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The study was carried out at Mpwapwa Livestock Training Agency (LITA) Dairy unit during dry season to examine the interactive effect of dairy cattle breeds and their physiological condition on grazing behaviour and the influence of topographical features on grazing distribution. The experimental design involved 2x3 factorial arrangements with two factors; breed (Friesian, Ayrshire and Jersey) and physiological status (dry, weaners and lactating). Focal observation method was used by three trained observers to examine focal animals for four days consecutively. Field survey techniques were used for recoding different signs of animals’ movement from upper-land and lowland. It was revealed that the time spent for foraging was inversely proportion to the time spent for rumination; grazing being higher for Friesian and Ayrshire breeds and significantly lower for Jersey breed. Interestingly, lactating cows had significantly lower feeding rate which was associated with concentrate supplementation. More studies are recommended not only to determine the impacts of supplementation on production levels but also economic implication of supplementation. Moreover, Friesian and Jersey displayed higher feeding rate at weaning stage and drying-off period respectively which implies the complex interrelationship between genomic characteristics and physiology of animals and thus calls for indepth studies. Nevertheless, a preferential choice of grazing animals in lowland has ecological implication by increasing grazing pressure on lowland pastures. Appropriated range management practices such as proper stocking rate, water point distribution and pasture improvement are recommended. Further studies are also recommended to examine nutritional composition and seasonal variation in forage resources.

The study was carried out at Mpwapwa Livestock Training Agency (LITA) Dairy unit during dry season to examine the interactive effect of dairy cattle breeds and their physiological condition on grazing behaviour and the influence of topographical features on grazing distribution. The experimental design involved 2x3 factorial arrangements with two factors; breed (Friesian, Ayrshire and Jersey) and physiological status (dry, weaners and lactating). Focal observation method was used by three trained observers to examine focal animals for four days consecutively. Field survey techniques were used for recoding different signs of animals’ movement from upper-land and lowland. It was revealed that the time spent for foraging was inversely proportion to the time spent for rumination; grazing being higher for Friesian and Ayrshire breeds and significantly lower for Jersey breed. Interestingly, lactating cows had significantly lower feeding rate which was associated with concentrate supplementation. More studies are recommended not only to determine the impacts of supplementation on production levels but also economic implication of supplementation. Moreover, Friesian and Jersey displayed higher feeding rate at weaning stage and drying-off period respectively which implies the complex interrelationship between genomic characteristics and physiology of animals and thus calls for indepth studies. Nevertheless, a preferential choice of grazing animals in lowland has ecological implication by increasing grazing pressure on lowland pastures. Appropriated range management practices such as proper stocking rate, water point distribution and pasture improvement are recommended. Further studies are also recommended to examine nutritional composition and seasonal variation in forage resources.

The study was carried out at Mpwapwa Livestock Training Agency (LITA) Dairy unit during dry season to examine the interactive effect of dairy cattle breeds and their physiological condition on grazing behaviour and the influence of topographical features on grazing distribution. The experimental design involved 2x3 factorial arrangements with two factors; breed (Friesian, Ayrshire and Jersey) and physiological status (dry, weaners and lactating). Focal observation method was used by three trained observers to examine focal animals for four days consecutively. Field survey techniques were used for recoding different signs of animals’ movement from upper-land and lowland. It was revealed that the time spent for foraging was inversely proportion to the time spent for rumination; grazing being higher for Friesian and Ayrshire breeds and significantly lower for Jersey breed. Interestingly, lactating cows had significantly lower feeding rate which was associated with concentrate supplementation. More studies are recommended not only to determine the impacts of supplementation on production levels but also economic implication of supplementation. Moreover, Friesian and Jersey displayed higher feeding rate at weaning stage and drying-off period respectively which implies the complex interrelationship between genomic characteristics and physiology of animals and thus calls for indepth studies. Nevertheless, a preferential choice of grazing animals in lowland has ecological implication by increasing grazing pressure on lowland pastures. Appropriated range management practices such as proper stocking rate, water point distribution and pasture improvement are recommended. Further studies are also recommended to examine nutritional composition and seasonal variation in forage resources.

This article is from Parasites & Vectors , volume 7 . Abstract Background: Culicoides spp. play an important role in the transmission of several vector-borne pathogens such as Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus in Europe. To better understand the biology of local Culicoides species, a study divided into three parts was performed in northeast Germany to elucidate the feeding activity patterns (study A), preferential landing and feeding sites (study B) and host feeding preferences (study C) of Culicoides spp. using cattle and sheep as baits. Methods: In study A, the activity of Culicoides spp. was monitored over a 72 h period by collecting insects at regular intervals from the interior of drop traps with cattle or sheep standing inside. In study B, Culicoides spp. were directly aspirated from the coat and fleece of cattle and sheep during the peak activity period of Culicoides. In study C, Culicoides spp. were collected using drop traps with either cattle or sheep standing inside and located 10 m apart. Results: In study A, 3,545 Culicoides midges belonging to 13 species were collected, peak activity was observed at sunset. In study B, 2,024 Culicoides midges were collected. A significantly higher number of midges was collected from the belly and flank of cattle in comparison to their head region. In study C, 3,710 Culicoides midges were collected; 3,077 (83%) originated from cattle and 633 (17%) from sheep. Nearly half (46.7%) of the midges collected from cattle were engorged, significantly more than the number of engorged midges collected from sheep (7.5%). Culicoides from the Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus and C. scoticus) were the most common Culicoides species encountered, followed by C. punctatus. Other species identified were C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. pulicaris, C. lupicaris, C. pallidicornis, C. subfascipennis, C. achrayi, C. stigma, C. griseidorsum and C. subfagineus, the last two species are reported for the first time in Germany. Engorged C. chiopterus were collected in relatively high numbers from sheep, suggesting that this species may have a preference for sheep. Conclusions: An insight into the feeding behaviour of local Culicoides species under field conditions in northeast Germany was obtained, with implications for the implementation of control measures and midge-borne disease risk analysis.

This article is from Parasites & Vectors , volume 7 . Abstract Background: Culicoides spp. play an important role in the transmission of several vector-borne pathogens such as Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus in Europe. To better understand the biology of local Culicoides species, a study divided into three parts was performed in northeast Germany to elucidate the feeding activity patterns (study A), preferential landing and feeding sites (study B) and host feeding preferences (study C) of Culicoides spp. using cattle and sheep as baits. Methods: In study A, the activity of Culicoides spp. was monitored over a 72 h period by collecting insects at regular intervals from the interior of drop traps with cattle or sheep standing inside. In study B, Culicoides spp. were directly aspirated from the coat and fleece of cattle and sheep during the peak activity period of Culicoides. In study C, Culicoides spp. were collected using drop traps with either cattle or sheep standing inside and located 10 m apart. Results: In study A, 3,545 Culicoides midges belonging to 13 species were collected, peak activity was observed at sunset. In study B, 2,024 Culicoides midges were collected. A significantly higher number of midges was collected from the belly and flank of cattle in comparison to their head region. In study C, 3,710 Culicoides midges were collected; 3,077 (83%) originated from cattle and 633 (17%) from sheep. Nearly half (46.7%) of the midges collected from cattle were engorged, significantly more than the number of engorged midges collected from sheep (7.5%). Culicoides from the Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus and C. scoticus) were the most common Culicoides species encountered, followed by C. punctatus. Other species identified were C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. pulicaris, C. lupicaris, C. pallidicornis, C. subfascipennis, C. achrayi, C. stigma, C. griseidorsum and C. subfagineus, the last two species are reported for the first time in Germany. Engorged C. chiopterus were collected in relatively high numbers from sheep, suggesting that this species may have a preference for sheep. Conclusions: An insight into the feeding behaviour of local Culicoides species under field conditions in northeast Germany was obtained, with implications for the implementation of control measures and midge-borne disease risk analysis.

This article is from Parasites & Vectors , volume 7 . Abstract Background: Culicoides spp. play an important role in the transmission of several vector-borne pathogens such as Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus in Europe. To better understand the biology of local Culicoides species, a study divided into three parts was performed in northeast Germany to elucidate the feeding activity patterns (study A), preferential landing and feeding sites (study B) and host feeding preferences (study C) of Culicoides spp. using cattle and sheep as baits. Methods: In study A, the activity of Culicoides spp. was monitored over a 72 h period by collecting insects at regular intervals from the interior of drop traps with cattle or sheep standing inside. In study B, Culicoides spp. were directly aspirated from the coat and fleece of cattle and sheep during the peak activity period of Culicoides. In study C, Culicoides spp. were collected using drop traps with either cattle or sheep standing inside and located 10 m apart. Results: In study A, 3,545 Culicoides midges belonging to 13 species were collected, peak activity was observed at sunset. In study B, 2,024 Culicoides midges were collected. A significantly higher number of midges was collected from the belly and flank of cattle in comparison to their head region. In study C, 3,710 Culicoides midges were collected; 3,077 (83%) originated from cattle and 633 (17%) from sheep. Nearly half (46.7%) of the midges collected from cattle were engorged, significantly more than the number of engorged midges collected from sheep (7.5%). Culicoides from the Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus and C. scoticus) were the most common Culicoides species encountered, followed by C. punctatus. Other species identified were C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. pulicaris, C. lupicaris, C. pallidicornis, C. subfascipennis, C. achrayi, C. stigma, C. griseidorsum and C. subfagineus, the last two species are reported for the first time in Germany. Engorged C. chiopterus were collected in relatively high numbers from sheep, suggesting that this species may have a preference for sheep. Conclusions: An insight into the feeding behaviour of local Culicoides species under field conditions in northeast Germany was obtained, with implications for the implementation of control measures and midge-borne disease risk analysis.

This article is from Parasites & Vectors , volume 7 . Abstract Background: Culicoides spp. play an important role in the transmission of several vector-borne pathogens such as Bluetongue and Schmallenberg virus in Europe. To better understand the biology of local Culicoides species, a study divided into three parts was performed in northeast Germany to elucidate the feeding activity patterns (study A), preferential landing and feeding sites (study B) and host feeding preferences (study C) of Culicoides spp. using cattle and sheep as baits. Methods: In study A, the activity of Culicoides spp. was monitored over a 72 h period by collecting insects at regular intervals from the interior of drop traps with cattle or sheep standing inside. In study B, Culicoides spp. were directly aspirated from the coat and fleece of cattle and sheep during the peak activity period of Culicoides. In study C, Culicoides spp. were collected using drop traps with either cattle or sheep standing inside and located 10 m apart. Results: In study A, 3,545 Culicoides midges belonging to 13 species were collected, peak activity was observed at sunset. In study B, 2,024 Culicoides midges were collected. A significantly higher number of midges was collected from the belly and flank of cattle in comparison to their head region. In study C, 3,710 Culicoides midges were collected; 3,077 (83%) originated from cattle and 633 (17%) from sheep. Nearly half (46.7%) of the midges collected from cattle were engorged, significantly more than the number of engorged midges collected from sheep (7.5%). Culicoides from the Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus and C. scoticus) were the most common Culicoides species encountered, followed by C. punctatus. Other species identified were C. dewulfi, C. chiopterus, C. pulicaris, C. lupicaris, C. pallidicornis, C. subfascipennis, C. achrayi, C. stigma, C. griseidorsum and C. subfagineus, the last two species are reported for the first time in Germany. Engorged C. chiopterus were collected in relatively high numbers from sheep, suggesting that this species may have a preference for sheep. Conclusions: An insight into the feeding behaviour of local Culicoides species under field conditions in northeast Germany was obtained, with implications for the implementation of control measures and midge-borne disease risk analysis.

1Trolley Folly

By Henry Wallace Phillips

This collection of eleven short stories is packed with Henry Wallace Phillips' offbeat humor. You will find a trolley car driver, bored with his route, who decides to drive around town instead. There are a couple of men unfamiliar with the basic properties of a canoe. And watch out for the curse of the chewing gum. Fun to read. Fun to record ( Tom Penn)

2Plain Mary Smith: A Romance of Red Saunders

By Henry Wallace Phillips

More than anything, the young Red Saunders wanted to be a good boy. And he was a good boy, except for his quick temper and quicker fists. By the time he was 16 he knew he had to leave home, leave town, leave the life he knew. And that’s when life became really interesting, really challenging, and really worth living. - Summary by Tom Penn

The tragic and adulterous story of Paolo and Francesca was originally immortalized by Dante in his "Divine Comedy". Since then, their story has been retold by many artists and writers. Here we have a play written by the poet Stephen Phillips who brings to life this thirteenth century love story with moving verse that is as beautiful as it is tragic. - Summary by Jenn Broda <br><br>Cast List:<br> Giovanni Malatesta- Tyrant of Rimini: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/17576">Beeswaxcandle</a><br> Paolo- Brother to Giovanni, and Captain of the Mercenaries in the service of Florence: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/8011">Greg Giordano</a><br> Valentino- Officer of Paolo’s Company, 1st Courier, and 2nd Attendant: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/12948">MajorToast</a><br> Corrado- Officer of Paolo’s Company: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/18182">HDGordon</a><br> Luigi- Officer of Paolo’s Company: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/10542">David Purdy</a><br> Marco- A Soldier: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/6754">ToddHW</a><br> Pulci- A Drug-seller: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/7170">Alan Mapstone</a><br> Francesca da Rimini- Bride of Giovanni and Daughter of Guido da Polenta, Tyrant of Ravenna: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/13140">Jenn Broda</a><br> Lucrezia Degl’Onesti- Cousin to Giovanni: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/15373">WendyKatzHiller</a><br> Constanza- Kinswoman to Francesca: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/16209">Christine Rottger</a><br> Tessa- Daughter to Pulci: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/7026">Michele Eaton</a><br> Nita- Maid to Francesca: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/16209">Christine Rottger</a><br> Angela- A blind and aged servant of the Malatesta, Sergeant, and 2nd Courier : <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/17662">Inkell</a><br> Mirra- A Peasant Girl and 2nd Girl: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/18160">Cat Sadler</a><br> Carlo: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/8425">Larry Wilson</a><br> Servant, A Messenger, and 3rd Attendant: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/8677">KHand</a><br> A Soldier: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/18280">Christian Wordell</a><br> Another Soldier, 1st Girl, and An Attendant : <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/7079">Chuck Williamson</a><br> A Girl: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/18543">Agnes Robert Behr</a><br> Another Girl and 3rd Girl: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/17752">redrun</a><br> Maid: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/17499">Daniela Gura</a><br> Stage Directions: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/10248">Estefanía Vidal</a><br> Editing: <a href="https://librivox.org/reader/13140">Jenn Broda</a><br>

A short collection of poems by the Oxford-born poet and playwright Stephen Phillips including his two major works Marpessa and Christ In Hades. - (Summary by Alan Mapstone)

5Black-Eyed Susan

By Ethel Calvert Phillips

Susan has black eyes and that's why her grandfather calls her his little black-eyed Susan. Her pink cheeks and merry smile remind her grandmother to bake cinnamon cookies for the little girl who has no real memory of her mother and father. When she asks how it was that she came to live with them her grandparents tell her. She likes those talks and knows her story well. She loves her grandparents and her dog and the chickens she tends and the cozy home they all share on Featherbed Lane outside the village of Green Valley. Sometimes Susan wishes for nearby friends of her own age to play with. It's funny how wishes sometimes come true in unexpected ways. Let's find out how Susan's are fulfilled and why it is that grandfather declares her the best little girl in Putnam County!<br> Ethel Calvert Phillips wrote dozens of children's books mainly about girlhood. - Summary by Brian Fullen

In 1861, a 26-year-old Sam Clemens "went west" with his older brother Orion. By that time he'd had some experience with publishing his thoughts in local newspapers and was beginning to collect and tell stories. Orion sent him to work a silver mine that he and Calvin Higbie owned. This Saturday Evening Post article, dated September 11, 1920, paints a vivid picture of the young, soon-to-be-famous author, through the eyes of his new friend and fellow silver miner, Higbie. - Summary by John Greenman

7Cosmic Junkman

By Rog Phillips

After the war, Earth stored away its robot <br> armies or sold them for scrap—because fighting <br> machines were dangerous. But more deadly was— <br> THE COSMIC JUNKMAN - Summary by Imagination, December 1953

8Ye of Little Faith

By Rog Phillips

It matters not whether you believe or disbelieve. Reality is not always based on logic; nor, particularly, are the laws of the universe.... - Summary by IF Worlds of Science Fiction January 1953

Lin Carter, engineer engaged in top secret research at Lockheed, was shaving when the knock came at his apartment door. It could mean an interruption that would make him late for work, he feared and his fears were realized with a ven- geance as a girl so beautiful she was "out of this world" pushed the door open before he could reach it. Worlds within worlds, through door after door, as his love for this girl drew him on. But the last door of all was already open and through it was coming the living cold of outer space, on invisible wings. To close that door Lin had to close his heart against his love in a solemn pact with a woman of another world who held, for one awful moment, the power to doom all mankind, and bargained it for Lin's soul. - Summary by Back cover, Century Book first edition