Downloads & Free Reading Options - Results

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

The yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti is a major vector of human diseases, such as dengue, yellow fever chikungunya and West Nile viruses. Chemoreceptor organs on the labella and tarsi are involved in human host evaluation and thus serve as potential foci for the disruption of blood feeding behavior. In addition to host detection, these contact chemoreceptors mediate feeding, oviposition and conspecific recognition; however, the molecular landscape of chemoreception in these tissues remains mostly uncharacterized. Here we report the expression profile of all putative chemoreception genes in the labella and tarsi of both sexes of adult Ae. aegypti and discuss their possible roles in the physiology and behavior of this important disease vector.

Chemoreception Abstracts was a publication covering research into taste, smell, internal chemoreception, chemotaxis, and their practical applications. It was established in 1973 and was published monthly by CSA until 2003. The periodical featured abstracts of articles that explore the intricate mechanisms of taste, olfaction, and internal chemoreception, as well as organismal responses to chemical stimuli like chemotaxis. It highlighted advancements in both theoretical and applied aspects of chemoreception, offering insights into developments that could have implications across various fields including food science, neurobiology, environmental science, and clinical research.

Chemoreception Abstracts was a publication covering research into taste, smell, internal chemoreception, chemotaxis, and their practical applications. It was established in 1973 and was published monthly by CSA until 2003. The periodical featured abstracts of articles that explore the intricate mechanisms of taste, olfaction, and internal chemoreception, as well as organismal responses to chemical stimuli like chemotaxis. It highlighted advancements in both theoretical and applied aspects of chemoreception, offering insights into developments that could have implications across various fields including food science, neurobiology, environmental science, and clinical research.

Chemoreception Abstracts was a publication covering research into taste, smell, internal chemoreception, chemotaxis, and their practical applications. It was established in 1973 and was published monthly by CSA until 2003. The periodical featured abstracts of articles that explore the intricate mechanisms of taste, olfaction, and internal chemoreception, as well as organismal responses to chemical stimuli like chemotaxis. It highlighted advancements in both theoretical and applied aspects of chemoreception, offering insights into developments that could have implications across various fields including food science, neurobiology, environmental science, and clinical research.

Chemoreception Abstracts was a publication covering research into taste, smell, internal chemoreception, chemotaxis, and their practical applications. It was established in 1973 and was published monthly by CSA until 2003. The periodical featured abstracts of articles that explore the intricate mechanisms of taste, olfaction, and internal chemoreception, as well as organismal responses to chemical stimuli like chemotaxis. It highlighted advancements in both theoretical and applied aspects of chemoreception, offering insights into developments that could have implications across various fields including food science, neurobiology, environmental science, and clinical research.

Chemoreception Abstracts was a publication covering research into taste, smell, internal chemoreception, chemotaxis, and their practical applications. It was established in 1973 and was published monthly by CSA until 2003. The periodical featured abstracts of articles that explore the intricate mechanisms of taste, olfaction, and internal chemoreception, as well as organismal responses to chemical stimuli like chemotaxis. It highlighted advancements in both theoretical and applied aspects of chemoreception, offering insights into developments that could have implications across various fields including food science, neurobiology, environmental science, and clinical research.

The presence or absence of a chemoreceptive capacity in marine mammals has drawn relatively little attention from the research community outside the Soviet Union. Toothed whales are typically labeled anosmic (lacking a sense of smell), since they do not have the peripheral olfactory structures typically associated with terrestrial mammals. Baleen whales are known to possess reduced olfactory tracts; their olfactory bulbs also may be reduced or absent. Although the neural structures that mediate taste in terrestrial mammals have been reported to be present in both groups of whales, cetaceans have been considered to have a poor sense of taste because typical mammalian taste receptors have been thought to be absent. Soviet researchers, however, recently have reported that gustatory receptors are present on some cetacean tongues and that the tongue of Tursiops truncatus appears to be well innervated. They have been conducting investigations which seem to be aimed at describing a specialized gustatory capability in cetaceans. No experimental work has been reported by Western scientists. Little work has been done by either Western or Soviet researchers with regard to chemoreception among the other orders of marine mammals (Pinnipedia, Carnivora, and Sirenia). Pinnipedia are typically labeled microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell); research has been restricted to histological examination of the nasal pathways and neural anatomy. Sea otters are credited with a keen sense of smell, but no quantitative work has been reported. The chemosensory abilities of Sirenia remain unknown. The tongues of noncetacean marine mammals have been histologically examined and found to resemble those of terrestrial mammals.

The presence or absence of a chemoreceptive capacity in marine mammals has drawn relatively little attention from the research community outside the Soviet Union. Toothed whales are typically labeled anosmic (lacking a sense of smell), since they do not have the peripheral olfactory structures typically associated with terrestrial mammals. Baleen whales are known to possess reduced olfactory tracts; their olfactory bulbs also may be reduced or absent. Although the neural structures that mediate taste in terrestrial mammals have been reported to be present in both groups of whales, cetaceans have been considered to have a poor sense of taste because typical mammalian taste receptors have been thought to be absent. Soviet researchers, however, recently have reported that gustatory receptors are present on some cetacean tongues and that the tongue of Tursiops truncatus appears to be well innervated. They have been conducting investigations which seem to be aimed at describing a specialized gustatory capability in cetaceans. No experimental work has been reported by Western scientists. Little work has been done by either Western or Soviet researchers with regard to chemoreception among the other orders of marine mammals (Pinnipedia, Carnivora, and Sirenia). Pinnipedia are typically labeled microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell); research has been restricted to histological examination of the nasal pathways and neural anatomy. Sea otters are credited with a keen sense of smell, but no quantitative work has been reported. The chemosensory abilities of Sirenia remain unknown. The tongues of noncetacean marine mammals have been histologically examined and found to resemble those of terrestrial mammals.

The presence or absence of a chemoreceptive capacity in marine mammals has drawn relatively little attention from the research community outside the Soviet Union. Toothed whales are typically labeled anosmic (lacking a sense of smell), since they do not have the peripheral olfactory structures typically associated with terrestrial mammals. Baleen whales are known to possess reduced olfactory tracts; their olfactory bulbs also may be reduced or absent. Although the neural structures that mediate taste in terrestrial mammals have been reported to be present in both groups of whales, cetaceans have been considered to have a poor sense of taste because typical mammalian taste receptors have been thought to be absent. Soviet researchers, however, recently have reported that gustatory receptors are present on some cetacean tongues and that the tongue of Tursiops truncatus appears to be well innervated. They have been conducting investigations which seem to be aimed at describing a specialized gustatory capability in cetaceans. No experimental work has been reported by Western scientists. Little work has been done by either Western or Soviet researchers with regard to chemoreception among the other orders of marine mammals (Pinnipedia, Carnivora, and Sirenia). Pinnipedia are typically labeled microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell); research has been restricted to histological examination of the nasal pathways and neural anatomy. Sea otters are credited with a keen sense of smell, but no quantitative work has been reported. The chemosensory abilities of Sirenia remain unknown. The tongues of noncetacean marine mammals have been histologically examined and found to resemble those of terrestrial mammals.

The presence or absence of a chemoreceptive capacity in marine mammals has drawn relatively little attention from the research community outside the Soviet Union. Toothed whales are typically labeled anosmic (lacking a sense of smell), since they do not have the peripheral olfactory structures typically associated with terrestrial mammals. Baleen whales are known to possess reduced olfactory tracts; their olfactory bulbs also may be reduced or absent. Although the neural structures that mediate taste in terrestrial mammals have been reported to be present in both groups of whales, cetaceans have been considered to have a poor sense of taste because typical mammalian taste receptors have been thought to be absent. Soviet researchers, however, recently have reported that gustatory receptors are present on some cetacean tongues and that the tongue of Tursiops truncatus appears to be well innervated. They have been conducting investigations which seem to be aimed at describing a specialized gustatory capability in cetaceans. No experimental work has been reported by Western scientists. Little work has been done by either Western or Soviet researchers with regard to chemoreception among the other orders of marine mammals (Pinnipedia, Carnivora, and Sirenia). Pinnipedia are typically labeled microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell); research has been restricted to histological examination of the nasal pathways and neural anatomy. Sea otters are credited with a keen sense of smell, but no quantitative work has been reported. The chemosensory abilities of Sirenia remain unknown. The tongues of noncetacean marine mammals have been histologically examined and found to resemble those of terrestrial mammals.

The presence or absence of a chemoreceptive capacity in marine mammals has drawn relatively little attention from the research community outside the Soviet Union. Toothed whales are typically labeled anosmic (lacking a sense of smell), since they do not have the peripheral olfactory structures typically associated with terrestrial mammals. Baleen whales are known to possess reduced olfactory tracts; their olfactory bulbs also may be reduced or absent. Although the neural structures that mediate taste in terrestrial mammals have been reported to be present in both groups of whales, cetaceans have been considered to have a poor sense of taste because typical mammalian taste receptors have been thought to be absent. Soviet researchers, however, recently have reported that gustatory receptors are present on some cetacean tongues and that the tongue of Tursiops truncatus appears to be well innervated. They have been conducting investigations which seem to be aimed at describing a specialized gustatory capability in cetaceans. No experimental work has been reported by Western scientists. Little work has been done by either Western or Soviet researchers with regard to chemoreception among the other orders of marine mammals (Pinnipedia, Carnivora, and Sirenia). Pinnipedia are typically labeled microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell); research has been restricted to histological examination of the nasal pathways and neural anatomy. Sea otters are credited with a keen sense of smell, but no quantitative work has been reported. The chemosensory abilities of Sirenia remain unknown. The tongues of noncetacean marine mammals have been histologically examined and found to resemble those of terrestrial mammals.

We have examined the effects of chemical stimuli on the putative olfactory organ of the squid Loligo opalescens. Chemosensory capabilities were studied both at the behavioral level in living squid and at the individual receptor cell level using whole-cell voltage clamp. We found that low concentrations of certain test substances reproducibly elicited escape responses in living, restrained squid. Taking advantage of this link between chemoreception and motor pathways, we were able to map the region of highest chemosensitivity directly to the olfactory organ which is a small knob located in an ear-like flap lateral to each eye. 'Ablation' experiments, which were performed by treating the olfactory organ with a local anesthetic, further confirmed that the olfactory organ was the site of chemoreception. In examining isolated receptor cells, we found at least three morphologies, similar those described by Emery in ultrastructural studies (1975). Voltage clamp experiments on the two most common cell types (pyriform and floriform) showed that they contain neuronal-like Na and K channels. (jes)

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.

This translation describes tests performed on the chemical sense organs, olfaction and taste, of certain fishes, specifically minnows, crucian carp, and carp. The high development and the great functional significance of these chemical sense organs in the life of fishes have made it possible to assume that a definite role should be ascribed to these types of reception in schooling behavior. The article includes the experiments and their results which help to describe the 'group' or 'school effect' life which is readily observable in many fishes.