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Production Readiness Reviews (PRRs) are used by the Department of Defense to reduce the manufacturing risk during a major system acquisition. Not only are domestic contractors involved in U.S. weapons acquisition, but today foreign contractors are involved as well. The success of the F-16 multinational coproduction program makes future coproduction programs a certainty. This study finds that PRRs are applicable to foreign contractors in a multi-national coproduction program. The PRR provides a one-on-one consultation between the System Program Office and the foreign contractor. This consultation can eliminate many potential problems early in the acquisition and can help ensure overall success of the coproduction program. A comparison is made between PRRs performed on foreign and domestic firms. The study finds in most cases the manufacturing areas requiring the greatest emphasis during a foreign PRR are different than those areas during a domestic PRR. The study takes a critical look at AFSCR 84-2 and makes specific recommendations aimed at making the regulation a more useful tool for foreign PRR planners. (Author)

This volume examines motivating factors, infrastructures, and patterns in arms development and production, as they relate to the role of coproduction and dual-use technologies in the development of indigenous arms industries in less developed countries. (Author)

This volume examines motivating factors, infrastructures, and patterns in arms development and production, as they relate to the role of coproduction and dual-use technologies in the development of indigenous arms industries in less developed countries. (Author)

This volume examines motivating factors, infrastructures, and patterns in arms development and production, as they relate to the role of coproduction and dual-use technologies in the development of indigenous arms industries in less developed countries. (Author)

This volume examines motivating factors, infrastructures, and patterns in arms development and production, as they relate to the role of coproduction and dual-use technologies in the development of indigenous arms industries in less developed countries. (Author)

The United States finds itself in the position of exercising decreasing influence on the international arms market. For such reasons as pride, nationalism, technological, and industrial growth, the United States' allies are favoring negotiating coproduction/codevelopment contracts rather than direct sales contracts. This thesis shows the unmistakeable trend toward coproduction/codevelopment and the increasing independence on the part of the United States' former buyers. The United States must willingly compete for multi-national coproduction/codevelopment programs, even though recognized as being less economically desirable, if its position in today's changing arms market is to be maintained.

The United States finds itself in the position of exercising decreasing influence on the international arms market. For such reasons as pride, nationalism, technological, and industrial growth, the United States' allies are favoring negotiating coproduction/codevelopment contracts rather than direct sales contracts. This thesis shows the unmistakeable trend toward coproduction/codevelopment and the increasing independence on the part of the United States' former buyers. The United States must willingly compete for multi-national coproduction/codevelopment programs, even though recognized as being less economically desirable, if its position in today's changing arms market is to be maintained.

Production Readiness Reviews (PRRs) are used by the Department of Defense to reduce the manufacturing risk during a major system acquisition. Not only are domestic contractors involved in U.S. weapons acquisition, but today foreign contractors are involved as well. The success of the F-16 multinational coproduction program makes future coproduction programs a certainty. This study finds that PRRs are applicable to foreign contractors in a multi-national coproduction program. The PRR provides a one-on-one consultation between the System Program Office and the foreign contractor. This consultation can eliminate many potential problems early in the acquisition and can help ensure overall success of the coproduction program. A comparison is made between PRRs performed on foreign and domestic firms. The study finds in most cases the manufacturing areas requiring the greatest emphasis during a foreign PRR are different than those areas during a domestic PRR. The study takes a critical look at AFSCR 84-2 and makes specific recommendations aimed at making the regulation a more useful tool for foreign PRR planners. (Author)

The concept of coproduction emphasizes that citizens are the central actors in service production, capable of directly and proactively contributing significant resources to the public services provision. This aligns with the current practical needs of Establishing Social Governance Community in China. Information serves as the foundation for fostering citizen participation in coproduction. Currently, with the advancement of the emerging technological revolution, the issue of information openness has largely been resolved. However, the overabundance of information may lead to significant cognitive burdens on citizens in identifying and filtering key content. The focus should shift from “openness” to “attainability”, specifically concerning whether citizens can access, identify, and filter government information at a lower cost, and grasp its core content more efficiently and with reduced cognitive burden. We will employ a survey experiment to examine the impact of information attainability on citizen participation in coproduction. Two approaches are adopted in this study to manipulate information attainability: highlighting core content and allowing citizens to freely select the information they want to access. The dependent variable in this study—citizen participation in coproduction—comprises three components: co-design, co-delivery, and co-assessment. We aim to address the following three questions: 1. Can the provision of specific information about public services promote citizens participation in coproduction; 2. Is a higher level of information attainability more effective in promoting citizens participation in coproduction; and 3. Which specific means of enhancing information attainability are most effective in promoting citizens participation in coproduction?

Two main efforts in support of the general goals of SERC/culpr are presented. Investigations of processes for the coproduction of metals from extra-terrestrial materials in conjunction with plausible schemes for oxygen extraction continue. The principal emphasis was on the extraction and purification of iron from the ilmenite reduction process for oxygen, from the cathode metal deposits made in the magma electrolysis process for oxygen, and from native ferrous metal alloys on the moon and asteroids. All work on the separation and purification of ferrous metals was focussed upon the gaseous carbonyl process, a scheme that involves only temperatures attainable by passive thermal control. The exploration of a variety of schemes was initiated, involving the use of several different propulsion options and both propulsive and aerobraking capture at earth, for return of extraterrestrial resources to earth orbits. In addition, the search for new opportunities in space resource utilization continues. Examples include the continuation of work underway on: (1) the feasibility of locating solar power satellites in highly eccentric earth orbit; (2) the energetics of extracting the potential clean fusion fuel He-3 from the atmosphere for return to earth; and (3) the utility of a nuclear steam rocket (using non-terrestrial water as the working fluid) for transportation in the inner solar system.

Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to identify studies exploring palliative and end of life care issues that utilise coproduction methods in partnership with British Muslims across different settings. Methods: A scoping review approach will be adopted following the latest guidance that has been developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Four databases of different scopes will be searched, reflecting the holistic and interdisciplinary nature of palliative care practice and research. These include: Ovid MEDLINE(R), EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Leading palliative care charity websites will be explicitly searched for grey literature. Simple frequency counts of data extracted on article types, the population groups involved, the number of key principles of coproduction reported in each study will be presented in a tabular form. NVivo may be utilised to undertake a descriptive qualitative content analysis, coding data extracted on intervention(s), or recommendations developed and on setting if available into different categories.

This is our second study within our research project. Study 1 was preregistered on April 23, 2024.The research project as a whole explores the impact of service provider identity and performance information on public participation in coproduction. Based on the research conducted in Experiment 1, it was found that only under negative performance information, citizen are more inclined to collaborate with public sector provider in production, compared with private sector provider and public-private sector provider. In the context of negative performance information,Experiment 2 explores the reasons for this result and primarily examined the role of risk perception.

Public services coproduction is widely called for in public governance. The impact of descriptive social norms on citizens’ participation in coproduction has been effectively verified, but specific findings are inconsistent. In this study, we will introduce communication frames to explore how they affect the impact of descriptive social norms on coproduction. This is the experiment 2 for this study and we will conduct an online survey experiment to examine the effect of descriptive social norms on citizens‘ willingness to participate in coproduction and the moderating role of communication frames in this effect. The independent variable is descriptive social norms, the moderator variable is communication frames, and the dependent variable is citizens' willingness to participate in coproduction.

Although governments and scholars have developed a great interest in directly engaging citizens in public service, exploring how to effectively foster coproduction still requires further research. Trust, as a key motive for cooperation among multiple actors, is a central concept in the New Public Governance paradigm, just like coproduction. However, the current studies on the relationship between trust and coproduction still has the following three gaps: (1) perceived trustworthiness is often used interchangeably with trust; (2) the impact of different dimensions of perceived trustworthiness (i.e., perceived competence, benevolence and integrity) on coproduction is not explored; (3) trust and distrust are treated as two ends of a one-dimensional concept rather than two different constructs. These gaps have led to unclear impacts and causal relationships between trust family (i.e., trust, distrust and trustworthiness) and coproduction, causing great confusion among policymakers regarding whether “trust promotes coproduction” or “distrust promotes coproduction” in public service delivery. Therefore, this study will adopt a behavioural public administration perspective, and conduct an online questionnaire survey to verify the impacts of trust family on coproduction in public service delivery. We will collect representative Chinese samples through an online survey platform and repetitively examine the hypotheses in four typical coproduction scenarios of urban governance. This study also aims to explore potential moderators of trust family and coproduction, including citizens’ social psychological factors and coproduction’s institutional features. The results of this study will provide reliable empirical evidence for the field of trust family and coproduction, by responding to the contradictory findings of existing studies and further explaining the causal relationships between these key variables. Additionally, the findings will also provide valuable implications for governments in regions with different trustworthiness characteristics and trust levels to encourage coproduction, thereby further promoting reforms in public service provision.

Production Readiness Reviews (PRRs) are used by the Department of Defense to reduce the manufacturing risk during a major system acquisition. Not only are domestic contractors involved in U.S. weapons acquisition, but today foreign contractors are involved as well. The success of the F-16 multinational coproduction program makes future coproduction programs a certainty. This study finds that PRRs are applicable to foreign contractors in a multi-national coproduction program. The PRR provides a one-on-one consultation between the System Program Office and the foreign contractor. This consultation can eliminate many potential problems early in the acquisition and can help ensure overall success of the coproduction program. A comparison is made between PRRs performed on foreign and domestic firms. The study finds in most cases the manufacturing areas requiring the greatest emphasis during a foreign PRR are different than those areas during a domestic PRR. The study takes a critical look at AFSCR 84-2 and makes specific recommendations aimed at making the regulation a more useful tool for foreign PRR planners. (Author)

The project shows the effects of deservingness over attribution of blame. Specifically, a receiver will patronise the brand being negatively spoken about more if the consumer is undeserving (vs deserving). However, the effect will be seen in the case of coproduced services and not for firm-produced service..

Citizen participation in arts and culture is of particular interest for communities and personal well-being (Johanson et al., 2014). By making dance class attendance more attractive, coproduction in the performing arts could be promoted. Because the nudge theory teaches that displaying potential consequences of choices and framing effects can change citizens’ (re)actions (Sunstein, 2019; Thaler & Sunstein, 2009), this study aims to test the benefits of two components of course description designs. Taking into account the key roles of self-efficacy perception (Thomsen, 2015), intrinsic motivation (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and visual preference heuristic (Townsend & Kahn, 2014) in decision-making processes, a discrete choice experiment is conducted to analyze how nudges might be incorporated in cultural strategies.

This study contains two studies in the Chinese community context examining the influence of factors such as social norms and motivations on citizens' willingness to coproduce, as well as introducing factors such as cultures as moderating variables, using survey experiments and questionnaires to examine citizens' motivation to participate in coproduction and the factors that influence it.

Research on symbolic representation suggests that citizen–state interactions might benefit from public organizations' representativeness. This study conducts a survey experiment to reexamine the positive impact of symbolic gender representation in the context of refugee integration, a policy field featuring co-production of core public services . Contrary to previous studies, this experiment addresses symbolic representation as a means to reduce uncertainty for potential participants. The research design manipulates the gender representation of two groups present in the judicial system. First, the citizens who already participate in coproduction. Second, the employees who supervise coproduction procedures and are responsible for the participants. The vignettes resemble a co-production announcement varying only the percentages of men and women in both groups. This study applies a 6x6 factorial design. This study is a replication and extension related to the following pre-registered study: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/SFNXH

This study based on motivation theory to investigate how different types of interest cues influence citizens’ willingness to engage in co-production. Specifically, it focuses on two types of interest cues: self-centered interest cues and community-centered interest cues. Additionally, the study introduces social norms as a key moderating variable, distinguishing between injunctive norms and descriptive norms, to examine how these norms moderate the relationship between interest cues and co-production willingness. Using China’s community regeneration projects as the experimental context, the research intends to conduct three survey experiments. Experiment 1 focuses on the moderating effect of injunctive norms, while Experiment 2 focuses on the moderating role of descriptive norms. Experiment 3 builds upon the previous experiments by incorporating both types of norms and introducing more complex interest cue conditions,namely interest alignment and interest conflict. 

Production Readiness Reviews (PRRs) are used by the Department of Defense to reduce the manufacturing risk during a major system acquisition. Not only are domestic contractors involved in U.S. weapons acquisition, but today foreign contractors are involved as well. The success of the F-16 multinational coproduction program makes future coproduction programs a certainty. This study finds that PRRs are applicable to foreign contractors in a multi-national coproduction program. The PRR provides a one-on-one consultation between the System Program Office and the foreign contractor. This consultation can eliminate many potential problems early in the acquisition and can help ensure overall success of the coproduction program. A comparison is made between PRRs performed on foreign and domestic firms. The study finds in most cases the manufacturing areas requiring the greatest emphasis during a foreign PRR are different than those areas during a domestic PRR. The study takes a critical look at AFSCR 84-2 and makes specific recommendations aimed at making the regulation a more useful tool for foreign PRR planners. (Author)

Production Readiness Reviews (PRRs) are used by the Department of Defense to reduce the manufacturing risk during a major system acquisition. Not only are domestic contractors involved in U.S. weapons acquisition, but today foreign contractors are involved as well. The success of the F-16 multinational coproduction program makes future coproduction programs a certainty. This study finds that PRRs are applicable to foreign contractors in a multi-national coproduction program. The PRR provides a one-on-one consultation between the System Program Office and the foreign contractor. This consultation can eliminate many potential problems early in the acquisition and can help ensure overall success of the coproduction program. A comparison is made between PRRs performed on foreign and domestic firms. The study finds in most cases the manufacturing areas requiring the greatest emphasis during a foreign PRR are different than those areas during a domestic PRR. The study takes a critical look at AFSCR 84-2 and makes specific recommendations aimed at making the regulation a more useful tool for foreign PRR planners. (Author)

Whether citizens' participation in coproduction can promote their satisfaction with public service remains unclear. The study proposes that the relationship between coproduction and citizen satisfaction depends on coproduction outcome and locus of attribution. With a questionnaire survey and a survey experiment used,these findings may contribute to enriching the theoretical and practical evidence regarding the theme about the relationship between coproduction and satisfaction.

Preregistration for project on citizen support for coproduction using 2x2 survey experimental design.

This study examines whether the institutional arrangement of coproduction in public service delivery can function as a blame-avoidance strategy for the government. Specifically, it investigates how coproduction may influence the blame directed at the government in the aftermath of public service failures.

This study examines whether the institutional arrangement of coproduction in public service delivery can function as a blame-avoidance strategy for the government. Specifically, it investigates how coproduction may influence the blame directed at the government in the aftermath of public service failures.

This study aims to find an effective way for local governments to engage citizens in coproduction. Particularly, this study focuses on the government-reputation narratives as effective strategies for communicating local governments’ brandings to citizens as their efforts of marketing programs. Using the homo narrans model, we will focus on three consequential factors on citizens’ willingness to participate in coproduction: 1) branding 2) government-reputation narrative 3) narrators (public official, third party employee, citizen). The study will provide local governments with practical implications on how to employ public branding, a public marketing strategy, using reputation and narrative techniques to encourage citizens to engage in coproduction.

The population of interest in this scoping review includes patients, healthcare professionals, and hospital administrators involved in coproduction of healthcare within hospital settings. Coproduction refers to the active collaboration between patients and healthcare providers in designing, delivering, and evaluating healthcare services, aiming to improve both patient experiences and clinical outcomes. The phenomenon of interest is the impact of coproduction on patient safety in hospitals. Patient safety remains a critical concern in healthcare, as medical errors, adverse events, and system inefficiencies continue to contribute to preventable harm. Traditional approaches to patient safety have largely focused on provider-led interventions, such as standardized protocols and safety checklists. However, emerging evidence suggests that engaging patients as active partners in their care can enhance safety outcomes by improving communication, shared decision-making, and adherence to treatment plans.

In this article, the author shares with the reader some impressions he has gained from being associated with F-18 international coproduction programs. Frederick H. Barnes has been continuously engaged in the management of U.S. Navy aircraft for security assistance programs since 1969. He is currently the U.S. Navy's F-18 aircraft foreign military sales pre-sale manager, specializing in coproduction matters.

Employing survey experiment method, this study investigates the influence of prior coproduction performation information on the public's willingness to coproduce.

In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted from politicians, citizens, and other societal actors towards involving citizens as coproducers in public service delivery. Thus, a substantial body of literature has been concerned with understanding coproduction of public services from the perspective of citizens and recently also from the perspective of frontline staff. While many scholars speak to the political potentials of coproduction and the importance of political support for coproduction initiatives to succeed, little is known about which factors affect political attitude and support towards coproduction initiatives. In this study, we test the effect of a risk of declining service levels and the type of service task on political support towards coproduction initiatives. We will use a 2x2 factorial survey experiment to test three hypotheses. Our hypotheses will be tested on political council members in Danish municipalities. No data has been collected for this study yet.

This is our second study within our research project. Study 1 was preregistered on April 23, 2024.The research project as a whole explores the impact of service provider identity and performance information on public participation in coproduction. Based on the research conducted in Experiment 1, it was found that only under negative performance information, citizen are more inclined to collaborate with public sector provider in production, compared with private sector provider and public-private sector provider. In the context of negative performance information,Experiment 2 explores the reasons for this result and primarily examined the role of risk perception.

To coproduce the prototype of a rehabilitation programme for adults with complex fractures after discharge from hospital; and idenitfy behaviour change techniques required to actively engage people in the rehabilitation programme in order to achieve better health outcomes.

The bystander effect draws from the psychology literature and refers to the phenomenon that a person’s likelihood of helping or intervening declines when other people are presented (Fischer et al., 2011). One of the mechanisms behind this pluralistic ignorance is that people may feel morally less obligated to intervene when they perceive the responsibility of helping dispersed across themselves and other bystanders. According to this theory, a citizen is predicted to coproduce less when the accountability of reporting or addressing a problem is shared across a group of citizens. Correspondingly, a citizen is more likely to engage in coproduction when little people are presented and, thus, the citizen feels personally responsible. However, this expectation contradicts the government’s intention of coproduction, which is to encourage greater citizen participation in “co-planning, co-design, co-delivery, co-monitoring, and co-evaluation” (Nabatchi et al., 2017, p. 769). Therefore, it is important to empirically examine whether the bystander effect takes place in the coproduction context. Our study tackles this question by conducting a survey experiment in which we manipulate a few key elements related to coproduction and the bystander effect. We situate our experiment in a public safety scenario and vary the presence of other bystanders and the values and the costs associated with coproduction as between-subject factors. We then measure and compare participants’ willingness to coproduce across different experimental conditions.

This analysis is the fourth of a series of seven reports on the ways that the urban fiscal crisis has affected children. Privatization and coproduction have resulted in short-term gains in the provision of children's services in numerous California communities in response to the tax limitations imposed under Proposition 13. Children's services were particularly vulnerable to budget cuts in recreational, educational and cultural programs. Privatization describes the transfer of the administration and financing of a previously public service to non-governmental organizations; coproduction describes the collaboration of local government with private organizations. The following examples are discussed: (1) management reform; (2) private fundraising; (3) grass-roots volunteerism and organization; and (4) new non-governmental programs. Oakland (California) is used as a case study of the following applications: (1) coproduction of recreational and cultural services; (2) creation of a new school-age child care program; and (3) fundraising for public schools. Although the short-term benefits of such a pragmatic approach are undisputed, further research is needed to determine the long-term implications for social equity and the political process. A list of 13 references is appended. (FMW)

Barbara Lipietz (DPU University College London) Richard Lee (Just Space) Discutante : Martine Drodz (CNRS - LATTS)

Production Readiness Reviews (PRRs) are used by the Department of Defense to reduce the manufacturing risk during a major system acquisition. Not only are domestic contractors involved in U.S. weapons acquisition, but today foreign contractors are involved as well. The success of the F-16 multinational coproduction program makes future coproduction programs a certainty. This study finds that PRRs are applicable to foreign contractors in a multi-national coproduction program. The PRR provides a one-on-one consultation between the System Program Office and the foreign contractor. This consultation can eliminate many potential problems early in the acquisition and can help ensure overall success of the coproduction program. A comparison is made between PRRs performed on foreign and domestic firms. The study finds in most cases the manufacturing areas requiring the greatest emphasis during a foreign PRR are different than those areas during a domestic PRR. The study takes a critical look at AFSCR 84-2 and makes specific recommendations aimed at making the regulation a more useful tool for foreign PRR planners. (Author)

This volume examines motivating factors, infrastructures, and patterns in arms development and production, as they relate to the role of coproduction and dual-use technologies in the development of indigenous arms industries in less developed countries. (Author)

As part of the Camp David Accords in 1979, the United States has provided billions of dollars in military assistance to Egypt. This assistance, provided in the form of annual grants, has remained steady at $1.3 billion per year since 1987. Subject to U.S. approval authority, this assistance can be used by Egypt for a variety of military requirements. In the early 1980s, Egypt decided to modernize its Army by procuring a new main battle tank. At that time, Egypt also had requirements for light armored vehicles and tank maintenance facilities. Egyptian officials studied these requirements and decided to build one large tank factory (called Factory 200) to produce the new tanks and light armored vehicles and repair M60 tanks. Egypt sought and received U.S. financial support for constructing the tank factory, and later, for coproducing M1A1 tanks there. Although Egyptian officials told us they would like to produce 1,500 M1A1 tanks, the coproduction agreement only authorizes 524 tanks (25 complete U.S.- built tanks and 499 Egyptian-built tanks). Six increments of production were initially planned, with Egypt progressively completing more of the tank. However, the plans for Egypt completing more of the tank in each increment have been reduced, limiting the production.

Coproduction emphasizes the joint contribution of public service agents and citizens, playing a vital role in improving both the efficiency and quality of public services. However, in practice, citizens often demonstrate low levels of participation in the coproduction of public services. This has led many scholars to focus on the factors influencing citizens' involvement in coproduction. Among these factors, some scholars emphasize the importance of information. Active citizen participation in coproduction requires sufficient channels for accessing service-related information. In this sense, information serves as the foundation of coproduction. Although digital technology is becoming increasingly embedded in public life—enhancing both the immediacy and reach of information—the issue of information asymmetry remains unresolved. From the perspective of information recipients (i.e., citizens), we argue that this may be due to the lack of comprehensibility in public service information. This leads to a paradox: the more transparent the information becomes, the harder it is for citizens to understand, thereby limiting its role in promoting citizen participation in coproduction. Therefore, this study focuses on the information comprehensibility, manipulating it through two dimensions: presentation format and language. It seeks to examine how information comprehensibility affects citizens’ participation in the three components of coproduction—co-design, co-delivery, and co-assessment—through a survey experiment.

Coproduction is described as a valuable route to public service reform and to provide effective public services. How to promote and expand citizens coproduction has become a hot topic.We intend to take park maintenance in China as a specific context to explore public service coproduction.This study examines the impact of public service performance information and delivery models on citizen coproduction.

This study examines whether the institutional arrangement of coproduction in public service delivery can function as a blame-avoidance strategy for the government. Specifically, it investigates how coproduction may influence the blame directed at the government in the aftermath of public service failures.

This study examines whether the institutional arrangement of coproduction in public service delivery can function as a blame-avoidance strategy for the government. Specifically, it investigates how coproduction may influence the blame directed at the government in the aftermath of public service failures.

Coproduction is widely called for as public service provision has been reformed. We intend to take waste sorting in China as a specific context to explore public service coproduction. We will conduct an online survey experiment to explore the effects of goal frames and temporal frames on citizens’ willingness to participate in coproduction. The manipulated variables are the goal frame and the temporal frame, and the dependent variable is citizens’ willingness to participate in coproduction.

This volume examines motivating factors, infrastructures, and patterns in arms development and production, as they relate to the role of coproduction and dual-use technologies in the development of indigenous arms industries in less developed countries. (Author)

This study examines the effects of framing effects and digital technology on public service coproduction through a survey experiment. Specifically, it investigates how different framing conditions (gain frame vs. loss frame) influence citizens' willingness to engage in coproduction and whether digital platforms (government vs. nonprofit vs. control) moderate this effect.

This study focuses on the impacts of governments' trustworthiness and institutional arrangements on citizens’ coproduction of public services. Although previous studies talked about how trustworthiness of governments affect citizens' coproduction, rare evidence verifies the effects of three dimensions of trustworthiness (i.e., competence, benevolence and integrity) on coproduction. In addition, the characteristics of specific cases may also be critical in the relationship between trustworthiness of governments and coproduction.Therefore, this study examines whether the participation channels (online/ offline/ hybrid), complexity (easy/difficult), influence (strong/weak) and transparency (high/low) of coproduction cases affect citizens' willingness to coproduce, and clarifies the interaction effects of these characteristics and the trustworthiness of governments on citizens' coproduction willingness. We will also explore whether these effects are distinct in different scenarios (traffic management/ urban environment maintaining). This study adopts a conjoint experimental design, which allows us to take multiple factors into consideration at the same time. The conjoint experiment will be conducted in urban China because urban citizens are more familiar with coproduction and easier to complete the tasks of this study.

Public services coproduction is widely called for in public governance. The impact of descriptive social norms on citizens’ participation in coproduction has been effectively verified, but specific findings are inconsistent. In this study, we will introduce communication frames to explore how they affect the impact of descriptive social norms on coproduction. We will conduct an online survey experiment to examine the effect of descriptive social norms on citizens‘ willingness to participate in coproduction and the moderating role of communication frames in this effect. The independent variable is descriptive social norms, the moderator variable is communication frames, and the dependent variable is citizens' willingness to participate in coproduction.

Coproduction, the joint production of services by government officials and citizens, has been as an important topic since the term was proposed. With the development of AI and its application in public services, how the use of AI affect citizens’ preferences for coproduction remains to be explored. The scholars emphasize the differences among various stages or phases of coproduction, such as co-planning, co-designing, co-delivering, and co-assessing services. Also, the forms or stages of coproduction are quite distinct and call for different skills, preparation, and acceptance across local government to support and implement them. From this perspective, we expect to examine whether the influence of the use of AI on citizens’ preference differs between different types of coproduction. We expect to design an experiment to explore the problems.

This scoping review aims to comprehensively map tools/processes/practices across disciplines that are used in co-production (i.e. co-planning, co-design, co-delivery and co-evaluation) of research with children.