating Current Flow in a Wire 5-1 Figure 5-2. Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Conductor 5-3 Figure 5-3. Magnetic Field Around a Current-Carrying Conductor, Detailed View 5-5 Figure 5-4. Magnetic Field Around Two Parallel Conductors 5-6 Figure 5-5. Magnetic Field Produced by a Current-Carrying Coil 5-7 Figure 5-6. Left-Hand Rule for Coils 5-8 Figure 5-7. Simple Alternating Current Generator 5-9 Figure 5-8. Basic Alternating Current Generator 5-9 Figure 5-9. Left-Hand Rule for Generators 5-10 Figure 5-10. Period of a Sine Wave 5-12 Figure 5-11. Wavelength 5-13 Figure 5-12. Wavelength Measurement 5-13 Figure 5-13. Maximum of Peak Value 5-14 Figure 5-14. Peak and Peak-to-Peak Values 5-15 Figure 5-15. Various Values Used to Indicate Sine Wave Amplitude 5-16 Figure 5-16. Voltage and Current Waves In Phase 5-17 Figure 5-17. Voltage Waves 90 Degrees Out of Phase 5-18 Figure 5-18. Voltage Waves 180 Degrees Out of Phase 5-19 Figure 6-1. Generation of an Electromotive Force in an Electrical Conductor 6-2 Figure 6-2. Current Movement and Flux Direction Relationship 6-3 Figure 6-3. Self-Inductance 6-5 Figure 6-4. Inductance 6-6 Figure 6-5. Inductor Types and Schematic Symbols 6-7 Figure 6-6. Inductor Factor (Turns) 6-8 Figure 6-7. Inductance Factor (Diameter) 6-9 Figure 6-8. Inductance Factor (Coil Length) 6-10 Figure 6-9. Inductance Factor (Core Materials) 6-10 Figure 6-10. Coils of Various Inductances 6-11 Figure 6-11. Effect of the Position of Coils on Mutual Induction 6-13 Figure 6-12. Mutual Inductance 6-13 Figure 7-1. Electrostatic Lines of Force Surrounding Two Unlike Charged Particles 7-1 Figure 7-2. Electrostatic Lines of Force Surrounding Two Like Charged Particles 7-2 Figure 7-3. Distortion of an Electron's Orbit Due to Electrostatic Force 7-2 Figure 7-4. Distortion of Electron Orbits in a Dielectric 7-3 Figure 7-5. Circuit Symbols for Capacitors 7-3 Figure 7-6. Charging a Capacitor 7-7 Figure 7-7. Electron Motion During Charge 7-7 Figure 7-8. Discharging a Capacitor 7-9 Figure 7-9. Capacitors in Series 7-10 Figure 7-10. Parallel Capacitive Circuit 7-1 1 Figure 7-11. Construction of an Electrolytic Capacitor 7-13 Figure 7-12. Paper Capacitor 7-14 Figure 7-13. Voltage and Current Waveforms 7-16 Figure 7-14. Comparison of Sine Wave and Circle in an Inductive Circuit 7-17 Figure 7-15. Phase Relationship of Voltage and Current in a Capacitive Circuit 7-18 Figure 8-1. Automobile Step-Up Transformer 8-2 Figure 8-2. Basic Transformer Action 8-3 Figure 8-3. Hollow-Core Construction 8-5 Figure 8-4. Windings Wrapped Around Laminations 8-6 Figure 8-5. Shell-Type Construction 8-6 Figure 8-6. Exploded View of Shell-Type Transformer Construction 8-7 Figure 8-7. Cutaway View of Shell-Type Core With Windings 8-7 Figure 8-8. 450/1 20-Volt Step-Down Transformer 8-8 Figure 8-9. Polarity Markings for Large Transformers 8-9 Figure 8-10. Instantaneous Polarity 8-10 Figure 8-11. Schematic Symbols for Various Types of Transformers 8-10 Figure 8-12. Transformer Under No-Load Conditions 8-11 Figure 8-13. Transformer Turns and Voltage Ratios 8-13 Figure 8-14. Simple Transformer Indicating Primary and Secondary Winding Flux Relationship 8-16 Figure 8-15. Schematic Diagram of a Typical Transformer 8-20 Figure 8-16. Schematic Diagram of an Autotransformer With a Movable Tap 8-21 Figure 8-17. Step-Down Transformer 8-21 Figure 8-18. Properly Functioning and Damaged Autotransformer Winding 8-22 Table 2-1. Standard Color Code for Resistors 2-45 Table 4-1. Specific Gravity of the Lead-Acid Battery 4-20 Table 7-1. Dielectric Constants for Common Materials 7-4 Digitized by the US Army.

This book is part of a nine-volume set. The chapters in this book are: Measurement and Structure of Matter...1 Electrostatics...18 Magnetism...31 Voltage...45 Current and Resistance...67 Series DC Circuits...111 Parallel DC Circuits and Network Analysis...111

This book is part of a nine-volume set. The chapters in this book are: Measurement and Structure of Matter...1 Electrostatics...18 Magnetism...31 Voltage...45 Current and Resistance...67 Series DC Circuits...111 Parallel DC Circuits and Network Analysis...111

This book is part of a nine-volume set. The chapters in this book are: Measurement and Structure of Matter...1 Electrostatics...18 Magnetism...31 Voltage...45 Current and Resistance...67 Series DC Circuits...111 Parallel DC Circuits and Network Analysis...111