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This article is from PLoS Pathogens , volume 10 . Abstract HIV progression is characterized by immune activation and microbial translocation. One factor that may be contributing to HIV progression could be a dysbiotic microbiome. We therefore hypothesized that the GI mucosal microbiome is altered in HIV patients and this alteration correlates with immune activation in HIV. 121 specimens were collected from 21 HIV positive and 22 control human subjects during colonoscopy. The composition of the lower gastrointestinal tract mucosal and luminal bacterial microbiome was characterized using 16S rDNA pyrosequencing and was correlated to clinical parameters as well as immune activation and circulating bacterial products in HIV patients on ART. The composition of the HIV microbiome was significantly different than that of controls; it was less diverse in the right colon and terminal ileum, and was characterized by loss of bacterial taxa that are typically considered commensals. In HIV samples, there was a gain of some pathogenic bacterial taxa. This is the first report characterizing the terminal ileal and colonic mucosal microbiome in HIV patients with next generation sequencing. Limitations include use of HIV-infected subjects on HAART therapy.

作者文康出身清朝八旗世家，祖父貴為封疆大吏、軍機大臣，但他本人晚年時家道中落、子孫不肖，心有所感，寫下此小說，以當世的一樁公案為底，假託何玉鳳（十三妹）與安公子的一段情緣，述說他對兒女真情、英雄節義的看法。 <br><br /> 本書語調活潑、故事情節引人，為說書人最愛表現之題材，而十三妹所展現的英雄氣節與情義，為說書人提供更多的想像空間，因此，單以十三妹為主角而發展出來的「稗官野史」，在說書場中，比比皆是。 （Summary by Huei-Chin Lin）<br /><br /> This is a story about an avenging heroine whose father was murdered by a powerful politician. She is courageous, smart, and passionate. Just the model of an angel personified in a female character. She happened to rescue a man who is studious but weak in character. There's romance, suspense, and martial art performed by the heroine (in words only), and a lot more....... (summary by Huei-Chin Lin)

作者文康出身清朝八旗世家，祖父貴為封疆大吏、軍機大臣，但他本人晚年時家道中落、子孫不肖，心有所感，寫下此小說，以當世的一樁公案為底，假託何玉鳳（十三妹）與安公子的一段情緣，述說他對兒女真情、英雄節義的看法。 <br><br /> 本書語調活潑、故事情節引人，為說書人最愛表現之題材，而十三妹所展現的英雄氣節與情義，為說書人提供更多的想像空間，因此，單以十三妹為主角而發展出來的「稗官野史」，在說書場中，比比皆是。 （Summary by Huei-Chin Lin）<br /><br /> This is a story about an avenging heroine whose father was murdered by a powerful politician. She is courageous, smart, and passionate. Just the model of an angel personified in a female character. She happened to rescue a man who is studious but weak in character. There's romance, suspense, and martial art performed by the heroine (in words only), and a lot more....... (summary by Huei-Chin Lin)