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GAO-01-915 Bioterrorism: Federal Research and Preparedness Activities Published 28-Sep-01 http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d01915.pdf (Unofficial mirror of http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/241600-bioterrorism-federal-research-and-preparedness.html)

To assess community needs for public information during a bioterrorism-related crisis, the authors simulated the intentional aerosolized release of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in a semirural community (population 300,000) in the southern part of the United States. The community was selected because its mosquito population could support transmission of RVFV. They videotaped a series of simulated print and television (local, network, and cable) news reports over a fictional 9-day crisis period. The 83-minute videotape told the story of the intentional disease outbreak. They invited four groups (medical first responders, medical first-responder spouses or partners, journalists, and others) within the selected community to view the videotape and answer questions about their reactions. These four groups knew that the outbreak was fictional. All responses were given anonymously. First responders and their spouses or partners varied in their reactions about how the crisis affected family harmony and job performance. Local journalists exhibited considerable personal fear and confusion. All groups demanded, and put more trust in, information from local sources. These findings may have implications for risk communication during bioterrorism-related outbreaks.

To assess community needs for public information during a bioterrorism-related crisis, the authors simulated the intentional aerosolized release of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in a semirural community (population 300,000) in the southern part of the United States. The community was selected because its mosquito population could support transmission of RVFV. They videotaped a series of simulated print and television (local, network, and cable) news reports over a fictional 9-day crisis period. The 83-minute videotape told the story of the intentional disease outbreak. They invited four groups (medical first responders, medical first-responder spouses or partners, journalists, and others) within the selected community to view the videotape and answer questions about their reactions. These four groups knew that the outbreak was fictional. All responses were given anonymously. First responders and their spouses or partners varied in their reactions about how the crisis affected family harmony and job performance. Local journalists exhibited considerable personal fear and confusion. All groups demanded, and put more trust in, information from local sources. These findings may have implications for risk communication during bioterrorism-related outbreaks.

To assess community needs for public information during a bioterrorism-related crisis, the authors simulated the intentional aerosolized release of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in a semirural community (population 300,000) in the southern part of the United States. The community was selected because its mosquito population could support transmission of RVFV. They videotaped a series of simulated print and television (local, network, and cable) news reports over a fictional 9-day crisis period. The 83-minute videotape told the story of the intentional disease outbreak. They invited four groups (medical first responders, medical first-responder spouses or partners, journalists, and others) within the selected community to view the videotape and answer questions about their reactions. These four groups knew that the outbreak was fictional. All responses were given anonymously. First responders and their spouses or partners varied in their reactions about how the crisis affected family harmony and job performance. Local journalists exhibited considerable personal fear and confusion. All groups demanded, and put more trust in, information from local sources. These findings may have implications for risk communication during bioterrorism-related outbreaks.

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security PROJECT BIOSHIELD: LINKING BIOTERRORISM THREATS AND COUNTERMEASURE PROCUREMENT TO ENHANCE TERRORISM PREPAREDNESS Date(s) Held: 2005-07-12 109th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-109hhrg27217 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.H 75 Witnesses: Ms. Karen T. Morr, Acting Assistant Secretary, Office of Information Analysis, Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, Directorate, Department of Homeland Security: The Honorable Stewart Simonson, Assistant Secretary, Office of Public Health Emergency Preparedness, Department of Health and Human Services: Dr. John Vitko, Jr., Director, Biological Countermeasures Portfolio, Directorate of Science and Technology, Department of Homeland Security: Dr. Marcus Eugene Carr, Jr., Executive Director, Clinical Research-Hemostasis, Novo Nordisk, Inc.: Mr. Michael Greenberger, Director, Center for Health and Homeland Security, University of Maryland School of Law: Mr. Richard Hollis, Chief Executive Officer, Hollis-Eden Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Mr. James A. Joyce, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Aethlon Medical, Inc.: Mr. David P. Wright, President & Chief Executive Officer, PharmAthene, Inc.: Ms. Nancy Wysenski, President, EMD Pharmaceuticals: Related Items: United States Senate Bill 975 (109th Congress) United States Statutes at Large, Volume 118 Page 835 Public Law 108-276 Congressional Serial No. 109-29

Perma.cc archive of https://www.fda.gov/drugs/emergencypreparedness/bioterrorismanddrugpreparedness/ucm134444.htm created on 2017-10-20 21:04:32+00:00.

The research was of the project was to measure the importance of timely notifications of potential infectious disease outbreaks, provided by electronic syndromic surveillance system, compared to the manual case-review system.

The research was of the project was to measure the importance of timely notifications of potential infectious disease outbreaks, provided by electronic syndromic surveillance system, compared to the manual case-review system.

The research was of the project was to measure the importance of timely notifications of potential infectious disease outbreaks, provided by electronic syndromic surveillance system, compared to the manual case-review system.

Cancer Risk * True or not?  Who is lying? No Studies? Support is Appreciated:    Support the Show - Psychopath In Your Life

Cancer Risk * True or not?  Who is lying? No Studies? Support is Appreciated:    Support the Show - Psychopath In Your Life

Cancer Risk * True or not?  Who is lying? No Studies? Support is Appreciated:    Support the Show - Psychopath In Your Life

Perma.cc archive of http://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/Bioterrorism/00intro02.htm created on 2016-03-26 02:39:46+00:00.

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs BIOTERRORISM Date(s) Held: 1999-03-16 106th Congress, 1st Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-106shrg57119 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.AP 6/2Y 4.V 64/4 Related Items: Public Law 93-288 Public Law 97-174 Public Law 104-201 Public Law 105-114 Public Law 105-277 2 CFR Part 72.6

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation FIGHTING BIOTERRORISM: USING AMERICA'S SCIENTISTS AND ENTREPRENEURS TO FIND SOLUTIONS Date(s) Held: 2002-02-05 107th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-107shrg89642 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.C 73/7 Witnesses: Benjamin, Hon. Georges C., M.D., FACP, President, Association of State and Territorial Health Officers; Secretary, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, State of Maryland Edwards, John. G., President and CEO, Photonic Sensor Hatchett, Richard J., M.D., Coordinator, the Civilian Medical Reserve Working Group, Clinical Assistant, Attending, Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York University Center for Advanced Technology Johnson-Winegar, Anna, Ph.D., Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense Klausner, Richard, M.D., Senior Fellow, Special Advisor for Counter-Terrorism, National Academy of Sciences Summary of Selected Counter-Terrorism Initiatives, by the National Academies Ryan, Una S., Ph.D., President and CEO of AVANT Immunotherapeutics, Inc Simpson, Lisa A., M.B., B.Ch., M.P.H., Deputy Director, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Department of Health and Human Services Sobral, Bruno W.S., Ph.D., Director, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Professor, Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science at Virginia Tech Related Items: United States House Bill 3448 (107th Congress)

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security BIOTERRORISM: ASSESSING THE THREAT Date(s) Held: 2014-02-11 113th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-113hhrg88168 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.H 75 Witnesses: Dr. Robert P. Kadlec, Former Special Assistant to the President for Biodefense: Dr. Tom Inglesby, CEO and Director, UPMC Center for Health Security: Dr. Leonard A. Cole, Director, Terror Medicine and Security, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School: Related Items: Public Law 108-276 Congressional Serial No. 113-51

Government Publishing Office U.S. Congress House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security BIOTERRORISM: ASSESSING THE THREAT Date(s) Held: 2014-02-11 113th Congress, 2nd Session GPO Document Source: CHRG-113hhrg88168 Superintendents of Documents ID: Y 4.H 75 Witnesses: Dr. Robert P. Kadlec, Former Special Assistant to the President for Biodefense: Dr. Tom Inglesby, CEO and Director, UPMC Center for Health Security: Dr. Leonard A. Cole, Director, Terror Medicine and Security, Department of Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School: Related Items: Public Law 108-276 Congressional Serial No. 113-51

The tragic events of 911 and the concerns about the potential for a terrorist or hostile state attack with weapons of mass destruction have led to an increased emphasis on risk analysis for homeland security. Uncertain hazards (natural and engineering) have been analyzed using Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA). Unlike uncertain hazards, terrorists and hostile states are intelligent adversaries who adapt their plans and actions to achieve their strategic objectives. The critical risk analysis question addressed in this paper is as follows: Are the standard PRA techniques for uncertain hazard techniques adequate and appropriate for intelligent adversaries? Our answer is an emphatic no. We will show that treating adversary decisions as uncertain hazards is inappropriate because it provides the wrong assessment of risks. Specifically, the paper compares uncertain hazard risk analysis with intelligent adversary risk analysis, describes the intelligent adversary risk analysis challenges, and uses a defender-attacker-defender decision analysis model to evaluate defender investments. The model includes defender decisions prior to an attack; attacker decisions during the attack; defender actions after an attack; and the uncertainties of attack implementation, detection, and consequences. In section 1, we describe the difference between natural hazards and intelligent adversaries and demonstrate, with a simple example, that standard PRA does not properly assess the risk of an intelligent adversary attack. In section 2, we describe a canonical model for resource allocation decision making for an intelligent adversary problem using an illustrative bioterrorism example with notional data. In section 3, we describe the illustrative analysis results obtained for the model and discuss the insights they provide for risk management. In section 4, we describe the benefits and limitations of the model. Finally, we discuss future work and our conclusions.

The tragic events of 911 and the concerns about the potential for a terrorist or hostile state attack with weapons of mass destruction have led to an increased emphasis on risk analysis for homeland security. Uncertain hazards (natural and engineering) have been analyzed using Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA). Unlike uncertain hazards, terrorists and hostile states are intelligent adversaries who adapt their plans and actions to achieve their strategic objectives. The critical risk analysis question addressed in this paper is as follows: Are the standard PRA techniques for uncertain hazard techniques adequate and appropriate for intelligent adversaries? Our answer is an emphatic no. We will show that treating adversary decisions as uncertain hazards is inappropriate because it provides the wrong assessment of risks. Specifically, the paper compares uncertain hazard risk analysis with intelligent adversary risk analysis, describes the intelligent adversary risk analysis challenges, and uses a defender-attacker-defender decision analysis model to evaluate defender investments. The model includes defender decisions prior to an attack; attacker decisions during the attack; defender actions after an attack; and the uncertainties of attack implementation, detection, and consequences. In section 1, we describe the difference between natural hazards and intelligent adversaries and demonstrate, with a simple example, that standard PRA does not properly assess the risk of an intelligent adversary attack. In section 2, we describe a canonical model for resource allocation decision making for an intelligent adversary problem using an illustrative bioterrorism example with notional data. In section 3, we describe the illustrative analysis results obtained for the model and discuss the insights they provide for risk management. In section 4, we describe the benefits and limitations of the model. Finally, we discuss future work and our conclusions.

Terrorists desiring to attack the United States could easily use biological weapons to damage the country's agricultural infrastructure. Using such methods, they could strike a blow against a key national strength, agriculture, a strength that supports the country's economy. The country needs to implement a number of changes to avoid such an attack, if possible, or be prepared to respond should an attack occur. Drawing on current literature including journal articles, reports, and related books, reviewing current legislation and policies, this research examines the problem. The paper reviews the nature and threat of agricultural bioterrorism and considers present national capabilities, plans, and initiatives. It proposes needed actions to strengthen the country's ability to prevent, prepare for, respond to, mitigate, and remediate for biological attacks against the agricultural infrastructure.

CCNY 2004 A Journalist's Guide to Covering Bioterrorism

CCNY 2004 A Journalist's Guide to Covering Bioterrorism

The United States and the entire world have not effectively dealt with curtailing the significant research and development in bioweaponry over the past several decades. A new terrorist mentality, coupled with the increasing gains in biotechnology caused the United States to significantly alter the policy and funding for weapons of mass destruction defense. However, this approach has been fragmented and uncoordinated at state and national levels. The results of the anthrax attack and multiple wargames revealed that the United States is currently ill prepared to prevent or deter a bioterrorism attack against it's homeland and protect the citizens. A proper risk assessment must be undertaken at the national and international level so that resources commensurate with the risk can be applied to this threat. This paper will discuss this risk assessment, and then develop a new doctrine of deterrence and dissuasion and apply this doctrine to the current US strategy for bioterrorism defense. A recommendation to consolidate all biological defense funding, research, and coordination under the Department of Homeland Defense is presented. An aggressive strategy of detection, prevention from acquisition, protection of the US population and resources is developed. The United States must take the lead on this threat as the only superpower with adequate resources and technology to prevent a catastrophic attack.

The United States and the entire world have not effectively dealt with curtailing the significant research and development in bioweaponry over the past several decades. A new terrorist mentality, coupled with the increasing gains in biotechnology caused the United States to significantly alter the policy and funding for weapons of mass destruction defense. However, this approach has been fragmented and uncoordinated at state and national levels. The results of the anthrax attack and multiple wargames revealed that the United States is currently ill prepared to prevent or deter a bioterrorism attack against it's homeland and protect the citizens. A proper risk assessment must be undertaken at the national and international level so that resources commensurate with the risk can be applied to this threat. This paper will discuss this risk assessment, and then develop a new doctrine of deterrence and dissuasion and apply this doctrine to the current US strategy for bioterrorism defense. A recommendation to consolidate all biological defense funding, research, and coordination under the Department of Homeland Defense is presented. An aggressive strategy of detection, prevention from acquisition, protection of the US population and resources is developed. The United States must take the lead on this threat as the only superpower with adequate resources and technology to prevent a catastrophic attack.

The United States and the entire world have not effectively dealt with curtailing the significant research and development in bioweaponry over the past several decades. A new terrorist mentality, coupled with the increasing gains in biotechnology caused the United States to significantly alter the policy and funding for weapons of mass destruction defense. However, this approach has been fragmented and uncoordinated at state and national levels. The results of the anthrax attack and multiple wargames revealed that the United States is currently ill prepared to prevent or deter a bioterrorism attack against it's homeland and protect the citizens. A proper risk assessment must be undertaken at the national and international level so that resources commensurate with the risk can be applied to this threat. This paper will discuss this risk assessment, and then develop a new doctrine of deterrence and dissuasion and apply this doctrine to the current US strategy for bioterrorism defense. A recommendation to consolidate all biological defense funding, research, and coordination under the Department of Homeland Defense is presented. An aggressive strategy of detection, prevention from acquisition, protection of the US population and resources is developed. The United States must take the lead on this threat as the only superpower with adequate resources and technology to prevent a catastrophic attack.

The United States and the entire world have not effectively dealt with curtailing the significant research and development in bioweaponry over the past several decades. A new terrorist mentality, coupled with the increasing gains in biotechnology caused the United States to significantly alter the policy and funding for weapons of mass destruction defense. However, this approach has been fragmented and uncoordinated at state and national levels. The results of the anthrax attack and multiple wargames revealed that the United States is currently ill prepared to prevent or deter a bioterrorism attack against it's homeland and protect the citizens. A proper risk assessment must be undertaken at the national and international level so that resources commensurate with the risk can be applied to this threat. This paper will discuss this risk assessment, and then develop a new doctrine of deterrence and dissuasion and apply this doctrine to the current US strategy for bioterrorism defense. A recommendation to consolidate all biological defense funding, research, and coordination under the Department of Homeland Defense is presented. An aggressive strategy of detection, prevention from acquisition, protection of the US population and resources is developed. The United States must take the lead on this threat as the only superpower with adequate resources and technology to prevent a catastrophic attack.

The history of warfare and the history of disease are unquestionably interwoven. Throughout the history of warfare, disease and non-battle injury have accounted for more deaths and loss of combat capability than from actual battle in war itself. The most striking example is the great influenza pandemic during World War I that killed 20 million people or more worldwide in 1918. Although this was a naturally occurring event, what if a country could create a biological agent that could yield the same catastrophic loss of life on the enemy? That, in essence, is the potential effect of applying genetic engineering for biological warfare (BW) or bioterrorism (BT). Today, we face not only natural diseases (including emerging infectious diseases), but also threats of BW or BT, possibly with genetically engineered agents, that may resist known therapies. In simple terms, genetic engineering is the process of human%an intervention to transfer functional genes (DNA) between two biological organisms. In the BW/BT context, it is the manipulation of genes to create new pathogenic characteristics (increased survivability, infectivity, violence, drug resistance, etc). Organisms with altered characteristics are the new generation biological weapons.

In August 2002, the city of San Antonio, Texas, and the Fort Sam Houston Army Post (located within the city) conducted Pale Horse, one of the most ambitious, city-based, large-scale, tabletop bioterrorism response exercises to date. The exercise used significant executive-level resources from the Department of Defense (DoD), city, state, and region. The purpose of the bioterrorism response exercise was to test the command infrastructure in a large tabletop exercise. The exercise included command-level players from military medical (major Army and Air Force medical facilities located in San Antonio), civilian medical, city government, boards of health, state medical, National Guard, regional Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and DoD communities. The initial goals of the exercise were to foster critical thinking, identify roles and responsibilities, and exercise and validate existing plans. The programmed corollary to the exercise was to develop solutions for the inevitable shortfalls and controversial issues that would arise during play. This article discusses the experience with attention to the shortfalls and controversial issues identified during the exercise. The primary scenario was an unannounced terrorist attack wherein aerosolized and appropriately stabilized smallpox virus was sprayed over the attendees at the Alamo Dome during a football game. No announcement or threat was relayed (covert attack), and all attendees dispersed to their normal routine. Initial victims of smallpox then began to present to medical providers with the onset of fever in congruence with the normal incubation period. The article summarizes the lessons learned from the exercise in terms of vaccination, communication, and manpower requirements; the need for additional services and planning; legal issues, such as quarantine and liability; social ramifications; and command and control challenges.

The typical response of organizations dealing with external uncertainty is to develop strategies to adapt to the situation and focus on regaining a stable state. A crucial element of responding successfully to external uncertainties is to identify changes in knowledge needs within core organizational processes. This paper discusses the changing knowledge needs of public health organizations as they deal with the uncertainties unleashed by the challenge of bioterrorism preparedness.

147282 Federal Efforts to Address the Threat of Bioterrorism Selected Issues for Congress

from: https://media.ccc.de/v/38c3-bioterrorism-will-save-your-life-with-the-4-thieves-vinegar-collective Governments have criminalized the practice of managing your own health. Despite the fact that for most of human history bodily autonomy, and self-managed health was the norm, it is now required that most aspects of your health must be mediated by an institution deputized by the state. Taking those rights back for yourself is then labeled "BioTerrorism". So be it. Let's learn how. We all know that custom, hand-made, artisan-crafted, boutique tools are always better than something factory made. A guitar, a wood chisel, a chef's knife, a built racing engine, a firearm, a suit, a pair of shoes. Given that this is so well-known, and so universally understood, it's peculiar at best that this is not seen by most people when it comes to medicine. It is however also true. Given, however, that the traditional rôle of pharmacists who used to have the freedom to compound custom medicines for the people they were serving has been revoked, and now despite their extensive training, have been limited to being able to do little more than count pills in most cases, we have to do this ourselves. The problem is that this has been criminalized. The moment you stop groveling for permission from medical authorities, and start becoming actively involved in managing your own health, you are a criminal in most countries in the world. Practicing medicine without a license, manufacture of drugs, possession of laboratory tools, possession of precursor chemicals... the list of felonies goes on. The choice is yours. Would you like to be the sickest law-abiding citizen, or the healthiest BioTerrorist? If you want the red pill, you'll have to manufacture it yourself. The blue pill is prescription-only, and if you manage to get a prescription, and you're rich maybe you can afford to buy it. Come learn about the long list of medications which went through the research and development processes, but are never going to be commercially available. Learn how to find more of these, and learn the many ways you can make them yourself. Licensed to the public under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

from: https://media.ccc.de/v/38c3-bioterrorism-will-save-your-life-with-the-4-thieves-vinegar-collective Governments have criminalized the practice of managing your own health. Despite the fact that for most of human history bodily autonomy, and self-managed health was the norm, it is now required that most aspects of your health must be mediated by an institution deputized by the state. Taking those rights back for yourself is then labeled "BioTerrorism". So be it. Let's learn how. We all know that custom, hand-made, artisan-crafted, boutique tools are always better than something factory made. A guitar, a wood chisel, a chef's knife, a built racing engine, a firearm, a suit, a pair of shoes. Given that this is so well-known, and so universally understood, it's peculiar at best that this is not seen by most people when it comes to medicine. It is however also true. Given, however, that the traditional rôle of pharmacists who used to have the freedom to compound custom medicines for the people they were serving has been revoked, and now despite their extensive training, have been limited to being able to do little more than count pills in most cases, we have to do this ourselves. The problem is that this has been criminalized. The moment you stop groveling for permission from medical authorities, and start becoming actively involved in managing your own health, you are a criminal in most countries in the world. Practicing medicine without a license, manufacture of drugs, possession of laboratory tools, possession of precursor chemicals... the list of felonies goes on. The choice is yours. Would you like to be the sickest law-abiding citizen, or the healthiest BioTerrorist? If you want the red pill, you'll have to manufacture it yourself. The blue pill is prescription-only, and if you manage to get a prescription, and you're rich maybe you can afford to buy it. Come learn about the long list of medications which went through the research and development processes, but are never going to be commercially available. Learn how to find more of these, and learn the many ways you can make them yourself. Licensed to the public under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

In this episode of The Silent War- Bill Gates Warns of Coming 'Bioterrorist Smallpox Pandemic' if World Does Not Submit to the Elite. Federal court of appeals issues temporary halt to Biden vaccine mandate, but they want to expand the mandate to all businesses of any size. Leftists 1.2 trillion green new deal starter funding is here. Emails Reveal CDC Changed Definition of \"Vaccine\" and \"Vaccination\" Because Their Experimental COVID Shots Didn't Work as Advertised. CNN Struggled To Break One Million Viewers For The Entire Month Of October. George Floyd's Nephew Makes Video Threatening Jurors if They Do Not Convict Kyle Rittenhouse. 30% of Millennials Now Identify as LGBTQ According To New Study - In 2018 It Was Less Than 9%.All of this, and more.For breaking news from one of the most over the target and censored names in the world join our 100% Free newsletter at www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/newsAlso follow us at Gabhttps://gab.com/nemosnewsnetworkNemos News is 100% listener funded. Thank you for your support in our mission to Break the Cycle of Fake News.If you value our work please consider supporting us with our vetted patriot sponsors!www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/sponsorsShop Patriot & Detox the Deep State with www.RedPillLiving.com, Home of Sleepy Joe - the world's most powerful all natural sleep formula & The Great Awakening Gourmet Coffee for Patriots."Our Specialty, is Waking People Up."Other LinksJoin our Telegram chat: www.NemosNewsNetwork.com/chat

This investigation focuses on the spread of a contagious disease subsequent to the military employment of a biological weapon or an act of bioterrorism. Of particular interest are expected or average time histories of four cohorts: (I) Susceptible individuals; (2) Exposed and infected (incubating) individuals; (3) Infectious (contagious) individuals and (4) Removed (noncontagious, alive, or dead) individuals. The objective SEIR curves characterize health care and mortuary service needs as functions of time for a known disease, for given initial conditions, and for an average time-varying rate of disease transmission. Such a disease transmission rate is a key predictive tool, and it is obtainable from a Monte Carlo analysis of historical outbreak data. Recently published epidemiological data for the 1995 Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, serves as an excellent vehicle to demonstrate the overall semi-empirical SEIR model.

INTRODUCTION The first sign of a biological weapons or bioterrorism attack may be as inconspicuous as a flag on a computer screen in a small community. Yet this seemingly innocuous and lonely signal could mark the beginning of a national public health nightmare and response to a biological weapons attack. A bioterrorism attack may sneak up on cat's paws, following an insidious and unpredictable course and making itself known slowly and intermittently over a period of days or weeks. It may appear in places as disparate as doctor's offices, health clinics, and hospital emergency rooms. If not contained, its effects could spread to others not initially exposed, causing an epidemic and threat to our national security and the survival of our population.

The attacks of September 11, 2001 have made Americans acutely a ware of their vulnerability to terrorism. Now the Nation is focused on improving defensive measures and rooting out and destroying the global infrastructure of terrorism. In response to the terrorist offensive, the Bush administration has engineered an international coalition against terrorism; dedicated substantial new resources to prevent or deter this blight; undertaken military action against blatant practitioners of terrorism; and established a new Office of Homeland Security, under the leadership of former Pennsylvania governor Tom Ridge, to coordinate the Federal response to terrorism. As America prepares defenses against catastrophes barely conceivable only a few months ago, the threat of bioerrorism in particular looms larger than ever. Fears of anthrax, smallpox, and plague pervade the American consciousness, fueled by reports that some of the plane hijackers involved in the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks had specific interest in crop duster aircraft that could be used to disseminate aerosols of pathogens. Because of this, the Nation is stepping up its defenses against bioterrorism.

The 2002 U.S. National Security Strategy (NSS) highlights the U.S. efforts in strengthening America's homeland security. The NSS specifically uses bioterrorism as the point of reference for improved emergency management systems and charges the medical system to strengthen and manage bioterror as well as all infectious diseases and mass casualty dangers. The 2002 National Strategy for Homeland Security includes numerous emergency preparedness and response initiatives as part of the overall homeland security strategy. Several of these initiatives will significantly affect roles and responsibilities for the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Additionally, many strategic elements for bioterrorism emergency preparedness and response are in the congressional bioterrorism amendment acts. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a strategic analysis of the U.S. strategy for bioterrorism emergency medical preparedness and response. Specifically, the author will analyze national security strategies pertinent to emergency preparedness and response; examine the current and emerging roles of HHS and DOD in emergency medical preparedness and response; review current bioterrorism threats; and assess interagency collaborative planning. The author also recommends that federal agencies adopt a coherent bioterrorism defense strategic framework and makes other recommendations for DOD and HHS initiatives in bioterrorism emergency medical preparedness and response.

Two things are certain: death and taxes! Or maybe just taxes. Scientists are attempting to cheat death with rapidly progressing technologies capable of constructing and manipulating life synthetically from basic chemical elements. While the advancing rates of capability in computing speed, genomics, synthetic biology and nanotechnology have the potential to improve and lengthen life for all humans, they also enable biological weapons that can destroy wide swaths of humanity or attack specific groups of individuals. This confluence of technology is advancing at exponential rates and seems have the advantage over the limited detection, protection and treatment capabilities offered by a lumbering bureaucracy. While human nature has not changed, rapidly advancing technology is providing new and novel biothreats to our adversaries. Globalization and the increasing availability of knowledge required to develop biothreats coupled with declining computing costs work together to dramatically increase the likelihood of biological weapon proliferation over the next 25 years. Given a future proliferation of biological weapons to terrorist groups facilitated by globalization and rapidly increasing technological advancements, can a bureaucracy develop an effective network of countermeasures to bioterrorism?

Over the past decade, acts of international and domestic terrorism have demonstrated to government officials and policy makers the urgency of preparing systems to support the detection of atypical health events and the provision of preventive and interventional medical services in mass-care events. The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City resulted in 168 deaths and required the efforts of nearly 5,500 emergency responders dispatched to the scene over 17 days in chaotic and feverish attempts to rescue and facilitate subsequent medical and surgical interventions to save the lives of over 600 injured victims.1 The September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon resulted in over 3,000 deaths and nearly 2,400 injured.2 The lethality of the attacks averted strain on hospitals but, once again, required the coordinated efforts of emergency responders and medical providers. The anthrax attacks of 2001 resulted in relatively few victims. However, despite 22 illnesses, including five deaths,3 hospitals in the five anthrax epicenters were required to institute triage for a novel disease and to devise new protocols of health screening, prophylaxis, and treatment. Eventually both public health and medical care systems were required to dispense antibiotics to an estimated 32,000 individuals.4 On March 11, 2004, terrorist bombings on several trains in Madrid resulted in nearly 200 deaths and about 1,800 injured.5 Madrid's hospitals were swamped with casualties as the hospitals appealed urgently for blood donations.6

Over the past decade, acts of international and domestic terrorism have demonstrated to government officials and policy makers the urgency of preparing systems to support the detection of atypical health events and the provision of preventive and interventional medical services in mass-care events. The 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City resulted in 168 deaths and required the efforts of nearly 5,500 emergency responders dispatched to the scene over 17 days in chaotic and feverish attempts to rescue and facilitate subsequent medical and surgical interventions to save the lives of over 600 injured victims.1 The September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon resulted in over 3,000 deaths and nearly 2,400 injured.2 The lethality of the attacks averted strain on hospitals but, once again, required the coordinated efforts of emergency responders and medical providers. The anthrax attacks of 2001 resulted in relatively few victims. However, despite 22 illnesses, including five deaths,3 hospitals in the five anthrax epicenters were required to institute triage for a novel disease and to devise new protocols of health screening, prophylaxis, and treatment. Eventually both public health and medical care systems were required to dispense antibiotics to an estimated 32,000 individuals.4 On March 11, 2004, terrorist bombings on several trains in Madrid resulted in nearly 200 deaths and about 1,800 injured.5 Madrid's hospitals were swamped with casualties as the hospitals appealed urgently for blood donations.6

Anthrax continues to be a major threat to our national security and economy. We used multiple approaches for the development of novel therapeutics. (1) We engineered three isogenic mutant E.coli strains to be used for HTS screening for selective and specific inhibitors of anthrax protein synthesis. (2) We developed 2 assays for quantitation of peptide self-assembly and showed that ACDs inhibit specific aggregation pathways. (3) We demonstrated that inhibitors of FabI exhibit broad spectrum of activity against a variety of pathogens, and started to develop additional enzymatic targets in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway. (4) We developed synthetic schemes for series of Antibiotic A-33853 derivatives and improved the potency of the original A-33853 two-fold against B. anthracis, and demonstrated that these derivatives are effective against wide spectrum of pathogens, including L. donovani. (5) We have developed automated MIC assay that can be used to screen up to 100K compounds/day against bacteria, and identified three structural classes as potential lead scaffolds for future medicinal chemistry improvement.

Recent reports by congressional commissions, the inclusion of bioterrorism issues in President Obama's State of the Union address, and issuance of executive orders have increased congressional attention to the threat of bioterrorism. Federal efforts to combat the threat of bioterrorism predate the anthrax attacks of 2001, but they have significantly increased since then. The U.S. Government has developed these efforts as part of and in parallel with other defenses against conventional terrorism. Several strategy and planning documents direct the Federal Government's biodefense efforts, and many different agencies have a role. These agencies have implemented numerous disparate actions and programs in their statutory areas to address the threat. But despite these efforts, many experts, including congressional commissions, nongovernmental organizations, and industry representatives, have highlighted weaknesses in the Federal Government's biodefense activities. Recent reports by congressional commissions have stated that the Federal Government could significantly improve its efforts to address the bioterrorism threat. Several key questions face congressional policy makers: How sufficiently do the efforts already underway address the threat of bioterrorism?; Have the federal investments to date met the expectations of Congress or other stakeholders?; Should Congress alter, augment, or terminate these existing programs in the current environment of fiscal challenge?; and What is the appropriate federal role in response to the threat of bioterrorism, and what mechanisms are most appropriate for involving other stakeholders, including state and local jurisdictions, industry, and others? This report focuses on four areas under congressional consideration deemed critical to the success of the biodefense enterprise: strategic planning; risk assessment; surveillance; and the development, procurement, and distribution of medical countermeasures.

Blood may be considered both a medicine and strategic material. In Croatia blood is collected on voluntaiy basis and undergoes an obligatory screening for blood borne pathogen microbes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B and C viruses. As a result of this screening, the risk of infection through exposure to blood and blood products has been markedly reduced, but not eliminated. There are possibilities, although very small, that an infected person (undetected as agent's carrier) could be a blood donor, or a blackmailer. In either case, this could create fear and be real threat to public health. We studied two separate registers, the data concerning positive isolates of blood borne pathogens in the Croatian Institute for Transfusion Medicine and in confirmed cases reported to the National Infective Diseases Register. Over time, the incidence of blood borne infective diseases decreased. But since new pathogen microbes are emerging, this changing public health problem could be of particular interest to bioterrorism. Laboratory diagnostic procedures for prevention of blood borne pathogen microbes' transmission are discussed.

An objective of the Symposium was to bring together federal, state, and county officials and experts from the private sector to focus on homeland defenses against bioterrorism as may be needed in Los Angeles County. It is recognized that for any such defenses to be effective, they must be coordinated between relevant agencies within each level of government The speakers and the participants selected for the Symposium, thus, represent a variety of agencies at all levels of government (See the RAND web site for a listing of the participants.)

Presentation on the categorization of various pathogens which could be used as biological warfare agents.

Madame Butterfly is the story of the young Japanese girl Cho-Cho San, who marries a flighty American naval officer, and is thenceforth outcast from her relatives. Anxiously she awaits the return of her beloved husband, but when he finally anchors in the harbour, Cho-Cho San does not get the happy ending she was hoping for.<br><br> This short story by John Luther Long has inspired Giacomo Puccini to write the opera of the same name. (Introduction by Availle)

2English Literature: Its History and Its Significance for the Life of the English Speaking World

By William J. Long

This book, which presents the whole splendid history of English literature from Anglo-Saxon times to the close of the Victorian Era, has three specific aims. The first is to create or to encourage in every student the desire to read the best books, and to know literature itself rather than what has been written about literature. The second is to interpret literature both personally and historically, that is, to show how a great book generally reflects not only the author's life and thought but also the spirit of the age and the ideals of the nation's history. The third aim is to show, by a study of each successive period, how our literature has steadily developed from its first simple songs and stories to its present complexity in prose and poetry. (From the Preface by William J. Long)

3Ways of Wood Folk

By William J. Long

Late nineteenth-century naturalist William J. Long invites us in to the secret worlds of the woodland animals. Containing Long's own animal observations along with stories related to him by other humans who inhabit the woods, these stories give us an insight into the behavior of wild animals as they go about their lives in their own secret places deep in the forests of eastern North America. Although Long was accused in his day of anthropomorphizing the animals he wrote about, readers who are familiar with any of the animals he writes of will have glimpses of recognition at behaviors they have seen for themselves and explore the deeper meanings these actions have in that animal's life. The stories will paint pictures in your imagination that will stay with you long after the book has ended. (Summary by Jill Engle.)

An authorized biography of D.W. Griffith, the self-proclaimed "Father of Filmmaking." Written in collaboration with the director, Robert Edgar Long's biographical sketch traces Griffith's early life, his career as an actor and stage director, his rise as one of Biograph's most acclaimed and innovative filmmakers, and the making of his revolutionary (and controversial) full-length films: <i>The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, Broken Blossoms,</i> and other cinema classics. Summary by ChuckW.

<i>Save the Girls</i> is an 1880 American anti-white-slavery book by reformed gambler Mason Long. In it, the author crusades against the social evil of prostitution by presenting a series of pathetic portraits of young women from various social classes who are brought low by such temptations of city life as the theater, the racecourse, and street flirtations. Included are vignettes of vice like "The Evils of Dancing - Sad Results of a Public Ball," in which innocent Marie, out for a good time, falls prey to the type of 'sporting men' who prowl such events in search of a partner for more than just The Glide or the Boston Dip. - Summary by Grant Hurlock

6Wilderness Ways

By William J. Long

Late nineteenth-century naturalist William J. Long invites us into the secret worlds of woodland animals in this, his second, fascinating book. Long's stories of the secret lives of woodland animals come from time he spent in the woods, observing the behaviors and characteristics of the wilderness inhabitants directly. His method? Sit quietly, wait (sometimes for hours), and the animals will come. This book, unlike his first, Ways of Wood Folk, seems to be directed at his critics who accused him of assigning human emotions and intentions to the animals he profiles in his writings; Wilderness Ways very deliberately tells the unvarnished truth about animal behaviors, both tender caring and vicious murder are illustrated herein. Wilderness Ways opens up the hidden world of its woodland subjects with beautiful imagery and descriptive prose which is accessible enough for a child to read while at the same time engaging for readers of all ages. Be transported into Long's hidden wilderness world. (Summary by Jill Engle)

7Secrets of the Woods

By William J. Long

The unique merit of this nature student rests in his fascinating style of writing, which invariably interests young and old; for without this element his pioneer work in the realm of nature would now be familiar only to scientists, introducing people everywhere into the wonderland of nature hitherto entirely closed to all.<br /><br /> This is another chapter in the shy, wild life of the fields and woods. Little Toohkees, the wood mouse that dies of fright in the author’s hand; the mother otter, Keeonekh, teaching her little ones to swim; and the little red squirrel with his many curious habits,—all are presented with the same liveliness and color that characterize the descriptions in the first two volumes. The stories are unusually accurate in portraying animal life as it really exists in its native haunts.<br /><br /> Containing many details of the lives of animals that you may never have known of before, these wilderness stories are great listening for young and old. (Summary by Wood Folk at School advertisement and Kangaroo692)

8Wood Folk at School

By William J. Long

The unique merit of this nature student rests in his fascinating style of writing, which invariably interests young and old; for without this element his pioneer work in the realm of nature would now be familiar only to scientists.<br /><br /> The title of this book suggests the central thought about which the author has grouped some of his most fascinating animal studies. To him "summer wilderness is one vast schoolroom in which a multitude of wise, patient mothers are teaching their little ones the things they must know in order to hold their place in the world and escape unharmed from a hundred dangers." This unique book is a pleasure to read for young and old. - Summary by Wood Folk at School advertisement and Kangaroo692

<b>Some Life Studies of Animal Instincts and Animal Training</b><br /><br /> This is the third book in the Wood Folk series by William J. Long, where he masterfully recreates animal life studies he observed while in the woods. He writes of the secrets of animals and birds while using their lovely, Milicete Indian names, such as Meeko and Mooween. - Summary by Maggie Travers

10Little Brother to the Bear

By William J. Long

William J. Long again introduces us to some of the Wood Folk and their stories of living based on his own observations in the woods. In this volume, Mooweesuk the Coon is called the bear's little brother because he so often resembles the "big prowler in the black coat." Also included are chapters on the woodcock, the wildcat, the toad, and many other animals. He likewise includes a chapter on "animal surgery" that describes some ways animals treat their wounds and a chapter on "Hunting without a Gun", which is based on following large animals and observing them. Long's books are great for children and adults alike! - Summary by Maggie Travers<br><br>Dedicated proof-listeners: Elijah & DaveC

11Northern Trails, Book 1

By William J. Long

"In the original preface to "Northern Trails" the author stated that, with the solitary exception of the salmon's life in the sea after he vanishes from human sight, every incident recorded here is founded squarely upon personal and accurate observation of animal life and habits. I now repeat and emphasize that statement. Even when the observations are, for the reader's sake, put into the form of a connected story, there is not one trait or habit mentioned which is not true to animal life." -- William J. Long, from the book's preface. Northern Trails, Book I, is one of the last two books in the "Wood Folk" series by William J. Long. It has six stories, with wolves, Indians, caribou, and much more. - Summary by Kangaroo692

12Home Geography for Primary Grades

By C. C. Long

Lessons and exercises for young children, exploring map and compass, mountains and rivers, trees and flowers, wind and rain, and more. (Summary by Sarah Jennings)

The reader who follows these trails will find them leading into a new country, a land of space and silence where it is good to be, away up among the mountains and woods and salmon rivers and mossy barren grounds of Labrador and Newfoundland." Indeed, reading Long's keen observations about animals and their behavior transports the reader into a land of nature, space and silence. - Summary by William J. Long, from Preface, and kathrinee.

14Hemlock Avenue Mystery

By Lily A. Long

"The Hemlock Avenue Mystery" is one of a series of mysteries written by Lily Augusta Long using the pseudonym Roman Doubleday. <br><br> A lawyer is accused of killing a rival lawyer, both having battled in court on numerous occasions. A newspaper reporter following the case is bent on determining the facts behind the murder. As it happens, there are two women also suspected of participating in the crime, and a third who was apparently utterly unconscious of what had occurred. It's up to the reporter turned detective to unravel the clues, few as they are. - Summary by Roger Melin

15Mars is My Destination

By Frank Belknap Long

MARS <br><br> ... Earth's first colony in Space. Men killed for the coveted ticket that allowed them to go there. And, once there, the killing went on.... <br><br> MARS <br><br> ... Ralph Graham's goal since boyhood—and he was Mars-bound with authority that put the whole planet in his pocket—if he could live long enough to assert it! <br><br> MARS <br><br> ... source of incalculable wealth for humanity—and deadly danger for those who tried to get it! <br><br> MARS <br><br> ... in Earth's night sky, a symbol of the god of war—in this tense novel of the future, a vivid setting for stirring action! - From the Book Blurb

A pleasant kind of fantasy set in Japan concerning a woman and a prince. - Summary by KevinS

Ripped from the pages of legendary magazine Weird Tales comes this epistolary novelette of unspeakable, oozing horror! In this bizarre tale of mad science gone awry, we experience through the eyes of several different people a misguided man's struggle with a grotesque, tentacled monstrosity that leaves a bloody trail of slime and carnage in its wake! Proceed if you dare! (Summary by Ben Tucker)

"She'll insert the knife so delicately that the man won't feel any pain at all. Just a warm gratefulness, an intoxicating sort of happiness. Then she'll start twisting the blade back and forth... back and forth until the poor devil has been tormented beyond endurance. He'll either wrap a nylon stocking around her beautiful white throat, or something worse ... something uglier ..." Here is the story of a sadistic woman, and the warped lives of those who loved... and hated her. Fred Ellers, the Pulitzer Prize winning writer who was corrupted by fame... Joe Fenton, who considered crime a fascinating sort of disease, and police work a scientific game... Ruth Porges, who was caught in the most vicious of all triangles... A brand-new tale of New York City's Nightmare Zone, by one of the greatest craftsmen of suspense, Frank Long. (Summary by Back cover of the paperback edition)

"A tremendous menace closed in upon the earth from outside the solar system—a powerful story of uncanny horror." <br><br> Frank Belknap Long brings us the first work of cosmic horror within the Cthulhu Mythos not written by H. P. Lovecraft! - Summary by Weird Tales, July 1928 & Ben Tucker

20How Animals Talk: And Other Pleasant Studies of Birds and Beasts

By William J. Long

Hear about different animals and their various ways of communicating among themselves and with others! Features dogs, deer, beavers, and mallards among others! - Summary by MamaPhish and ShrimpPhish