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Particle Swarm Evolution Measurement Analysis of Brand Design and Development in Ubiquitous Networking Environment

Particle Swarm Evolution Measurement Analysis of Brand Design and Development in Ubiquitous Networking Environment

Particle Swarm Evolution Measurement Analysis of Brand Design and Development in Ubiquitous Networking Environment

This article is from Nature genetics , volume 45 . Abstract The unique anatomical features of turtles have raised unanswered questions about the origin of their unique body plan. We generated and analyzed draft genomes of the soft-shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) and the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas); our results indicated the close relationship of the turtles to the bird-crocodilian lineage, from which they split ~267.9–248.3 million years ago (Upper Permian to Triassic). We also found extensive expansion of olfactory receptor genes in these turtles. Embryonic gene expression analysis identified an hourglass-like divergence of turtle and chicken embryogenesis, with maximal conservation around the vertebrate phylotypic period, rather than at later stages that show the amniote-common pattern. Wnt5a expression was found in the growth zone of the dorsal shell, supporting the possible co-option of limb-associated Wnt signaling in the acquisition of this turtle-specific novelty. Our results suggest that turtle evolution was accompanied by an unexpectedly conservative vertebrate phylotypic period, followed by turtle-specific repatterning of development to yield the novel structure of the shell.

This article is from Frontiers in Neural Circuits , volume 8 . Abstract The integration of the visual stimulus takes place at the level of the neocortex, organized in anatomically distinct and functionally unique areas. Primates, including humans, are heavily dependent on vision, with approximately 50% of their neocortical surface dedicated to visual processing and possess many more visual areas than any other mammal, making them the model of choice to study visual cortical arealisation. However, in order to identify the mechanisms responsible for patterning the developing neocortex, specifying area identity as well as elucidate events that have enabled the evolution of the complex primate visual cortex, it is essential to gain access to the cortical maps of alternative species. To this end, species including the mouse have driven the identification of cellular markers, which possess an area-specific expression profile, the development of new tools to label connections and technological advance in imaging techniques enabling monitoring of cortical activity in a behaving animal. In this review we present non-primate species that have contributed to elucidating the evolution and development of the visual cortex. We describe the current understanding of the mechanisms supporting the establishment of areal borders during development, mainly gained in the mouse thanks to the availability of genetically modified lines but also the limitations of the mouse model and the need for alternate species.

"References for further reading": v. 2, p. 1047-1075

Administrative Source Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Delhi ( ICCR ) Identifier 850 Title Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Lecture on Leadership, Development and Evolution of Culture (Vol. I) Alternative ICCR-850-UM Medium U-Matic ExtentOriginal 01:00:10 Spatial Teen Murti Auditorium, New Delhi Created 12.01.1995 Rights ICCR Descriptive Subject Memorial Lecture Description Presided by Shri Vasant Sathe Artist Tan Sri (Dr) Mohd. Ghazali Shaie Type U-Matic ( UM ) Technical Codec Name H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 Data Rate 641.425000 Kbit/s Frame Rate 25.0 Sampling 4:2:0 Aspect Ratio 4:3 Duration 1:00:10.440000 Dimension 640*480

Administrative Source Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Delhi ( ICCR ) Identifier 850 Title Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Lecture on Leadership, Development and Evolution of Culture (Vol. I) Alternative ICCR-850-UM Medium U-Matic ExtentOriginal 01:00:10 Spatial Teen Murti Auditorium, New Delhi Created 12.01.1995 Rights ICCR Descriptive Subject Memorial Lecture Description Presided by Shri Vasant Sathe Artist Tan Sri (Dr) Mohd. Ghazali Shaie Type U-Matic ( UM ) Technical Codec Name H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 Data Rate 641.425000 Kbit/s Frame Rate 25.0 Sampling 4:2:0 Aspect Ratio 4:3 Duration 1:00:10.440000 Dimension 640*480

pt. 1. v.1-8. History of man--pt. 2. v.9-16. History of events

pt. 1. v.1-8. History of man--pt. 2. v.9-16. History of events

pt. 1. v.1-8. History of man--pt. 2. v.9-16. History of events

pt. 1. v.1-8. History of man--pt. 2. v.9-16. History of events

Administrative Source Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Delhi ( ICCR ) Identifier 855 Title Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Lecture on Leadership, Development and Evolution of Culture (Vol. I) Alternative ICCR-855-UM Medium U-Matic ExtentOriginal 00:34:55 Spatial Teen Murti Auditorium, New Delhi Created 12.01.1995 Rights ICCR Descriptive Subject Memorial Lecture Description Presided by Shri Vasant Sathe Artist Tan Sri (Dr) Mohd. Ghazali Shaie Type U-Matic ( UM ) Technical Codec Name H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 Data Rate 641.037000 Kbit/s Frame Rate 25.0 Sampling 4:2:0 Aspect Ratio 4:3 Duration 0:34:55.616000 Dimension 640*480

Administrative Source Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Delhi ( ICCR ) Identifier 855 Title Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Lecture on Leadership, Development and Evolution of Culture (Vol. I) Alternative ICCR-855-UM Medium U-Matic ExtentOriginal 00:34:55 Spatial Teen Murti Auditorium, New Delhi Created 12.01.1995 Rights ICCR Descriptive Subject Memorial Lecture Description Presided by Shri Vasant Sathe Artist Tan Sri (Dr) Mohd. Ghazali Shaie Type U-Matic ( UM ) Technical Codec Name H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 Data Rate 641.037000 Kbit/s Frame Rate 25.0 Sampling 4:2:0 Aspect Ratio 4:3 Duration 0:34:55.616000 Dimension 640*480

Administrative Source Indian Council for Cultural Relations, Delhi ( ICCR ) Identifier 855 Title Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Memorial Lecture on Leadership, Development and Evolution of Culture (Vol. I) Alternative ICCR-855-UM Medium U-Matic ExtentOriginal 00:34:55 Spatial Teen Murti Auditorium, New Delhi Created 12.01.1995 Rights ICCR Descriptive Subject Memorial Lecture Description Presided by Shri Vasant Sathe Artist Tan Sri (Dr) Mohd. Ghazali Shaie Type U-Matic ( UM ) Technical Codec Name H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10 Data Rate 641.037000 Kbit/s Frame Rate 25.0 Sampling 4:2:0 Aspect Ratio 4:3 Duration 0:34:55.616000 Dimension 640*480

Includes bibliographies

26

Master Control Genes in Development and Evolution: The Homeobox Story Release year : 1998 Author : Walter J. Gehring Genre : scientific literature, genetics, developmental biology Language : English Format : PDF Number of pages : 250 Description : In this fascinating book, one of the world's foremost developmental biologists discusses some of the most exciting discoveries about how genes control development. Walter Goering describes in detail his significant contribution to the epoch-making discovery of the homeobox, a characteristic segment of DNA found in the genes of all higher organisms, from the fruit fly to humans, and explains how it became the key to our modern understanding of development and evolution. Thus, the book becomes not only a clear discussion of genetics, but also a fascinating description of the art of scientific research

Bibliography: p. 244-248

Bibliography: p. 244-248

Bibliography: p. 244-248

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This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Imprinted small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are only found in eutherian genomes and closely related to brain functions. A complex human neurological disease, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), is primarily attributed to the deletion of imprinted snoRNAs in chromosome 15q11-q13. Here we investigated the snoRNA repertoires in the PWS locus of 12 mammalian genomes and their evolution processes. A total of 613 imprinted snoRNAs were identified in the PWS homologous loci and the gene number was highly variable across lineages, with a peak in Euarchontoglires. Lineage-specific gene gain and loss events account for most extant genes of the HBII-52 (SNORD115) and the HBII-85 (SNORD116) gene family, and remarkable high gene-birth rates were observed in the primates and the rodents. Meanwhile, rapid sequence substitution occurred only in imprinted snoRNA genes, rather than their flanking sequences or the protein-coding genes located in the same imprinted locus. Strong selective constraints on the functional elements of these imprinted snoRNAs further suggest that they are subjected to birth-and-death evolution. Our data suggest that the regulatory role of HBII-52 on 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA might originate in the Euarchontoglires through adaptive process. We propose that the rapid evolution of PWS-related imprinted snoRNAs has contributed to the neural development of Euarchontoglires.

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Imprinted small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are only found in eutherian genomes and closely related to brain functions. A complex human neurological disease, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), is primarily attributed to the deletion of imprinted snoRNAs in chromosome 15q11-q13. Here we investigated the snoRNA repertoires in the PWS locus of 12 mammalian genomes and their evolution processes. A total of 613 imprinted snoRNAs were identified in the PWS homologous loci and the gene number was highly variable across lineages, with a peak in Euarchontoglires. Lineage-specific gene gain and loss events account for most extant genes of the HBII-52 (SNORD115) and the HBII-85 (SNORD116) gene family, and remarkable high gene-birth rates were observed in the primates and the rodents. Meanwhile, rapid sequence substitution occurred only in imprinted snoRNA genes, rather than their flanking sequences or the protein-coding genes located in the same imprinted locus. Strong selective constraints on the functional elements of these imprinted snoRNAs further suggest that they are subjected to birth-and-death evolution. Our data suggest that the regulatory role of HBII-52 on 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA might originate in the Euarchontoglires through adaptive process. We propose that the rapid evolution of PWS-related imprinted snoRNAs has contributed to the neural development of Euarchontoglires.

26

"The Mechanism of Evolution. In the Light of Heredity and Development" is an article from The Scientific Monthly, Volume 10 . View more articles from The Scientific Monthly . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-6765

"The Mechanism of Evolution. In the Light of Heredity and Development" is an article from The Scientific Monthly, Volume 10 . View more articles from The Scientific Monthly . View this article on JSTOR . View this article's JSTOR metadata . You may also retrieve all of this items metadata in JSON at the following URL: https://archive.org/metadata/jstor-6765

Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 ( Mmp13 ) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2 ) , which bind Mmp13 , become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.

Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 ( Mmp13 ) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2 ) , which bind Mmp13 , become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.

Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 ( Mmp13 ) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2 ) , which bind Mmp13 , become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.

Precise developmental control of jaw length is critical for survival, but underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The jaw skeleton arises from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM), and we previously demonstrated that these progenitor cells express more bone-resorbing enzymes including Matrix metalloproteinase 13 ( Mmp13 ) when they generate shorter jaws in quail embryos versus longer jaws in duck. Moreover, if we inhibit bone resorption or Mmp13, we can increase jaw length. In the current study, we uncover mechanisms establishing species-specific levels of Mmp13 and bone resorption. Quail show greater activation of and sensitivity to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling than duck; where intracellular mediators like SMADs and targets like Runt-related transcription factor 2 ( Runx2 ) , which bind Mmp13 , become elevated. Inhibiting TGFβ signaling decreases bone resorption, and overexpressing Mmp13 in NCM shortens the duck lower jaw. To elucidate the basis for this differential regulation, we examine the Mmp13 promoter. We discover a SMAD-binding element and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near a RUNX2-binding element that distinguish quail from duck. Altering the SMAD site and switching the SNPs abolish TGFβ sensitivity in the quail Mmp13 promoter but make the duck promoter responsive. Thus, differential regulation of TGFβ signaling and Mmp13 promoter structure underlie avian jaw development and evolution.

Slides: http://bit.ly/20pXArO It is time to exit that IDE and go back to the terminal. The Go tool is one of the most valuable, yet most overlooked feature. It plays a huge role in making Go one of the most productive languages around. Like a Swiss Army knife, it is a trusty companion for everyday development tasks, and I will show you what it can do for you. Speaker: Dusan Lilic Software engineer coming from Belgrade, he likes to test drive every piece of new technology out there. Speaker, freelancer and an open source contributor. Co-founded the Golang Belgrade meetup group to spread the love for Go. https://github.com/kortemy https://twitter.com/kortemy_ https://www.linkedin.com/in/dusanlilic

Slides: http://bit.ly/20pXArO It is time to exit that IDE and go back to the terminal. The Go tool is one of the most valuable, yet most overlooked feature. It plays a huge role in making Go one of the most productive languages around. Like a Swiss Army knife, it is a trusty companion for everyday development tasks, and I will show you what it can do for you. Speaker: Dusan Lilic Software engineer coming from Belgrade, he likes to test drive every piece of new technology out there. Speaker, freelancer and an open source contributor. Co-founded the Golang Belgrade meetup group to spread the love for Go. https://github.com/kortemy https://twitter.com/kortemy_ https://www.linkedin.com/in/dusanlilic

Slides: http://bit.ly/20pXArO It is time to exit that IDE and go back to the terminal. The Go tool is one of the most valuable, yet most overlooked feature. It plays a huge role in making Go one of the most productive languages around. Like a Swiss Army knife, it is a trusty companion for everyday development tasks, and I will show you what it can do for you. Speaker: Dusan Lilic Software engineer coming from Belgrade, he likes to test drive every piece of new technology out there. Speaker, freelancer and an open source contributor. Co-founded the Golang Belgrade meetup group to spread the love for Go. https://github.com/kortemy https://twitter.com/kortemy_ https://www.linkedin.com/in/dusanlilic

This document contains data on student enrollment in the public sector in the administrative regions of the Province of Quebec over a nine-year period. A brief text explains some of the factors influencing the decrease and increase of the student population at different levels. Graphs and tables present the data. (Author/MLF)

This document contains data on student enrollment in the public sector in the administrative regions of the Province of Quebec over a nine-year period. A brief text explains some of the factors influencing the decrease and increase of the student population at different levels. Graphs and tables present the data. (Author/MLF)

This article is from PLoS ONE , volume 9 . Abstract Scarab beetles exhibit an astonishing variety of rigid exo-skeletal outgrowths, known as “horns”. These traits are often sexually dimorphic and vary dramatically across species in size, shape, location, and allometry with body size. In many species, the horn exhibits disproportionate growth resulting in an exaggerated allometric relationship with body size, as compared to other traits, such as wings, that grow proportionately with body size. Depending on the species, the smallest males either do not produce a horn at all, or they produce a disproportionately small horn for their body size. While the diversity of horn shapes and their behavioural ecology have been reasonably well studied, we know far less about the proximate mechanisms that regulate horn growth. Thus, using 454 pyrosequencing, we generated transcriptome profiles, during horn growth and development, in two different scarab beetle species: the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, and the dung beetle, Onthophagus nigriventris. We obtained over half a million reads for each species that were assembled into over 6,000 and 16,000 contigs respectively. We combined these data with previously published studies to look for signatures of molecular evolution. We found a small subset of genes with horn-biased expression showing evidence for recent positive selection, as is expected with sexual selection on horn size. We also found evidence of relaxed selection present in genes that demonstrated biased expression between horned and horn-less morphs, consistent with the theory of developmental decoupling of phenotypically plastic traits.

This article is from Ecology and Evolution , volume 1 . Abstract Anurans breed in a variety of aquatic habitats with contrasting levels of desiccation risk, which may result in selection for faster development during larval stages. Previous studies suggest that species in ephemeral ponds reduce their developmental times to minimize desiccation risks, although it is not clear how variation in desiccation risk affects developmental strategies in different species. Employing a comparative phylogenetic approach including data from published and unpublished studies encompassing 62 observations across 30 species, we tested if species breeding in ephemeral ponds (High risk) develop faster than those from permanent ponds (Low risk) and/or show increased developmental plasticity in response to drying conditions. Our analyses support shorter developmental times in High risk, primarily by decreasing body mass at metamorphosis. Plasticity in developmental times was small and did not differ between groups. However, accelerated development in High risk species generally resulted in reduced sizes at metamorphosis, while some Low risk species were able compensate this effect by increasing mean growth rates. Taken together, our results suggest that plastic responses in species breeding in ephemeral ponds are constrained by a general trade-off between development and growth rates.

This article is from Ecology and Evolution , volume 1 . Abstract Anurans breed in a variety of aquatic habitats with contrasting levels of desiccation risk, which may result in selection for faster development during larval stages. Previous studies suggest that species in ephemeral ponds reduce their developmental times to minimize desiccation risks, although it is not clear how variation in desiccation risk affects developmental strategies in different species. Employing a comparative phylogenetic approach including data from published and unpublished studies encompassing 62 observations across 30 species, we tested if species breeding in ephemeral ponds (High risk) develop faster than those from permanent ponds (Low risk) and/or show increased developmental plasticity in response to drying conditions. Our analyses support shorter developmental times in High risk, primarily by decreasing body mass at metamorphosis. Plasticity in developmental times was small and did not differ between groups. However, accelerated development in High risk species generally resulted in reduced sizes at metamorphosis, while some Low risk species were able compensate this effect by increasing mean growth rates. Taken together, our results suggest that plastic responses in species breeding in ephemeral ponds are constrained by a general trade-off between development and growth rates.

This article is from Ecology and Evolution , volume 1 . Abstract Anurans breed in a variety of aquatic habitats with contrasting levels of desiccation risk, which may result in selection for faster development during larval stages. Previous studies suggest that species in ephemeral ponds reduce their developmental times to minimize desiccation risks, although it is not clear how variation in desiccation risk affects developmental strategies in different species. Employing a comparative phylogenetic approach including data from published and unpublished studies encompassing 62 observations across 30 species, we tested if species breeding in ephemeral ponds (High risk) develop faster than those from permanent ponds (Low risk) and/or show increased developmental plasticity in response to drying conditions. Our analyses support shorter developmental times in High risk, primarily by decreasing body mass at metamorphosis. Plasticity in developmental times was small and did not differ between groups. However, accelerated development in High risk species generally resulted in reduced sizes at metamorphosis, while some Low risk species were able compensate this effect by increasing mean growth rates. Taken together, our results suggest that plastic responses in species breeding in ephemeral ponds are constrained by a general trade-off between development and growth rates.

This article is from Ecology and Evolution , volume 1 . Abstract Anurans breed in a variety of aquatic habitats with contrasting levels of desiccation risk, which may result in selection for faster development during larval stages. Previous studies suggest that species in ephemeral ponds reduce their developmental times to minimize desiccation risks, although it is not clear how variation in desiccation risk affects developmental strategies in different species. Employing a comparative phylogenetic approach including data from published and unpublished studies encompassing 62 observations across 30 species, we tested if species breeding in ephemeral ponds (High risk) develop faster than those from permanent ponds (Low risk) and/or show increased developmental plasticity in response to drying conditions. Our analyses support shorter developmental times in High risk, primarily by decreasing body mass at metamorphosis. Plasticity in developmental times was small and did not differ between groups. However, accelerated development in High risk species generally resulted in reduced sizes at metamorphosis, while some Low risk species were able compensate this effect by increasing mean growth rates. Taken together, our results suggest that plastic responses in species breeding in ephemeral ponds are constrained by a general trade-off between development and growth rates.

This article is from Ecology and Evolution , volume 1 . Abstract Anurans breed in a variety of aquatic habitats with contrasting levels of desiccation risk, which may result in selection for faster development during larval stages. Previous studies suggest that species in ephemeral ponds reduce their developmental times to minimize desiccation risks, although it is not clear how variation in desiccation risk affects developmental strategies in different species. Employing a comparative phylogenetic approach including data from published and unpublished studies encompassing 62 observations across 30 species, we tested if species breeding in ephemeral ponds (High risk) develop faster than those from permanent ponds (Low risk) and/or show increased developmental plasticity in response to drying conditions. Our analyses support shorter developmental times in High risk, primarily by decreasing body mass at metamorphosis. Plasticity in developmental times was small and did not differ between groups. However, accelerated development in High risk species generally resulted in reduced sizes at metamorphosis, while some Low risk species were able compensate this effect by increasing mean growth rates. Taken together, our results suggest that plastic responses in species breeding in ephemeral ponds are constrained by a general trade-off between development and growth rates.

This article is from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , volume 7 . Abstract There is a basic rule to mammalian neocortical expansion: as it expands, so does it fold. The degree to which it folds, however, cannot strictly be attributed to its expansion. Across species, cortical volume does not keep pace with cortical surface area, but rather folds appear more rapidly than expected. As a result, larger brains quickly become disproportionately more convoluted than smaller brains. Both the absence (lissencephaly) and presence (gyrencephaly) of cortical folds is observed in all mammalian orders and, while there is likely some phylogenetic signature to the evolutionary appearance of gyri and sulci, there are undoubtedly universal trends to the acquisition of folds in an expanding neocortex. Whether these trends are governed by conical expansion of neocortical germinal zones, the distribution of cortical connectivity, or a combination of growth- and connectivity-driven forces remains an open question. But the importance of cortical folding for evolution of the uniquely mammalian neocortex, as well as for the incidence of neuropathologies in humans, is undisputed. In this hypothesis and theory article, we will summarize the development of cortical folds in the neocortex, consider the relative influence of growth- vs. connectivity-driven forces for the acquisition of cortical folds between and within species, assess the genetic, cell-biological, and mechanistic implications for neocortical expansion, and discuss the significance of these implications for human evolution, development, and disease. We will argue that evolutionary increases in the density of neuron production, achieved via maintenance of a basal proliferative niche in the neocortical germinal zones, drive the conical migration of neurons toward the cortical surface and ultimately lead to the establishment of cortical folds in large-brained mammal species.

This article is from Frontiers in Oncology , volume 3 . Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and the fifth most common cause of female cancer death in the United States. Although important advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic strategies over the last three decades have significantly improved the median survival of EOC patients, the plateau of the survival curve has not changed appreciably. Given that EOC is a genetically and biologically heterogeneous disease, identification of specific molecular abnormalities that can be targeted in each individual ovarian cancer on the basis of predictive biomarkers promises to be an effective strategy to improve outcome in this disease. However, for this promise to materialize, appropriate preclinical experimental platforms that recapitulate the complexity of these neoplasms and reliably predict antitumor activity in the clinic are critically important. In this review, we will present the current status and evolution of preclinical models of EOC, including cell lines, immortalized normal cells, xenograft models, patient-derived xenografts, and animal models, and will discuss their potential for oncology drug development.

This article is from Frontiers in Oncology , volume 3 . Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and the fifth most common cause of female cancer death in the United States. Although important advances in surgical and chemotherapeutic strategies over the last three decades have significantly improved the median survival of EOC patients, the plateau of the survival curve has not changed appreciably. Given that EOC is a genetically and biologically heterogeneous disease, identification of specific molecular abnormalities that can be targeted in each individual ovarian cancer on the basis of predictive biomarkers promises to be an effective strategy to improve outcome in this disease. However, for this promise to materialize, appropriate preclinical experimental platforms that recapitulate the complexity of these neoplasms and reliably predict antitumor activity in the clinic are critically important. In this review, we will present the current status and evolution of preclinical models of EOC, including cell lines, immortalized normal cells, xenograft models, patient-derived xenografts, and animal models, and will discuss their potential for oncology drug development.