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Much of the research in cognitive science has been concerned with identifying and describing the information processing skills and knowledge that are involved in problem solving and in acquiring an understanding of an area of expertise. In applying this knowledge to the management of instruction, it would seem desirable to devise ways of monitoring change in cognitive skills by collecting information about levels of development of automatic processing of basic procedures, the nature of the students' knowledge structures, and the adequacy of his/her problem-solving control strategies. Conventional psychometric methods fail to yield such diagnostic information. The purpose of this project was to call attention to the need for diagnostic monitoring of skill and knowledge acquisition during the instructional process and to provide some examples of methods for obtaining such information. A conference was organized to discuss the implications of cognitive science for the assessment of learning, with the expectation that the presentations would be revised and extended for publication in book form.