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This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 2 title: A happy New Year. Variant 4 title: Christmas Greetings. Happily may the moments glide...that carry you through Christmastide.. Variant 5 title: New Year Greetings, Joy go with you all the way, From New Year's day to New Year's day. Variant 6 title: Christmas greetings. Variant 7 title: A bright & happy new year. Variant 7 does not feature a handwritten message. Variant 8 title: Horse and carriage passing stream in winter.

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 3 title: Christmas greetings.

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 3 title: Christmas greetings.

Global climate change is altering snow depth in winter, which could significantly affect soil respiration and microbial communities. However, belowground responses are still uncertain as they depend on the thermal effects on soils, the acclimation of soil microbial communities and ecosystem type. Here, we conducted a snow manipulation experiment including 50% removal of snowpack (mean snow depth after treatment was 3.1 ± 0.7 cm), ambient snow (mean snow depth was 6.3 ± 0.7 cm), and 50% increase of snowpack (mean snow depth after treatment was 9.6 ± 1.5 cm) to explore the effects of altered snow depth on winter soil respiration and microbial communities in a mid-latitude plantation forest with continental climate with dry winters. Winter soil CO 2 effluxes varied from 0.09 to 0.84 µmol m −2 s −1 with a mean of 0.32 ± 0.07 µmol m −2 s −1 . The cumulative soil CO 2 effluxes from 11 December 2014 to 21 March 2015 were 27.3 ± 1.1, 26.5 ± 2.1, and 29.5 ± 1.3 g C m −2 under reduced, ambient and added snowpack, which corresponded to 5.7 ± 0.2%, 5.5 ± 0.3%, and 5.8 ± 0.1% of the annual soil CO 2 effluxes, respectively. Our one-year observation results suggested that although snow reduction decreased soil temperature, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil respiration did not change, suggesting microbial adaptation to cold conditions between −4 °C and −1 °C. In contrast, snow addition increased soil temperature, MBC, and soil respiration. Microbial community structure (F/B, ratio of fungi to bacteria) was also changed and soil enzymatic (β-glucosidase) activities increased under snow addition. However, these effects were short-lived and disappeared when soil temperature did not differ between the addition and control plots at the 14 th day after treatment. These results indicated that the responses of soil microbial communities and respiratory activities to changing soil temperature were rapid and the response of soil respiration to snow addition was transient. Consequently, altered snow depth did not affect cumulative soil CO 2 effluxes. Our study suggests that wintertime soil respiration rates are generally low and snow manipulation has minor effects on soil CO 2 efflux, soil temperature (the determinant driver of wintertime soil CO 2 efflux) and soil microbial biomass at our site.

Global climate change is altering snow depth in winter, which could significantly affect soil respiration and microbial communities. However, belowground responses are still uncertain as they depend on the thermal effects on soils, the acclimation of soil microbial communities and ecosystem type. Here, we conducted a snow manipulation experiment including 50% removal of snowpack (mean snow depth after treatment was 3.1 ± 0.7 cm), ambient snow (mean snow depth was 6.3 ± 0.7 cm), and 50% increase of snowpack (mean snow depth after treatment was 9.6 ± 1.5 cm) to explore the effects of altered snow depth on winter soil respiration and microbial communities in a mid-latitude plantation forest with continental climate with dry winters. Winter soil CO 2 effluxes varied from 0.09 to 0.84 µmol m −2 s −1 with a mean of 0.32 ± 0.07 µmol m −2 s −1 . The cumulative soil CO 2 effluxes from 11 December 2014 to 21 March 2015 were 27.3 ± 1.1, 26.5 ± 2.1, and 29.5 ± 1.3 g C m −2 under reduced, ambient and added snowpack, which corresponded to 5.7 ± 0.2%, 5.5 ± 0.3%, and 5.8 ± 0.1% of the annual soil CO 2 effluxes, respectively. Our one-year observation results suggested that although snow reduction decreased soil temperature, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil respiration did not change, suggesting microbial adaptation to cold conditions between −4 °C and −1 °C. In contrast, snow addition increased soil temperature, MBC, and soil respiration. Microbial community structure (F/B, ratio of fungi to bacteria) was also changed and soil enzymatic (β-glucosidase) activities increased under snow addition. However, these effects were short-lived and disappeared when soil temperature did not differ between the addition and control plots at the 14 th day after treatment. These results indicated that the responses of soil microbial communities and respiratory activities to changing soil temperature were rapid and the response of soil respiration to snow addition was transient. Consequently, altered snow depth did not affect cumulative soil CO 2 effluxes. Our study suggests that wintertime soil respiration rates are generally low and snow manipulation has minor effects on soil CO 2 efflux, soil temperature (the determinant driver of wintertime soil CO 2 efflux) and soil microbial biomass at our site.

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 3 title: The depth of winter.

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 3 title: The depth of winter.

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 3 title: The depth of winter.

اندر اقصای زمستان ده قطعه برای فصل چهارم

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 2 title: A happy Christmas. Variant 3 title: A happy Christmas.

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The seasons: autumn and winter. A poem containing, a short review of each season ; but more particular of winter, and its severity. With some remarks upon the calamities, which happened ... by the great depth of snow, in 1776. Also a humourous and true description of Frost-fair, as kept upon the River Thames, ... in the year 1739-40 ; ... 1778.. Digitized from IA40313507-52 . Previous issue: bim_eighteenth-century_yoricks-sentimental-jou_sterne-laurence_1792 .

Zoomable full resolution image available at davidrumsey.com . This image 14359.082 is a part of image group 14359.000 . Seven physical maps representing the United States, featuring the number of days - annually - of high air pollution forecasted, as well as ventilation in all four seasons, as of 1970. Maps also show political boundaries, bodies of water, drainage, coastlines and islands. Maps include legends, as well as bar scales and scale statements. Presented with Albers Equal Area Projection. With two inset maps within each map: Principal islands of Hawaii -- Alaska. Colored lithograph. Together, maps are 42 x 31 cm, on sheet 49 x 35 cm. Accompanied by descriptive text. Maps appear in Special subject maps section, subsection Physical : Climate. (with) Two physical maps representing the United States, featuring the number of days - annually - of high air pollution forecasted, as well as ventilation in all four seasons, as of 1965. Maps also show political boundaries, bodies of water, drainage, coastlines and islands. Maps include legends, as well as bar scales and scale statements. Presented with Albers Equal Area Projection. Colored lithograph. With two inset maps within each map: Principal islands of Hawaii -- Alaska. Colored lithograph. Maps are each 20 x 31 cm, on sheet 49 x 35 cm. Maps appear in Special subject maps section, subsection Physical : Climate. The national atlas of the United States of America, by the United States Geological Survey; published in Washington D. C., 1970. Bound in navy blue board, with title printed in silver on both front cover and spine. Accompanied by envelope with six overlay sheets, tucked between final page and back cover of volume. Collation: [i-vi], vii-xiii, [1], 2-417, A1, A2, B1, B2, C, D. Atlas contains 770 maps and 18 charts. Includes a dedication, foreward, list of contributors, introduction, table of contents and index to map subjects. Topic covered: physical geography, history, economics, culture, administrative boundaries and cartography. In addition, atlas also provides maps of the world, as related to the United States. Maps show political boundaries, cities, railways, roads, topography, bodies of water, glaciers, drainage, coastlines, islands, water depths and time zones. Topical maps feature other details, such as history, geology, climate, agriculture, population, racial demographics (including indigenous peoples), religion, language and transportation. Some maps use data visualization to further illustrate geographical information, with charts overlaid upon the landscape. "Adapted from "About The National Atlas of the United States of America," by the U.S. Geological Survey: The National Atlas of the United States of America was published in 1970. It was designed to be of practical use to decision makers in government and business, and for planners and research scholars as well as others needing to visualize country-wide distributional patterns and relationships between environmental phenomena and human activities. The National Atlas represents the principal characteristics of the country in 1970, including its physical features, historical evolution, economic activities, sociocultural conditions, administrative subdivisions, and place in world affairs. Various federal agencies, professional organizations, and commercial firms had advocated producing a National Atlas of the United States of America, but the magnitude of the task and the scope of the research required deterred those who would begin it. Late in 1954, the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council established a Committee on the National Atlas of the United States, with representatives from several federal mapmaking agencies. The committee's primary responsibilities were to coordinate all federal agencies that would be involved in producing the atlas and to ensure uniform quality in its cartography. This proved to be a nearly impossible task, and consequently in 1961 the committee terminated itself. In so doing it recommended that the atlas be completed by one federal agency, preferably the Geological Survey in the U.S. Department of the Interior. In March of 1961, the Secretary of the Interior accepted the challenge. Congress appropriated funds to begin work on the National Atlas in 1963, and on reimbursable loan the Library of Congress made available the chief of its Geography and Map Division, Dr. Arch C. Gerlach, to serve as editor. Eighty-four agencies and bureaus appointed liaison officers to the National Atlas Project, base maps were prepared at four scales, and an advisory group of eminent cartographers and geographers collaborated to formulate fundamental design principles and specifications. The first part of the National Atlas is devoted to general reference maps that contain most of the forty-one thousand place names recorded in the index. These maps were included for the convenience of readers wanting basic locational information. In the thematic section of the National Atlas, separate subdivisions deal with the country's physical, historical, economic, and socio-cultural characteristics. The maps in this portion of the atlas represent the relationships between human beings and their environment while offering scientific bases for analyzing the nation's economic development in 1970. The National Atlas proved to be the last paper atlas of this magnitude produced by the federal government."

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 2 title: Forest in winter. Variant 2 does not feature a handwritten message.

This postcard was printed between 1903 and 1959. This postcard has variants, which the Newberry defines to include: textured versus untextured cards; any differences in color or printing; identical images with different captions or ornamentation (e.g. gilt, glitter); postcards with a written message on the back versus blank back. Crowdsourced data: Variant 2 title: A happy Christmas. Variant 3 title: A happy Christmas.

Furber, Robert (circa 1674-1756) The flower-garden display’d, in above four hundred curious representations of the most beautiful flowers; regularly dispos’d in the respective months of their blossom, curiously engrav’d on copper-plates from the designs of mr. furber, and others, and coloured to the life. with the description and history of each plant, and the method of their culture; whether in stoves, green-houses, hot beds, glass-cases, open borders, or against walls. very useful, not only for the curious in gardening, but the prints likewise for painters, carvers, japaners, &c. also for the ladies, as patterns for working, and painting in water-colours; or furniture for the closet.  the second edition. to which is added, a flower-garden for gentlemen and ladies; being the art of raising flowers without any trouble, to blow in full perfection in the depth of winter, in a bed-chamber, closet, or dining-room. also, the method of raising salleting, cucumbers, melons, &c. at any time in the year. as it is now practised by Sir Thomas More, Bart. London: Printed for R. Montagu, at the Corner of Great Queen-street, near Drury-Lane; J. Brindley, at the King’s Arms, New-bond-street; and C. Corbett, at Addison’s Head, without Temple-Bar. 1734. Quarto. Etched title-page and printed title-page in red and black; 12 etched plates, all hand-colored; head- and tail-pieces throughout. Old calf; re-backed in brown morocco. Spine height:10 inches. Blue label on rear paste-down: “Michael Williams Ltd. 3 Curzon Street London W.I.” With which is bound: More, Sir Thomas, A flower-garden for gentlemen and ladies , [London, 1734]. See An Oak Spring Sylva , pages 47-49 ; An Oak Spring Pomona , pages 64-68 ; An Oak Spring Flora, page xxvi in Mrs. Mellon’s foreword and pages 143-146 . Original held by the Oak Spring Garden Foundation, Upperville, Virginia. This resource is in the public domain and may be used without restriction, however, attribution is customary and requested.

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