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Arithmetic strategies (AS) can be defined as a procedure used to solve number manipulation problems (e.g., addition and subtraction; Siegler, 1996). Common strategies used in the process of solving arithmetic tasks can be broadly classified into two main categories: fact retrieval (i.e., recovering numerical facts from memory) and procedural calculation (e.g., finger-counting, decomposing problems into mul,ple steps, etc.; Zamarian et al., 2009). However, math strategies are not explicitly taught in many countries. For instance, the Cuban math curriculum establishes the guidelines for teaching a limited set of strategies for solving arithmetic problems, mainly learning math facts and algorithmic procedures (i.e., stacking). Meanwhile, the Ontario curriculum for mathematics, in addition to the above procedures, encourages the development of a broad range of mental math strategies that allow the manipulation of numbers to solve arithmetic problems. In view of this, we plan to conduct cross-national research to analyze the influence of different educational approaches on the development of AS in school-age students and to evaluate its relationship with math abilities (math fluency) and general-domain processes (working memory and metacognition).

1Christmas Stories from French and Spanish Writers

By Pedro Antonio de Alarcón y Ariza, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, François Coppée, Alphonse Daudet, Antoine Gustave Droz, Maxime Du Camp, Antoinette Ogden, Benito Pérez Galdós, Marcel Prévost, Jules Simon, André Theuriet and Armando Palacio Valdés

Fifteen short stories by Antoinette Ogden from French and Spanish writers of many times. - Summary by david wales

Professor H. L. Sabsovich is recognized as one of the foremost figures in the field of Jewish social service. A great part of his active life was given to the work of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, and he distinguished himself as a visionary thinker as well as an excellent administrator and, significantly, the Builder of Woodbine, the Woodbine Agricultural School, and later as General Agent for the Baron de Hirsch Fund.