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Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform BATTLING BIOTERRORISM: WHY TIME INFORMATION-SHARING BETWEEN LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS IS THE KEY TO PROTECTING PUBLIC HEALTH Date(s) Held: 2001-12-14 107th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107hhrg82632 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.G 74/7 Related Items: Congressional Serial No. 107-132

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform BATTLING BIOTERRORISM: WHY TIME INFORMATION-SHARING BETWEEN LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS IS THE KEY TO PROTECTING PUBLIC HEALTH Date(s) Held: 2001-12-14 107th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107hhrg82632 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.G 74/7 Related Items: Congressional Serial No. 107-132

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform BATTLING BIOTERRORISM: WHY TIME INFORMATION-SHARING BETWEEN LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS IS THE KEY TO PROTECTING PUBLIC HEALTH Date(s) Held: 2001-12-14 107th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107hhrg82632 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.G 74/7 Related Items: Congressional Serial No. 107-132

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Veterans' Affairs BIOTERRORISM RESEARCH AND POST- DEPLOYMENT HEALTH CARE FOR VETERANS Date(s) Held: 2003-03-27 108th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-108hhrg92581 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.V 64/3 Related Items: Congressional Serial No. 108-5

Learn about the PACE Bioterrorism Drill, a multi-agency collaboratoion to prepare for an emergency incident.

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions ENHANCING PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS: REAUTHORIZATION OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE ACT Date(s) Held: 2006-03-16 109th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-109shrg26686 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.L 11/4 Related Items: United States Senate Bill 506 (109th Congress) United States Senate Bill 1873 (109th Congress) Public Law 107-188 Public Law 108-276

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions ENHANCING PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL PREPAREDNESS: REAUTHORIZATION OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SECURITY AND BIOTERRORISM PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE ACT Date(s) Held: 2006-03-16 109th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-109shrg26686 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.L 11/4 Related Items: United States Senate Bill 506 (109th Congress) United States Senate Bill 1873 (109th Congress) Public Law 107-188 Public Law 108-276

https://www.c-span.org/video/?164150-1/federal-efforts-combat-terrorism-day-2

2006 Annual Report of the Joint Committee on Terrorism, Bioterrorism, and Homeland Security prepared by House Research January 2007; public safety; RSMo 21.800; state agencies; security;

Terrorists desiring to attack the United States could easily use biological weapons to damage the country's agricultural infrastructure. Using such methods, they could strike a blow against a key national strength, agriculture, a strength that supports the country's economy. The country needs to implement a number of changes to avoid such an attack, if possible, or be prepared to respond should an attack occur. Drawing on current literature including journal articles, reports, and related books, reviewing current legislation and policies, this research examines the problem. The paper reviews the nature and threat of agricultural bioterrorism and considers present national capabilities, plans, and initiatives. It proposes needed actions to strengthen the country's ability to prevent, prepare for, respond to, mitigate, and remediate for biological attacks against the agricultural infrastructure.

The tragic events of 911 and the concerns about the potential for a terrorist or hostile state attack with weapons of mass destruction have led to an increased emphasis on risk analysis for homeland security. Uncertain hazards (natural and engineering) have been analyzed using Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA). Unlike uncertain hazards, terrorists and hostile states are intelligent adversaries who adapt their plans and actions to achieve their strategic objectives. The critical risk analysis question addressed in this paper is as follows: Are the standard PRA techniques for uncertain hazard techniques adequate and appropriate for intelligent adversaries? Our answer is an emphatic no. We will show that treating adversary decisions as uncertain hazards is inappropriate because it provides the wrong assessment of risks. Specifically, the paper compares uncertain hazard risk analysis with intelligent adversary risk analysis, describes the intelligent adversary risk analysis challenges, and uses a defender-attacker-defender decision analysis model to evaluate defender investments. The model includes defender decisions prior to an attack; attacker decisions during the attack; defender actions after an attack; and the uncertainties of attack implementation, detection, and consequences. In section 1, we describe the difference between natural hazards and intelligent adversaries and demonstrate, with a simple example, that standard PRA does not properly assess the risk of an intelligent adversary attack. In section 2, we describe a canonical model for resource allocation decision making for an intelligent adversary problem using an illustrative bioterrorism example with notional data. In section 3, we describe the illustrative analysis results obtained for the model and discuss the insights they provide for risk management. In section 4, we describe the benefits and limitations of the model. Finally, we discuss future work and our conclusions.

Cancer Risk * True or not?  Who is lying? No Studies? Support is Appreciated:    Support the Show - Psychopath In Your Life

Cancer Risk * True or not?  Who is lying? No Studies? Support is Appreciated:    Support the Show - Psychopath In Your Life

Wyoming State Archives Oral History-Governor Jim Geringer’s Audio Interviews, Speeches & Press Conferences Side 2-blank

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs FEMA'S ROLE IN MANAGING BIOTERRORIST ATTACKS AND THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS ON BIOTERRORISM PREPAREDNESS Date(s) Held: 2001-07-23 107th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107shrg75441 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.G 74/9 Witnesses: Bruce Baughman, Director, Planning and Readiness, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Scott R. Lillibridge, M.D., Special Assistant to the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services for National Security and Emergency Management, Washington, DC Tara J. O'Toole, M.D., M.P.H., Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies Dan Hanfling, M.D., FACEP, Chairman, Disaster Preparedness Committee, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia Related Items: Public Law 106-505

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Appropriations BIOTERRORISM, 2001 Date(s) Held: 2001-10-03, 2001-10-23, 2001-11-02, 2001-11-29 107th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107shrg77048 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.AP 6/2 Related Items: United States House Bill 3209 (107th Congress) Public Law 106-505

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce BIOTERRORISM, CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, AND PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES Date(s) Held: 2011-07-21 112th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-112hhrg73892 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.C 73/8 Witnesses: Hon. Charles W. Dent, a Representative in Congress from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Nicole Lurie, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Department of Health and Human Services Howard K. Koh, Assistant Secretary for Health, Department of Health and Human Services Related Items: United States House Bill 570 (112th Congress) United States House Bill 1254 (112th Congress) United States House Bill 2405 (112th Congress) Congressional Serial No. 112-79

TRANSCRIPT: https://www.corbettreport.com/bioterror/ For the past twenty years, the world has been in the midst of a so-called "war on terror" set in motion by a false flag attack of spectacular proportions. Now the stage is being set for a new spectacular attack to usher in the next stage in that war on terror: the war on bioterrorism. But who are the real bioterrorists? And can we rely on government agencies, their appointed health authorities, and the corporate media to accurately identify those terrorists in the wake of the next spectacular terror attack?

Vaccines are without doubt the most powerful approach currently available for the prevention of the deleterious effects of toxins and infectious agents that might be used in a bioterrorism against civilians or military personnel. Recent disclosures have indicated that numerous countries/or terrorists organizations may possess biological weapons that could indeed be used for this purpose. Likely, agents include anthrax, botulinum toxin, smallpox, tularemia, plague, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis. With the exception of plague, vaccines exist for all these agents. Unfortunately, at least in the case of anthrax, the vaccine is very unstable and is inactivated at 37C, limiting the ability to deliver the vaccine under battlefield conditions. It is probable the other vaccines will display similar instability. It is believed that this stability issue needs to be addressed by a systematic, molecular approach. The work in this grant investigated a systematic approach to the stabilization of vaccines utilized for the protection of civilians and military personnel against potential bioterrorism agents. Adenovirus was used as a model organism to study degradative pathways in viruses that could be responsible for thermal instability. Recombinant protein vaccine candidates against anthrax and valley fever were studied as the initial candidates for stabilization. This approach utilized a variety of physical methods (2nd derivative UV absorption spectroscopy, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence, circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry etc.) to identify the molecular event(s) responsible for degradation of the vaccine components. This information was used to generate empirical phase diagrams that define different stability states for each vaccine. Once regions of stability were identified, high-throughput screening assays were developed based on phase boundaries and used to screen libraries of excipients to identify potential stabilizers.

Background noise during break.  Wyoming State Archives Oral History-Governor Jim Geringer’s Audio Interviews, Speeches & Press Conferences

156 pages ; 28 cm

Perma.cc archive of http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/EmergencyPreparedness/BioterrorismandDrugPreparedness/ucm134444.htm created on 2016-02-13 23:28:24+00:00.

Perma.cc archive of http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/EmergencyPreparedness/BioterrorismandDrugPreparedness/ucm134444.htm created on 2016-02-13 23:28:24+00:00.

In this episode of The Silent War- Bill Gates Warns of Coming 'Bioterrorist Smallpox Pandemic' if World Does Not Submit to the Elite. Federal court of appeals issues temporary halt to Biden vaccine mandate, but they want to expand the mandate to all businesses of any size. Leftists 1.2 trillion green new deal starter funding is here. Emails Reveal CDC Changed Definition of \"Vaccine\" and \"Vaccination\" Because Their Experimental COVID Shots Didn't Work as Advertised. CNN Struggled To Break One Million Viewers For The Entire Month Of October. George Floyd's Nephew Makes Video Threatening Jurors if They Do Not Convict Kyle Rittenhouse. 30% of Millennials Now Identify as LGBTQ According To New Study - In 2018 It Was Less Than 9%.All of this, and more.For breaking news from one of the most over the target and censored names in the world join our 100% Free newsletter at www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/newsAlso follow us at Gabhttps://gab.com/nemosnewsnetworkNemos News is 100% listener funded. Thank you for your support in our mission to Break the Cycle of Fake News.If you value our work please consider supporting us with our vetted patriot sponsors!www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/sponsorsShop Patriot & Detox the Deep State with www.RedPillLiving.com, Home of Sleepy Joe - the world's most powerful all natural sleep formula & The Great Awakening Gourmet Coffee for Patriots."Our Specialty, is Waking People Up."Other LinksJoin our Telegram chat: www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/chat

In this episode of The Silent War- Bill Gates Warns of Coming 'Bioterrorist Smallpox Pandemic' if World Does Not Submit to the Elite. Federal court of appeals issues temporary halt to Biden vaccine mandate, but they want to expand the mandate to all businesses of any size. Leftists 1.2 trillion green new deal starter funding is here. Emails Reveal CDC Changed Definition of \"Vaccine\" and \"Vaccination\" Because Their Experimental COVID Shots Didn't Work as Advertised. CNN Struggled To Break One Million Viewers For The Entire Month Of October. George Floyd's Nephew Makes Video Threatening Jurors if They Do Not Convict Kyle Rittenhouse. 30% of Millennials Now Identify as LGBTQ According To New Study - In 2018 It Was Less Than 9%.All of this, and more.For breaking news from one of the most over the target and censored names in the world join our 100% Free newsletter at www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/newsAlso follow us at Gabhttps://gab.com/nemosnewsnetworkNemos News is 100% listener funded. Thank you for your support in our mission to Break the Cycle of Fake News.If you value our work please consider supporting us with our vetted patriot sponsors!www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/sponsorsShop Patriot & Detox the Deep State with www.RedPillLiving.com, Home of Sleepy Joe - the world's most powerful all natural sleep formula & The Great Awakening Gourmet Coffee for Patriots."Our Specialty, is Waking People Up."Other LinksJoin our Telegram chat: www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/chat

In this episode of The Silent War- Bill Gates Warns of Coming 'Bioterrorist Smallpox Pandemic' if World Does Not Submit to the Elite. Federal court of appeals issues temporary halt to Biden vaccine mandate, but they want to expand the mandate to all businesses of any size. Leftists 1.2 trillion green new deal starter funding is here. Emails Reveal CDC Changed Definition of \"Vaccine\" and \"Vaccination\" Because Their Experimental COVID Shots Didn't Work as Advertised. CNN Struggled To Break One Million Viewers For The Entire Month Of October. George Floyd's Nephew Makes Video Threatening Jurors if They Do Not Convict Kyle Rittenhouse. 30% of Millennials Now Identify as LGBTQ According To New Study - In 2018 It Was Less Than 9%.All of this, and more.For breaking news from one of the most over the target and censored names in the world join our 100% Free newsletter at www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/newsAlso follow us at Gabhttps://gab.com/nemosnewsnetworkNemos News is 100% listener funded. Thank you for your support in our mission to Break the Cycle of Fake News.If you value our work please consider supporting us with our vetted patriot sponsors!www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/sponsorsShop Patriot & Detox the Deep State with www.RedPillLiving.com, Home of Sleepy Joe - the world's most powerful all natural sleep formula & The Great Awakening Gourmet Coffee for Patriots."Our Specialty, is Waking People Up."Other LinksJoin our Telegram chat: www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/chat

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Foreign Relations THE THREAT OF BIOTERRORISM AND THE SPREAD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES Date(s) Held: 2001-09-05 107th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107shrg75040 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.F 76/2 Related Items:

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Commerce THE THREAT OF BIOTERRORISM IN AMERICA: ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF THE FEDERAL LAW RELATING TO DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS Date(s) Held: 1999-05-20 106th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-106hhrg57449 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.C 73/8 Related Items: U.S. Code: 18 U.S.C. 175 U.S. Code: 18 U.S.C. 2332(a) Public Law 104-132 2 CFR Part 72.6 Congressional Serial No. 106-19

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Our State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR was established back in 1974 as an All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Molecular Biology 1. Its task was to conduct basic and applied research on extremely pathogenic viral agents such as less- studied Marburg, Ebola, Lassa and other viruses related to potential BW agents in order to evaluate the potential threat posed by these agents and develop means of their diagnostics, prevention, and therapy. Maximum biological containment laboratory facilities, the most modem in Russia, were built as well as an engineering infrastructure and a set of scientific and supporting capabilities. The total area of existing buildings and facilities amounted to 250,000 square meters.

The project was aimed at creating a pilot emergency management training program. This program would then be delivered to target test audiences with pre and post course cognitive, pyschomotor and affective evaluations. During the first year of this grant baseline data and evaluation has occurred on existing programs with identification of potential course topics and refinement of target audience.

The project was aimed at creating a pilot emergency management training program. This program would then be delivered to target test audiences with pre and post course cognitive, pyschomotor and affective evaluations. During the first year of this grant baseline data and evaluation has occurred on existing programs with identification of potential course topics and refinement of target audience.

The history of warfare and the history of disease are unquestionably interwoven. Throughout the history of warfare, disease and non-battle injury have accounted for more deaths and loss of combat capability than from actual battle in war itself. The most striking example is the great influenza pandemic during World War I that killed 20 million people or more worldwide in 1918. Although this was a naturally occurring event, what if a country could create a biological agent that could yield the same catastrophic loss of life on the enemy? That, in essence, is the potential effect of applying genetic engineering for biological warfare (BW) or bioterrorism (BT). Today, we face not only natural diseases (including emerging infectious diseases), but also threats of BW or BT, possibly with genetically engineered agents, that may resist known therapies. In simple terms, genetic engineering is the process of human%an intervention to transfer functional genes (DNA) between two biological organisms. In the BW/BT context, it is the manipulation of genes to create new pathogenic characteristics (increased survivability, infectivity, violence, drug resistance, etc). Organisms with altered characteristics are the new generation biological weapons.

In August 2002, the city of San Antonio, Texas, and the Fort Sam Houston Army Post (located within the city) conducted Pale Horse, one of the most ambitious, city-based, large-scale, tabletop bioterrorism response exercises to date. The exercise used significant executive-level resources from the Department of Defense (DoD), city, state, and region. The purpose of the bioterrorism response exercise was to test the command infrastructure in a large tabletop exercise. The exercise included command-level players from military medical (major Army and Air Force medical facilities located in San Antonio), civilian medical, city government, boards of health, state medical, National Guard, regional Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and DoD communities. The initial goals of the exercise were to foster critical thinking, identify roles and responsibilities, and exercise and validate existing plans. The programmed corollary to the exercise was to develop solutions for the inevitable shortfalls and controversial issues that would arise during play. This article discusses the experience with attention to the shortfalls and controversial issues identified during the exercise. The primary scenario was an unannounced terrorist attack wherein aerosolized and appropriately stabilized smallpox virus was sprayed over the attendees at the Alamo Dome during a football game. No announcement or threat was relayed (covert attack), and all attendees dispersed to their normal routine. Initial victims of smallpox then began to present to medical providers with the onset of fever in congruence with the normal incubation period. The article summarizes the lessons learned from the exercise in terms of vaccination, communication, and manpower requirements; the need for additional services and planning; legal issues, such as quarantine and liability; social ramifications; and command and control challenges.

This strategic research paper re-enforces the urgent need for preparing our medical health care infrastructure to be able to respond effectively against a bioterrorist attack. This paper further isolates shortcomings in the health care system and identifies where the Department of Defense can assist our federal, state, and local communities with their preparedness issues and their ability to respond to a bioterrorist attack. The recommendations include a discussion outlining potential improvements in the key health community issue areas of Leadership, Policy and Communication; Facilities and Logistics; Training and Education; and Detection and Response.

This strategic research paper re-enforces the urgent need for preparing our medical health care infrastructure to be able to respond effectively against a bioterrorist attack. This paper further isolates shortcomings in the health care system and identifies where the Department of Defense can assist our federal, state, and local communities with their preparedness issues and their ability to respond to a bioterrorist attack. The recommendations include a discussion outlining potential improvements in the key health community issue areas of Leadership, Policy and Communication; Facilities and Logistics; Training and Education; and Detection and Response.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, brought together two related but distinct phenomena. First, they presented the calling card of al Qaeda and more generally of militant Islam. These attacks were rightly perceived as an act of war by a group seeking to catalyze a political-religious movement. Much of America's effort since then has been to destroy that group, its sanctuaries, and its affiliates; some of the effort has been to counter the psychological, social, and political appeal of militant (predominantly Wahabi) Islam. Second, these attacks introduced the public to a more general phenomenon: our vulnerability to acts of terror on a greater scale than anything America had experienced. It is remarkable that in the turbulent 20th century, which witnessed some 200 million deaths from politically driven violence and war, no single attack on American soil equaled the estimated 3,000 deaths on 9/11. The implications for America are the graver because the capability to inflict carnage at this level- and at much higher levels- is not confined to a group or movement. It lies at hand as an instrument that can be used by any belligerent group (or state, or individual). It will survive the destruction of al Qaeda and the abandonment of jihad. These two strands- jihadi terrorism and our general vulnerability to terror on a large scale- intertwine but are independent. The tendency to confuse them is accentuated when policymakers rhetorically jump from one to the other; the effect resembles one produced by the thaumatrope, a popular 19th-century toy now encountered only as a curiosity. A horse is depicted on one side of a disk or card and a man on the other, or a cage on one side and a bird on the other. When the object is spun quickly, the rider appears on the horse, or the bird in the cage. Our inability to separate images shown us in rapid succession merges the two in our minds.

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, brought together two related but distinct phenomena. First, they presented the calling card of al Qaeda and more generally of militant Islam. These attacks were rightly perceived as an act of war by a group seeking to catalyze a political-religious movement. Much of America's effort since then has been to destroy that group, its sanctuaries, and its affiliates; some of the effort has been to counter the psychological, social, and political appeal of militant (predominantly Wahabi) Islam. Second, these attacks introduced the public to a more general phenomenon: our vulnerability to acts of terror on a greater scale than anything America had experienced. It is remarkable that in the turbulent 20th century, which witnessed some 200 million deaths from politically driven violence and war, no single attack on American soil equaled the estimated 3,000 deaths on 9/11. The implications for America are the graver because the capability to inflict carnage at this level- and at much higher levels- is not confined to a group or movement. It lies at hand as an instrument that can be used by any belligerent group (or state, or individual). It will survive the destruction of al Qaeda and the abandonment of jihad. These two strands- jihadi terrorism and our general vulnerability to terror on a large scale- intertwine but are independent. The tendency to confuse them is accentuated when policymakers rhetorically jump from one to the other; the effect resembles one produced by the thaumatrope, a popular 19th-century toy now encountered only as a curiosity. A horse is depicted on one side of a disk or card and a man on the other, or a cage on one side and a bird on the other. When the object is spun quickly, the rider appears on the horse, or the bird in the cage. Our inability to separate images shown us in rapid succession merges the two in our minds.

The anthrax attacks in 2001, along with the events of 9/11, have heightened concern about the nation's ability to respond to bioterrorist attacks. The role of public health in bioterrorism preparedness and response is to plan and coordinate emergency medical and public health response capabilities; to detect, investigate, and identify disease outbreaks using surveillance systems, epidemiology, and laboratory services; to maintain healthy conditions by regulating the environment, food, and water to minimize disease threats; and to communicate rapidly and clearly with response partners, health practitioners, the media, and the public. The capacity to fulfill these responsibilities depends on the strength of the infrastructure that supports the provision of public health services. The public health infrastructure includes the organizations, people, and data systems needed to assure the provision of essential public health services. Public health organizations exist at the federal, state, and local level; they interact with each other, the health care delivery system, public safety providers, private enterprises, and volunteer organizations to provide public health services. Even before 9/11 and the 2001 anthrax attacks, a consensus had emerged among public health experts that the public health system had deteriorated. A series of studies and reports cited outmoded technology and information systems, insufficient resources to combat emerging and drug-resistant diseases, a public health workforce with inadequate training to address new threats or to adapt to new ways of doing things, poor communication among responsible parties, and inadequate capacity in hospitals and laboratories to respond to a mass casualty event as the major challenges facing public health organizations. Recent congressional action has provided funding and guidance to improve public health capacity at the federal, state, and local levels, but challenges remain in a variety of areas.

The federal government's efforts to address the perceived threat of bioterrorism span many different agencies and are organized and directed through several strategy and planning documents. These agencies have implemented numerous disparate actions and programs in their statutory areas to address the threat. Despite these efforts, many experts, including congressional commissions, non-governmental organizations, and industry representatives, have highlighted weaknesses or flaws in the federal government's biodefense activities. Recent reports by congressional commissions have stated that the federal government's efforts to address the bioterrorism threat could be significantly improved. Key questions face congressional policymakers in these areas: Are the efforts already underway sufficient to face the threat of bioterrorism? Have the federal investments to date met the expectations of Congress or other stakeholders? Should these existing programs be altered, augmented, or terminated in the current environment of fiscal challenge? What is the appropriate federal role in response to the threat of bioterrorism, and what mechanisms are most appropriate for involving other stakeholders, including state and local jurisdictions, industry, and others' Congressional oversight of bioterrorism crosses the jurisdiction of many congressional committees. As a result, such oversight is often issue-based. Because of the diversity of federal biodefense efforts, a complete view of the complete federal bioterrorism effort is beyond the scope of this report. Instead, this report focuses on four areas critical to the success of the biodefense enterprise that the 111th Congress is likely to consider: strategic planning; risk assessment; surveillance; and the development, procurement, and distribution of medical countermeasures.

Congressional interest in the development of bioterrorism countermeasures remains strong, even after passage of legislation establishing Project BioShield. Several bills considered, but not enacted during the 109th Congress, including S. 3, the Protecting America in the War on Terror Act of 2005; S. 975, the Project Bioshield II Act; and S. 1873, the Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act, would have generated additional incentives for the creation of new products and processes by the private sector to counteract potential biological threats. These bills proposed reforms to current policies and practices associated with intellectual property, particularly patents, and the marketing of pharmaceuticals and related products. Patents appear to be important in the promotion of innovation, particularly in the pharmaceutical sector. This report explores the role of patents in encouraging the development and commercialization of new inventions and discusses the relationships between patent ownership and the generation of biomedical products. However, the grant of a patent on a pharmaceutical does not permit marketing of the product without the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thus, this report also examines policies concerning the use of FDA marketing exclusivity as an additional incentive to industry research and development (R&D) in this arena. Current law and suggested legislative changes are discussed to provide a context for any further exploration of related issues during the 110th Congress.

Congressional interest in the development of bioterrorism countermeasures remains strong, even after passage of legislation establishing Project BioShield. Several bills considered, but not enacted during the 109th Congress, including S. 3, the Protecting America in the War on Terror Act of 2005; S. 975, the Project Bioshield II Act; and S. 1873, the Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act, would have generated additional incentives for the creation of new products and processes by the private sector to counteract potential biological threats. These bills proposed reforms to current policies and practices associated with intellectual property, particularly patents, and the marketing of pharmaceuticals and related products. Patents appear to be important in the promotion of innovation, particularly in the pharmaceutical sector. This report explores the role of patents in encouraging the development and commercialization of new inventions and discusses the relationships between patent ownership and the generation of biomedical products. However, the grant of a patent on a pharmaceutical does not permit marketing of the product without the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thus, this report also examines policies concerning the use of FDA marketing exclusivity as an additional incentive to industry research and development (R&D) in this arena. Current law and suggested legislative changes are discussed to provide a context for any further exploration of related issues during the 110th Congress.

There have been events in the recent past that demonstrate that terrorist attacks on civilians are a real threat. These attacks have not always been successful, but they demonstrate that the threat is real: The World Trade Center bombing, New York, N.Y. (1993) Federal building bombing, Oklahoma City, Okla., Centennial Olympic Park bombing, Atlanta, Ga., Sarin release, Tokyo, Japan, Anthrax hoaxes, Washington, D.C., Las Vegas, Nev., and other locations, and the Embassy bombings, Kenya and Tanzania. There are three important factors in the decision to use or not to use a biological weapon: motives, capabilities and financial resources.

There have been events in the recent past that demonstrate that terrorist attacks on civilians are a real threat. These attacks have not always been successful, but they demonstrate that the threat is real: The World Trade Center bombing, New York, N.Y. (1993) Federal building bombing, Oklahoma City, Okla., Centennial Olympic Park bombing, Atlanta, Ga., Sarin release, Tokyo, Japan, Anthrax hoaxes, Washington, D.C., Las Vegas, Nev., and other locations, and the Embassy bombings, Kenya and Tanzania. There are three important factors in the decision to use or not to use a biological weapon: motives, capabilities and financial resources.

This is a video from Ricardo Delgado Martín letting all government officials know what they are up to and the assault on all humanity which is currently taking place. Now, on only Spain is on to you, but other universities in Chile and Uruguay are coming to the same conclusions. The COVID-19 vaccine vials contain graphene oxide. This is toxic to our organism! These are crimes against the world's population and this must be stopped!

This is a video from Ricardo Delgado Martín letting all government officials know what they are up to and the assault on all humanity which is currently taking place. Now, on only Spain is on to you, but other universities in Chile and Uruguay are coming to the same conclusions. The COVID-19 vaccine vials contain graphene oxide. This is toxic to our organism! These are crimes against the world's population and this must be stopped!

Madame Butterfly is the story of the young Japanese girl Cho-Cho San, who marries a flighty American naval officer, and is thenceforth outcast from her relatives. Anxiously she awaits the return of her beloved husband, but when he finally anchors in the harbour, Cho-Cho San does not get the happy ending she was hoping for.<br><br> This short story by John Luther Long has inspired Giacomo Puccini to write the opera of the same name. (Introduction by Availle)

2English Literature: Its History and Its Significance for the Life of the English Speaking World

By William J. Long

This book, which presents the whole splendid history of English literature from Anglo-Saxon times to the close of the Victorian Era, has three specific aims. The first is to create or to encourage in every student the desire to read the best books, and to know literature itself rather than what has been written about literature. The second is to interpret literature both personally and historically, that is, to show how a great book generally reflects not only the author's life and thought but also the spirit of the age and the ideals of the nation's history. The third aim is to show, by a study of each successive period, how our literature has steadily developed from its first simple songs and stories to its present complexity in prose and poetry. (From the Preface by William J. Long)

3Ways of Wood Folk

By William J. Long

Late nineteenth-century naturalist William J. Long invites us in to the secret worlds of the woodland animals. Containing Long's own animal observations along with stories related to him by other humans who inhabit the woods, these stories give us an insight into the behavior of wild animals as they go about their lives in their own secret places deep in the forests of eastern North America. Although Long was accused in his day of anthropomorphizing the animals he wrote about, readers who are familiar with any of the animals he writes of will have glimpses of recognition at behaviors they have seen for themselves and explore the deeper meanings these actions have in that animal's life. The stories will paint pictures in your imagination that will stay with you long after the book has ended. (Summary by Jill Engle.)

An authorized biography of D.W. Griffith, the self-proclaimed "Father of Filmmaking." Written in collaboration with the director, Robert Edgar Long's biographical sketch traces Griffith's early life, his career as an actor and stage director, his rise as one of Biograph's most acclaimed and innovative filmmakers, and the making of his revolutionary (and controversial) full-length films: <i>The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, Broken Blossoms,</i> and other cinema classics. Summary by ChuckW.

<i>Save the Girls</i> is an 1880 American anti-white-slavery book by reformed gambler Mason Long. In it, the author crusades against the social evil of prostitution by presenting a series of pathetic portraits of young women from various social classes who are brought low by such temptations of city life as the theater, the racecourse, and street flirtations. Included are vignettes of vice like "The Evils of Dancing - Sad Results of a Public Ball," in which innocent Marie, out for a good time, falls prey to the type of 'sporting men' who prowl such events in search of a partner for more than just The Glide or the Boston Dip. - Summary by Grant Hurlock

6Wilderness Ways

By William J. Long

Late nineteenth-century naturalist William J. Long invites us into the secret worlds of woodland animals in this, his second, fascinating book. Long's stories of the secret lives of woodland animals come from time he spent in the woods, observing the behaviors and characteristics of the wilderness inhabitants directly. His method? Sit quietly, wait (sometimes for hours), and the animals will come. This book, unlike his first, Ways of Wood Folk, seems to be directed at his critics who accused him of assigning human emotions and intentions to the animals he profiles in his writings; Wilderness Ways very deliberately tells the unvarnished truth about animal behaviors, both tender caring and vicious murder are illustrated herein. Wilderness Ways opens up the hidden world of its woodland subjects with beautiful imagery and descriptive prose which is accessible enough for a child to read while at the same time engaging for readers of all ages. Be transported into Long's hidden wilderness world. (Summary by Jill Engle)

7Secrets of the Woods

By William J. Long

The unique merit of this nature student rests in his fascinating style of writing, which invariably interests young and old; for without this element his pioneer work in the realm of nature would now be familiar only to scientists, introducing people everywhere into the wonderland of nature hitherto entirely closed to all.<br /><br /> This is another chapter in the shy, wild life of the fields and woods. Little Toohkees, the wood mouse that dies of fright in the author’s hand; the mother otter, Keeonekh, teaching her little ones to swim; and the little red squirrel with his many curious habits,—all are presented with the same liveliness and color that characterize the descriptions in the first two volumes. The stories are unusually accurate in portraying animal life as it really exists in its native haunts.<br /><br /> Containing many details of the lives of animals that you may never have known of before, these wilderness stories are great listening for young and old. (Summary by Wood Folk at School advertisement and Kangaroo692)

8Wood Folk at School

By William J. Long

The unique merit of this nature student rests in his fascinating style of writing, which invariably interests young and old; for without this element his pioneer work in the realm of nature would now be familiar only to scientists.<br /><br /> The title of this book suggests the central thought about which the author has grouped some of his most fascinating animal studies. To him "summer wilderness is one vast schoolroom in which a multitude of wise, patient mothers are teaching their little ones the things they must know in order to hold their place in the world and escape unharmed from a hundred dangers." This unique book is a pleasure to read for young and old. - Summary by Wood Folk at School advertisement and Kangaroo692

<b>Some Life Studies of Animal Instincts and Animal Training</b><br /><br /> This is the third book in the Wood Folk series by William J. Long, where he masterfully recreates animal life studies he observed while in the woods. He writes of the secrets of animals and birds while using their lovely, Milicete Indian names, such as Meeko and Mooween. - Summary by Maggie Travers

10Little Brother to the Bear

By William J. Long

William J. Long again introduces us to some of the Wood Folk and their stories of living based on his own observations in the woods. In this volume, Mooweesuk the Coon is called the bear's little brother because he so often resembles the "big prowler in the black coat." Also included are chapters on the woodcock, the wildcat, the toad, and many other animals. He likewise includes a chapter on "animal surgery" that describes some ways animals treat their wounds and a chapter on "Hunting without a Gun", which is based on following large animals and observing them. Long's books are great for children and adults alike! - Summary by Maggie Travers<br><br>Dedicated proof-listeners: Elijah & DaveC

11Northern Trails, Book 1

By William J. Long

"In the original preface to "Northern Trails" the author stated that, with the solitary exception of the salmon's life in the sea after he vanishes from human sight, every incident recorded here is founded squarely upon personal and accurate observation of animal life and habits. I now repeat and emphasize that statement. Even when the observations are, for the reader's sake, put into the form of a connected story, there is not one trait or habit mentioned which is not true to animal life." -- William J. Long, from the book's preface. Northern Trails, Book I, is one of the last two books in the "Wood Folk" series by William J. Long. It has six stories, with wolves, Indians, caribou, and much more. - Summary by Kangaroo692

12Home Geography for Primary Grades

By C. C. Long

Lessons and exercises for young children, exploring map and compass, mountains and rivers, trees and flowers, wind and rain, and more. (Summary by Sarah Jennings)

The reader who follows these trails will find them leading into a new country, a land of space and silence where it is good to be, away up among the mountains and woods and salmon rivers and mossy barren grounds of Labrador and Newfoundland." Indeed, reading Long's keen observations about animals and their behavior transports the reader into a land of nature, space and silence. - Summary by William J. Long, from Preface, and kathrinee.

14Hemlock Avenue Mystery

By Lily A. Long

"The Hemlock Avenue Mystery" is one of a series of mysteries written by Lily Augusta Long using the pseudonym Roman Doubleday. <br><br> A lawyer is accused of killing a rival lawyer, both having battled in court on numerous occasions. A newspaper reporter following the case is bent on determining the facts behind the murder. As it happens, there are two women also suspected of participating in the crime, and a third who was apparently utterly unconscious of what had occurred. It's up to the reporter turned detective to unravel the clues, few as they are. - Summary by Roger Melin

15Mars is My Destination

By Frank Belknap Long

MARS <br><br> ... Earth's first colony in Space. Men killed for the coveted ticket that allowed them to go there. And, once there, the killing went on.... <br><br> MARS <br><br> ... Ralph Graham's goal since boyhood—and he was Mars-bound with authority that put the whole planet in his pocket—if he could live long enough to assert it! <br><br> MARS <br><br> ... source of incalculable wealth for humanity—and deadly danger for those who tried to get it! <br><br> MARS <br><br> ... in Earth's night sky, a symbol of the god of war—in this tense novel of the future, a vivid setting for stirring action! - From the Book Blurb

A pleasant kind of fantasy set in Japan concerning a woman and a prince. - Summary by KevinS

Ripped from the pages of legendary magazine Weird Tales comes this epistolary novelette of unspeakable, oozing horror! In this bizarre tale of mad science gone awry, we experience through the eyes of several different people a misguided man's struggle with a grotesque, tentacled monstrosity that leaves a bloody trail of slime and carnage in its wake! Proceed if you dare! (Summary by Ben Tucker)

"She'll insert the knife so delicately that the man won't feel any pain at all. Just a warm gratefulness, an intoxicating sort of happiness. Then she'll start twisting the blade back and forth... back and forth until the poor devil has been tormented beyond endurance. He'll either wrap a nylon stocking around her beautiful white throat, or something worse ... something uglier ..." Here is the story of a sadistic woman, and the warped lives of those who loved... and hated her. Fred Ellers, the Pulitzer Prize winning writer who was corrupted by fame... Joe Fenton, who considered crime a fascinating sort of disease, and police work a scientific game... Ruth Porges, who was caught in the most vicious of all triangles... A brand-new tale of New York City's Nightmare Zone, by one of the greatest craftsmen of suspense, Frank Long. (Summary by Back cover of the paperback edition)

"A tremendous menace closed in upon the earth from outside the solar system—a powerful story of uncanny horror." <br><br> Frank Belknap Long brings us the first work of cosmic horror within the Cthulhu Mythos not written by H. P. Lovecraft! - Summary by Weird Tales, July 1928 & Ben Tucker

20How Animals Talk: And Other Pleasant Studies of Birds and Beasts

By William J. Long

Hear about different animals and their various ways of communicating among themselves and with others! Features dogs, deer, beavers, and mallards among others! - Summary by MamaPhish and ShrimpPhish