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It is proposed to create materials with a desired refraction coefficient in a bounded domain $D\subset \R^3$ by embedding many small balls with constant refraction coefficients into a given material. The number of small balls per unit volume around every point $x\in D$, i.e., their density distribution, is calculated, as well as the constant refraction coefficients in these balls. Embedding into $D$ small balls with these refraction coefficients according to the calculated density distribution creates in $D$ a material with a desired refraction coefficient.

Scalar wave scattering by many small particles with impedance boundary condition and creating material with a desired refraction coefficient are studied. The acoustic wave scattering problem is solved asymptotically and numerically under the assumptions $ka \ll 1, \zeta_m = \frac{h(x_m)}{a^\kappa}, d = O(a^{\frac{2-\kappa}{3}}), M = O(\frac{1}{a^{2-\kappa}}), \kappa \in [0,1)$, where $k = 2\pi/\lambda$ is the wave number, $\lambda$ is the wave length, $a$ is the radius of the particles, $d$ is the distance between neighboring particles, $M$ is the total number of the particles embedded in a bounded domain $\Omega \subset \RRR$, $\zeta_m$ is the boundary impedance of the m\textsuperscript{th} particle $D_m$, $h \in C(D)$, $D := \bigcup_{m=1}^M D_m$, is a given arbitrary function which satisfies Im$h \le 0$, $x_m \in \Omega$ is the position of the m\textsuperscript{th} particle, and $1 \leq m \leq M$. Numerical results are presented for which the number of particles equals $10^4, 10^5$, and $10^6$.

A method is given for creating material with a desired refraction coefficient. The method consists of embedding into a material with known refraction coefficient many small particles of size $a$. The number of particles per unit volume around any point is prescribed, the distance between neighboring particles is $O(a^{\frac{2-\kappa}{3}})$ as $a\to 0$, $0

A recipe for creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient is implemented numerically. The following assumptions are used: \bee \zeta_m=h(x_m)/a^\kappa,\quad d=O(a^{(2-\kappa)/3}),\quad M=O(1/a^{2-\kappa}),\quad \kappa\in(0,1), \eee where $\zeta_m$ and $x_m$ are the boundary impedance and center of the $m$-th ball, respectively, $h(x)\in C(D)$, Im$h(x)\leq 0$, $M$ is the number of small balls embedded in the cube $D$, $a$ is the radius of the small balls and $d$ is the distance between the neighboring balls. An error estimate is given for the approximate solution of the many-body scattering problem in the case of small scatterers. This result is used for the estimate of the minimal number of small particles to be embedded in a given domain $D$ in order to get a material whose refraction coefficient approximates the desired one with the relative error not exceeding a desired small quantity.

Asymptotic solution to many-body wave scattering problem is given in the case of many small scatterers. The small scatterers can be particles whose physical properties are described by the boundary impedances, or they can be small inhomogeneities, whose physical properties are described by their refraction coefficients. Equations for the effective field in the limiting medium are derived. The limit is considered as the size $a$ of the particles or inhomogeneities tends to zero while their number $M(a)$ tends to infinity. These results are applied to the problem of creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient. For example, the refraction coefficient may have wave-focusing property, or it may have negative refraction, i.e., the group velocity may be directed opposite to the phase velocity. This paper is a review of the author's results presented in MR2442305 (2009g:78016), MR2354140 (2008g:82123), MR2317263 (2008a:35040), MR2362884 (2008j:78010), and contains new results.