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Check dam extraction from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis: A case study in the Yanhe River Basin of the Loess Plateau, China 作者： SUN Liquan 1,2,3 GUO Huili 1,2 CHEN Ziyu 4 YIN Ziming 4 FENG Hao 1,2 WU Shufang 1,2,3 Kadambot H M SIDDIQUE 5 作者单位： 1. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; 2. Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; 3. College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; 4. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; 5. The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6001, Australia 提交时间： 2023-02-07 摘要: Check dams are widely used on the Loess Plateau in China to control soil and water losses, develop agricultural land, and improve watershed ecology. Detailed information on the number and spatial distribution of check dams is critical for quantitatively evaluating hydrological and ecological effects and planning the construction of new dams. Thus, this study developed a check dam detection framework for broad areas from high-resolution remote sensing images using an ensemble approach of deep learning and geospatial analysis. First, we made a sample dataset of check dams using GaoFen-2 (GF-2) and Google Earth images. Next, we evaluated five popular deep-learning-based object detectors, including Faster R-CNN, You Only Look Once (version 3) (YOLOv3), Cascade R-CNN, YOLOX, and VarifocalNet (VFNet), to identify the best one for check dam detection. Finally, we analyzed the location characteristics of the check dams and used geographical constraints to optimize the detection results. Precision, recall, average precision at intersection over union (IoU) threshold of 0.50 (AP50), IoU threshold of 0.75 (AP75), and average value for 10 IoU thresholds ranging from 0.500.95 with a 0.05 step (AP5095), and inference time were used to evaluate model performance. All the five deep learning networks could identify check dams quickly and accurately, with AP5095, AP50, and AP75 values higher than 60.0%, 90.0%, and 70.0%, respectively, except for YOLOv3. The VFNet had the best performance, followed by YOLOX. The proposed framework was tested in the Yanhe River Basin and yielded promising results, with a recall rate of 87.0% for 521 check dams. Furthermore, the geographic analysis deleted about 50% of the false detection boxes, increasing the identification accuracy of check dams from 78.6% to 87.6%. Simultaneously, this framework recognized 568 recently constructed check dams and small check dams not recorded in the known check dam survey datasets. The extraction results will support efficient watershed management and guide future studies on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. check dam deep learning geospatial analysis remote sensing Faster R-CNN Loess Plateau 期刊： Journal of Arid Land 分类： 地球科学 >> 地理学 引用： ChinaXiv:202302.00049 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202302.00049V1 ) DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-023-0091-7 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202302.00049.V1 推荐引用方式： SUN Liquan,GUO Huili,CHEN Ziyu,YIN Ziming,FENG Hao,WU Shufang,Kadambot H M SIDDIQUE.(2023).Check dam extraction from remote sensing images using deep learning and geospatial analysis: A case study in the Yanhe River Basin of the Loess Plateau, China.Journal of Arid Land.doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-023-0091-7 版本历史 [V1] 2023-02-07 11:32:19 ChinaXiv:202302.00049V1 下载全文

This study is conducted to observe the temporal variability of rainfall and temperature for 102 years (1901- 2002) in the Lower Bagmati River Basin in Northern India. Annual and monsoon rainfall time series is considered to investigate the trend using non parametric methods. Trend in 102 years span indicates reduced basin water potential in recent years.

The overall objective of the Comprehensive Framework Study is to provide a frame work for determining the combination of water and related land resource uses in the basin to meet anticipated short- and long-term needs. In conjunction with this overall objective, such resource development and management would (a) be considered within the broader economic development pattern of the basin, and (b) consider the preservation of natural or environmental features. To assess present and future water and related land resource needs, estimates of current and future resource supplies and demands are necessary. For planning, projections were made of the basin's economy to 1980, 2000, and 2020.

An in-progress study demonstrates the utility of airborne imaging spectrometer (AIS) data for unraveling the stratigraphic evolution of a North American, western interior foreland basin. AIS data are used to determine the stratigraphic distribution of mineralogical facies that are diagnostic of specific depositional environments. After wavelength and amplitude calibration using natural ground targets with known spectral characteristics, AIS data identify calcite, dolomite, gypsum and montmorillonite-bearing strata in the Permian-Cretaceous sequence. Combined AIS and TM results illustrate the feasibility of spectral stratigraphy, remote analysis of stratigraphic sequences.

ABSTRACT The study area is entirely located within the Sokoto-Rima hydrological basin of Northwest, Nigeria. Groundwater is widely used for drinking, domestic and agricultural purposes in Zamfara water catchment. The mismanagement of groundwater resources could cause negative effects including depletion of aquifer storage and groundwater level decline. To assure sustainability of the available resources, determination of groundwater budget is necessary. Deterministic model approach was used, which required three quantities (Available water quantity, Abstractible and Storable water volume). In this study meteorological water budget (MWB), water level fluctuation (WTF), and groundwater budget based on geological framework (GBBDF) were used to estimate water budget. Groundwater recharge and abstraction rate were calculated from 280 borehole data across the water catchment area. The average groundwater budget of the study area was calculated as 111,693,470 m3/year with the MWB method and it was calculated as 111,342,057.3m3/year and 73,463,099 m3/year with the WTF and (GBBDF) methods respectively. The groundwater abstraction for domestic/agricultural uses was calculated to be higher to that of aquifer recharge. Thus prudent measure has to be adopted for adequate water use per head as population increase and demographic change will exacerbate more stress on the availability of this precious resources aside the climate change impact. The implication is that further proliferation of borehole wells will deplete the entire aquifer and subject it to be devoid of manageable storage capacity, particularly in the crystalline aquiferous units. It is clear that, if conceptual hydrogeological modelling of the catchment is well known and reliable data are obtained, the MWB method gives accurate results in the basins. However, comparison of multiple methods is valuable for determining the plausible budget amount and for highlighting the uncertainty of the estimate.

Two fossil sections (Late Quaternary), and a group of modern samples analyzed through pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs, enabled the reconstruction of the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental conditions of the lower basin of the Quequén Salado River (Buenos Aires Province). The study was complemented with analysis of sedimentology, malacofauna, ostracods, diatoms, and mammal and archaeological remains. For the Late Pleistocene, the scarce presence of microfossils, associated with eolian palaeoenvironments, allowed inferring arid/extremely arid climate conditions. In the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, evidence of a pedogenetic event suggests a brief lapse of climatic stability. Pollen indicates the development of a halophyte steppe, which remained in the area until the Middle Holocene. During the Early Holocene (8,173 cal. yr B.P.) the sedimentology, malacofauna and microfossils evidenced a sea level rise. This event ended with the establishment of a brackish lacustrine body towards the Middle Holocene. After that, a pulse characterized by high humidity levels, indicate the replacement of the halophyte steppe by a gramineous steppe. Following that pulse during the 6,799 cal. yr BP‑ 5,603 cal. yr BP lapse, the microfossils showed considerable variability, thus reflecting an alternation between relatively more humid and dry pulses. Evidence indicates that during the Late Holocene (~ 1,000 yr. BP) modern ecosystems began to settle in the lower basin of the Quequén Salado River. Two global climate changes, the Medieval Climate Optimum (823 cal. yr B.P.‑ 690 cal. yr B.P.) and the Little Ice Age (389 cal. yr B.P.) were inferred through pollen and faunistic remains at QS1 Archaeological Site

An engineering test of the Acoustic Data Capsule (ACODAC) was conducted in the Western Gulf of Mexico on 27 April 1979. In addition, bottom loss data were collected. These data were reduced using ARL:UT's multipath processing system. Calculated bottom loss increased with frequency and bottom grazing angle, ranging from approximately 1 dB to 6 dB. Using available geoacoustic data and a bottom loss model, theoretical bottom losses were generated. A good match between actual and theoretical values was obtained. Thus, a relatively accurate geoacoustic model of the Western Gulf of Mexico was derived.

An engineering test of the Acoustic Data Capsule (ACODAC) was conducted in the Western Gulf of Mexico on 27 April 1979. In addition, bottom loss data were collected. These data were reduced using ARL:UT's multipath processing system. Calculated bottom loss increased with frequency and bottom grazing angle, ranging from approximately 1 dB to 6 dB. Using available geoacoustic data and a bottom loss model, theoretical bottom losses were generated. A good match between actual and theoretical values was obtained. Thus, a relatively accurate geoacoustic model of the Western Gulf of Mexico was derived.

An engineering test of the Acoustic Data Capsule (ACODAC) was conducted in the Western Gulf of Mexico on 27 April 1979. In addition, bottom loss data were collected. These data were reduced using ARL:UT's multipath processing system. Calculated bottom loss increased with frequency and bottom grazing angle, ranging from approximately 1 dB to 6 dB. Using available geoacoustic data and a bottom loss model, theoretical bottom losses were generated. A good match between actual and theoretical values was obtained. Thus, a relatively accurate geoacoustic model of the Western Gulf of Mexico was derived.

An engineering test of the Acoustic Data Capsule (ACODAC) was conducted in the Western Gulf of Mexico on 27 April 1979. In addition, bottom loss data were collected. These data were reduced using ARL:UT's multipath processing system. Calculated bottom loss increased with frequency and bottom grazing angle, ranging from approximately 1 dB to 6 dB. Using available geoacoustic data and a bottom loss model, theoretical bottom losses were generated. A good match between actual and theoretical values was obtained. Thus, a relatively accurate geoacoustic model of the Western Gulf of Mexico was derived.

The primary objective of this work is to measure aspects of acoustic propagation that we do not currently understand well (backscattering, effects of bottom roughness, propagation over basalt, 3D propagation, refraction and healing behind a sea-mount), to develop physical intuition from the data and formulate a numerical and theoretical approach to model such phenomena. The objective for this year's effort has been to perform preliminary data analysis and to develop an understanding, through data-model comparisons, of where our physical intuition and understanding is lacking.

The general purpose of this report is to provide information for determining the feasibility of water planning alternatives in the Sheyenne River Basin. Two questionnaires were designed for use in this study. The first was used to obtain profiles of 54 organizations related to water and related land resource management in the lower Sheyenne River basin. Results of these profiles are included. The second questionnaire was used to obtain more detailed files are included. The second questionnaire was used to obtain more detailed information on 39 organizations also related to water and land use. Information is provided about these organization's goals and activities, their perceived water problems and proposed solutions. Laws relating to water and related land resource management are discussed. Copies of instruments, computer codes, research methodology, and related information are included in this report.

Rand has developed an analytical methodology that explains the effects of federal leasing policies on the resource recovery, extraction costs, and development times associated with oil shale surface mines. The methodology was applied to the types of deposits found in Colorado's Piceance Basin, which contains the most concentrated oil shale deposits in the world. This report explores the effects of lease size, industry development patterns, waste disposal policy, and lease boundaries on the potential of the Piceance Basin oil shale resource. The approach described here should aid in understanding the relationship between federal leasing policies and the requirements for developing Piceance Basin oil shale. The results are expected to be useful to researchers interested in policy and program issues concerning the development of the U.S. oil shale resource.

Rand has developed an analytical methodology that explains the effects of federal leasing policies on the resource recovery, extraction costs, and development times associated with oil shale surface mines. The methodology was applied to the types of deposits found in Colorado's Piceance Basin, which contains the most concentrated oil shale deposits in the world. This report explores the effects of lease size, industry development patterns, waste disposal policy, and lease boundaries on the potential of the Piceance Basin oil shale resource. The approach described here should aid in understanding the relationship between federal leasing policies and the requirements for developing Piceance Basin oil shale. The results are expected to be useful to researchers interested in policy and program issues concerning the development of the U.S. oil shale resource.

Morphometric analysis becomes important when watershed development and Management plans are taken into consideration. Morphometric analysis was carried out on kabini (kapila) river basin using topographic maps on a scale map of 1:50,000 to determine its drainage characteristics. Remote sensing and GIS tools have proved to be an efficient tool in this study in drainage delineation and calculation of some of the aerial and linear parameters. The drainage pattern of the basin is dendritic and includes a sixth order stream. The development of stream segments in the area is more or less effected by rainfall. The erosional process of the basin is the result of the sub surface lithology. The shape parameters also reveal the elongated shape of the basin. Gangadhara G | Dr. Subash. S. Sannasiddannanavr"Morphometric Analysis of Kabini River Basin in H.D.Kote Taluk, Mysore, Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5777.pdf  http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/5777/morphometric-analysis-of-kabini-river-basin-in--hdkote-taluk-mysore-karnataka-india/gangadhara-g

Morphometric analysis becomes important when watershed development and Management plans are taken into consideration. Morphometric analysis was carried out on kabini (kapila) river basin using topographic maps on a scale map of 1:50,000 to determine its drainage characteristics. Remote sensing and GIS tools have proved to be an efficient tool in this study in drainage delineation and calculation of some of the aerial and linear parameters. The drainage pattern of the basin is dendritic and includes a sixth order stream. The development of stream segments in the area is more or less effected by rainfall. The erosional process of the basin is the result of the sub surface lithology. The shape parameters also reveal the elongated shape of the basin. Gangadhara G | Dr. Subash. S. Sannasiddannanavr"Morphometric Analysis of Kabini River Basin in H.D.Kote Taluk, Mysore, Karnataka, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5777.pdf  http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/5777/morphometric-analysis-of-kabini-river-basin-in--hdkote-taluk-mysore-karnataka-india/gangadhara-g

1. Introduction Natural and anthropogenic factors in recent decades caused water crisis and the drop in groundwater levels in most regions of the country, including Khorasan Razavi province.The Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) has the ability to assess meteorological drought and its impact on groundwater drought can be evaluated through the appropriate indices, e.g. Groundwater Resource Index (GRI) and Piezometric State Index (PSI). Their capability has been proven in many studies around the world (Memarian, Balasundram, Talib, Sood, Abbaspour, 2012; Verdi Pourazad, Azarakhshi, Mosaedi, Farzadmehr, 2014; Rezvanian, Assadi, Goudarzei, 2013; Yasamani, Mohamadzadeh, Mosaedi, 2012; Imani, Talebi Esfandarani, 2011; Shakiba , Mirbagheri, Kheiri, 2010; Shahid &Hazarika, 2009, 1989-2006; Mendicino &Senatore, 2008; Khan ).The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of drought on the changes of groundwater resources by using statistical time series analysis of meteorological drought and groundwater drought indices, temporally and spatially. 2. Materials and Methods In this study for evaluating the effects of meteorological drought on groundwater table, the indices SPI and PSI during a 30-year period (1984-2014) were calculated and analyzed using the Mann-Kendall time series analysis and Pettit test.IDW (Inverse Distance Weighted) interpolation approach and Hot Spot Analysis were employed in spatial analysis of groundwater drought and its relation to meteorological drought was evaluated through the Pierson’s correlation coefficient. 3. Results and Discussion Interpolated maps of SPI index showed that during the period 1999-2000, 2000-2001, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2010-2011 and 2013-2014 watershed area mainlyisclassified into dry and very dry classes. However, the results of time series analysis of SPI in all stations except Androkh station in the period 1984-2014 shows that the gradual changes of SPI is not significant at the level of 0.05.As a result, it can be stated that the Chenaran-Mashhad watershed has not experienced a gradual change in rainfall and meteorological drought in most of stations in the last threedecades. The gradual changes of PSI time series at all observation wells were significant and decreasing except GhasemAbad, Kalat Nader, Meskaran, Noumhan and Hashem Abad observation wells.PSI index had a decreasing trend in all observation wells except in Television Boulevard.Abrupt changes of PSI in most of observation wells were significant and reducing. This time, mostlywas correspondedto the years 1997-1998 and 1998-1999.Zoning maps also show that the PSI index on the plain from 1984-1985 to 1999-2000 was situated in normal conditions, whereas from1999-2000 up to now was classified in dangerous situations and historical minimum categories. During the years 2011-2012, 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 historical minimum condition of PSI is clearly visible.Correlation analysis between the two indices SPI and PSI showed that in most cases and years there are poor relationships between groundwater drought and meteorological drought. By analyzing the moderate to high correlations between the SPI, and PSI indices, it can be established that in most cases the relationship is in the reverse form. According to the analysis of annual water flow records of the main recharging rivers, it can be revealed that the gradual change time series is not significant at the level of 0.05. Again, it confirms that there is no strong relationship between hydrological drought and groundwater drought in the study region. 4. Conclusion The groundwater level of Mashhad plain from 1985 to 2014 has been experienced more than 25 meters of drop that mostly occurred between1999 to2003. During this period, the number of drilled wells is 1054. The measurement results of the groundwater level during ten years (1996-1997 to 2006-2007) show that the drop in groundwater levels of the Mashhad-Chenaran’s aquifer is in accordance with the exploitation magnitude by wells and aquifer recharge. In fact, uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater resources can be considered as a major factor of drop in groundwater level, which caused subsidence and leading salty water into fresh water in Mashhad plain.

A watershed provides valuable characteristics related to river morphology, which includes linear, aerial and relief aspects of the drainage basin. The aim of the present study is to delineate and map the subwatershed of Peruvamba river basin and to carry out a morphometric analysis with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS). The Peruvamba river basin extends from 12o 0’ to 12 o 15’ north latitudes and 75 o 10’ to 75o 20’ east longitudes. A river originates from the Western Ghats near Pekunnu at an altitude of 356 m above MSL and has a length of 51Km. The basin has a total area of 298.15 sq.km covering 19 villages spread over 12 panchayats and 1 municipality, 3 blocks in Kannur and Kasaragod districts of Kerala State. In the present study base map, showing drainage details have been prepared from the SOI toposheets and further mathematical calculation and derived parameters were made using Micro Soft Excel Software.

A watershed provides valuable characteristics related to river morphology, which includes linear, aerial and relief aspects of the drainage basin. The aim of the present study is to delineate and map the subwatershed of Peruvamba river basin and to carry out a morphometric analysis with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS). The Peruvamba river basin extends from 12o 0’ to 12 o 15’ north latitudes and 75 o 10’ to 75o 20’ east longitudes. A river originates from the Western Ghats near Pekunnu at an altitude of 356 m above MSL and has a length of 51Km. The basin has a total area of 298.15 sq.km covering 19 villages spread over 12 panchayats and 1 municipality, 3 blocks in Kannur and Kasaragod districts of Kerala State. In the present study base map, showing drainage details have been prepared from the SOI toposheets and further mathematical calculation and derived parameters were made using Micro Soft Excel Software.

A watershed provides valuable characteristics related to river morphology, which includes linear, aerial and relief aspects of the drainage basin. The aim of the present study is to delineate and map the subwatershed of Peruvamba river basin and to carry out a morphometric analysis with the help of Geographic Information System (GIS). The Peruvamba river basin extends from 12o 0’ to 12 o 15’ north latitudes and 75 o 10’ to 75o 20’ east longitudes. A river originates from the Western Ghats near Pekunnu at an altitude of 356 m above MSL and has a length of 51Km. The basin has a total area of 298.15 sq.km covering 19 villages spread over 12 panchayats and 1 municipality, 3 blocks in Kannur and Kasaragod districts of Kerala State. In the present study base map, showing drainage details have been prepared from the SOI toposheets and further mathematical calculation and derived parameters were made using Micro Soft Excel Software.

In the article, the method for research of informativenessof test figures, which is based on a way of comparison to a standard, is considered. This method is rather effective for detection and recognition of types of water pool pollution. The solution of this task is proved by need to automate the process of space monitoring of the water pool. The analysis of the obtained results showed that application of this method allows distinguishing the pollution type with rather high probability. Application of the method of comparison to a standard gives the chance for carrying out further researches for the purpose of automation of process of recognition of types of water pool pollution.

In the article, the method for research of informativenessof test figures, which is based on a way of comparison to a standard, is considered. This method is rather effective for detection and recognition of types of water pool pollution. The solution of this task is proved by need to automate the process of space monitoring of the water pool. The analysis of the obtained results showed that application of this method allows distinguishing the pollution type with rather high probability. Application of the method of comparison to a standard gives the chance for carrying out further researches for the purpose of automation of process of recognition of types of water pool pollution.

In the article, the method for research of informativenessof test figures, which is based on a way of comparison to a standard, is considered. This method is rather effective for detection and recognition of types of water pool pollution. The solution of this task is proved by need to automate the process of space monitoring of the water pool. The analysis of the obtained results showed that application of this method allows distinguishing the pollution type with rather high probability. Application of the method of comparison to a standard gives the chance for carrying out further researches for the purpose of automation of process of recognition of types of water pool pollution.

In the article, the method for research of informativenessof test figures, which is based on a way of comparison to a standard, is considered. This method is rather effective for detection and recognition of types of water pool pollution. The solution of this task is proved by need to automate the process of space monitoring of the water pool. The analysis of the obtained results showed that application of this method allows distinguishing the pollution type with rather high probability. Application of the method of comparison to a standard gives the chance for carrying out further researches for the purpose of automation of process of recognition of types of water pool pollution.

The Helmand Basin in southern Afghanistan is a large (310,000 km 2 ), structurally controlled, endorheically drained basin with a hyperarid climate. The basin hosts a high elevation (~200 m) plateau (the Dasht-i Margo), 11 fluvial staircase terraces (T11 to T1), 7 delta systems (D1 to D7), and 6 paleolake shorelines (SL1 to SL6) within the Sistan Depression on the western side of the basin. Mapping and surveying of these features by remote sensing is integrated with geological observations to reconstruct Quaternary landscape evolution of the basin. The fluvial systems, deltas, and paleolake shorelines are correlated with one another and with the younger terraces (T7 to T1). The shape of fluvial longitudinal profiles changes depending on whether they formed pre-, syn-, or post-growth of the Koh-i Khannesin volcano on the southern margin of the Helmand River. The age of the volcano (~0.6 Ma) and correlation of the terraces with the global history of glacial-interglacial cycles constrain the age of the younger terraces to the late Pleistocene and indicates that the older terraces are middle Pleistocene (dating back to 800 ka). The Helmand Basin once hosted a large lake, called here the Sistan paleolake, which at SL6 times and before had a surface area >50,000 km 2 . Since that time the lake elevation and area have decreased, evolving to the present-day dried out Sistan Depression with small ephemeral playa lakes. Episodic formation of terraces, deltas, and paleolake shorelines is attributed to changes in base level modulated by climate change related to Milankovitch cycles.

1. Introduction A drought is a prolonged period of water deficit and usually occurs when an area does not receive significant precipitation for a sustained period of time, say several months (Chen, Kuo, & Yu, 2009; Linsely, Kohlerm, & Paulhus, 1959). The effects of drought often accumulate slowly over a considerable period of time that may linger for several years even after the termination of drought. Therefore, some authors have called it a creeping phenomenon (Wilhite, 2000). It is difficult to precisely determine the onset and end of a drought event. A drought can be short, lasting for a just a few months, or it may persist for years before climatic conditions return to normal. Drought considered as the most complex, but the least understandable phenomenon of all the natural hazards affecting more people than any other hazards (Mishra & Desai, 2005). Droughts can be classified into four categories as meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic (American Meteorological Society, 1997; Palmer, 1965; White & Walcott, 2009). The preparedness and planning for a drought depend on the information about its areal extent, severity and duration (Mishra & Singh, 2011). This information can be obtained through drought monitoring that is usually done with the use of drought indices (DIs) which provide information to decision makers about drought characteristics. Thus, these indices can be used to initiate drought action plans. Prediction of droughts is useful for early warning that may reduce the response time and consequently the impact of a drought. For many regions, especially semi-arid regions, limited knowledge is available about the diurnal and seasonal cycles of land surface interactions. Semi-arid areas pose a challenge due to large contrasts between dry and wet conditions within a temporal cycle (Schuttemeyer, 2005). Meteorological drought is generally an indicator of other drought types with below normal precipitation, and usually occurs first before other drought types do. The seasonality and climatological conditions vary by location. Drought severity may differ from site to site under different climatic conditions, hence, as many as applications of DIs and their comparisons are beneficial for specific regions in the world. The objective of this study is to develop an aggregate drought index (ADI) based on principal component analysis (PCA) to assess the severity of Hydro-Meteorological drought in the southeast of Iran. Therefore, Stream flow drought index (SDI) and effective drought index (EDI) is determined for several different monthly time steps. The ADI is calculated after a principal component analysis to determine aggregated index value. 2. Study Area Southeast area of Iran is confined to Sistan and Baluchestan province and located southeast of the intersection of between 29ºN and 57ºE. In this area, precipitation mostly falls in winter and summer seasons. Summer rainfall related to the monsoon mass effect, which comes from Indian Ocean. Climate is arid and semi-arid. Bahouklat is the most important river in area. The origin of this river is the Pir Abad Mountains in the southeastern of Iranshahr city and the passing of Sarbaz, Bahoukalat, Pishin and Dashtyari regions eventually lead to Govare Bay. This river has various names in different regions and called Sarbaz River from Sarbaz to Rask and passes of Pishin dam. Discharge of this river (Sarbaz) is very important in this area. 3. Material and Methods Hydrological and meteorological drought values are necessary for ADI computation over a long period. Therefore, streamflow drought (SDI) and effective drought (EDI) Indicators were used to estimate the hydrological and meteorological droughts. The input variables include the daily values of stream flow of Sarbaz River in the Pirdan hydrometric station and rainfall during the 21 March 1985 to 20 March 2011 common period. Variables were arranged according to water year (also water year, flow year or discharge year), which begins in October in Iran. Daily timestep of SDI and EDI were estimated respectively according to Nalbantis (2008) and Byun and Wilhite (1999) and then ADI were calculated based on principal component analysis according to Keyantash and Dracup (2004). 4. Results and Discussion Drought is a very common phenomenon in Iran and particularly in the south east and it has become a recurrent phenomenon in this area in the last few decades .The hydro-meteorological drought index was applied for the identification of drought severity in south east of Iran and drought occurrences were monitored during the experimental years of 1985/86 to 2010/11. Results based on the aggregate drought index (ADI) revealed that a long period of hydro-meteorological drought occurred from 1994/95 to 1998/99. Also, a prolonged wet period has started immediately after the end of drought and has continued to June 2005. In addition, according to drought severity, 1997/98 and 2003/04 water years respectively are extreme drought and extreme wet years. Finally, we have compared the performance of EDI (Meteorological drought index) and SDI (Hydrological drought index) with aggregate drought index. Based on this comparison, aggregate drought index (ADI) could be better highlighting the drought conditions and its characteristics. 5. Conclusion Aggregate drought index (ADI) is methodology presented for replacing the uni-dimensional analysis of drought phenomena which can assist authorities and stakeholders to take rational decisions for combating droughts. Using this approach, a more effective way for assessing the severity of drought is obtained. On the other hand, ADI shows capability to detect dry and wet years. Moreover, it has capability to detect historical drought. Overall, by considering the results, the ADI is more reliable than EDI and SDI for drought monitoring in the study area. In this study, ADI time series were compared against the EDI and SDI to describe an important and long drought event in south east of Iran, the 2003-2004 event from a hydro-meteorological perspective. The ADI methodology provides a clear, objective approach for describing the intensity of drought and can be readily adapted to characterize drought on each area.

This research aims to analyze the hydrometric morphometric characteristics of the Wadi Shaal Basin and its secondary basins. We conclude that all the secondary basins are still in the stage of maturity. The longitudinal section of the Wadi Shaal Basin stream appears in the form of steep gradients near the source and gradually decreases as we head towards the downstream. It is straight in its streams. This indicates Partial equanimity, and a very severe erosion rate was found according to the Strahler classification, as the number of basins that recorded very severe erosion were (100.2, 97.29, 91.52, 86.14) water basins, which are (11, 13, 19, 8) respectively, and the reason is due to the occurrence of the high area Adjacent to the northern Qara Jouk latitude and the slope of its valleys from the areas of water division from high ranges, as the values of this coefficient increase as the difference between the highest level and the lowest level within the drainage basin increases, which increases the slope rate leading to the activity of water erosion processes and the formation of multiple landforms.

This summary report is volume 1 in a six-volume set of technical reports that summarize the results of the task 17 investigations. Volume 2: Final selection of incineration technology for Basin F Wastes at Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Volume 3: Final analysis of pilot plant alternatives for the incineration of Basin F Wastes at Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Volume 4: Final bench-scale laboratory incineration of Basin F Wastes at Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Volume 5: Final bench-scale laboratory incineration of section 26 wastes at Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Volume 6: Final full-scale incineration system conceptual design for Basin F Wastes at Rocky Mountain Arsenal. All the volumes are dated September 1988. (AN)

Our long-term research goals are to understand the physics of the high-latitude ocean mechanistically and quantitatively with respect to both its structure and circulation. We also seek to understand the links between physical mechanisms, including those affecting the ice cover, and the biology and chemistry of the high-latitude marine environment. The variability of the marine environment is a special focus and concern.

The US Army Corps of Engineers, New York District, Passaic River Division (PRD) has been working on plans to reduce flooding in the Passaic River Basin since 1939, but none of those plans was authorized. Congress then authorized the Corps to conduct a new study of the basin for the state of New Jersey in the Water Resources Development Act of 1976. The Corps evaluated more than 150 plans, presented an array of plans to the state of New Jersey, and the state selected a dual-inlet water diversion tunnel system as the centerpiece of its comprehensive flood protection program for the basin. In November 1990, Congress authorized construction of the $1.2 billion Passaic River Flood Protection in the Water Resources Development Act of 1990; the project cost to the state is $310 million. The major elements of the project are two underground tunnels, a 20.1-mile-long main tunnel about 40 ft in diameter and a 1.2-mile spur tunnel about 22 ft in diameter that convey central basin flood waters to an outlet in the vicinity of Kearny Point in Newark Bay. The proposed diversion tunnel and surface works are generally designed to protect against the 100-year flood event, during which it is anticipated that a flood volume equal to that of Newark Bay will be discharged over a two-day period. Entrance channels, Prototype data, Storm surge, Flood drainage tunnel, Rain flow, Tides, Numerical simulation, Statistics, Water surface.

The article presents an experimental comparison of safety at work in hard coal mines located in Upper Silesia Coal Basin. The aim was to show the best practices and activities in Poland and Czech Republic which could be successfully implemented in other mines in order to improve safety of their workers. / W artykule przedstawiono próbę porównania bezpieczeństwa pracy w wybranych przykładowo kopalniach zlokalizowanych na terenie Górnośląskiego Zagłębia Węglowego w Polsce i Republice Czeskiej oraz wskazano te dobre praktyki/działania, które z powodzeniem można wdrożyć w innych zakładach górniczych co umożliwi wzrost bezpieczeństwa pracy górników.

The northernmost outcrops of the Triassic extensional Cuyo basin in western Argentina reveal a basal coarse conglomerate overlain by a thinning-fining upward siliciclastic red-bedded section with subordinated tuffs and microbial-rich carbonates (Cerro Puntudo Formation), unconformably covered by a second coarse conglomerate (El Relincho Formation), which were previously interpreted as two rifting events. An integrated analysis of facies associations, stacking patterns, paleocurrent and provenance was carried out in order to reveal the rift sedimentation using a source-to-sink approach. Besides the traditional controls in continental basins (e.g., sedimentation, tectonics and climate), this study considers possible drainage pattern evolution in order to differentiate isolated versus integrated depocenter stages. U-Pb zircon data corroborate our analysis and reveal a volcanic basement source of 256.8 ± 3.5 Ma (Permian/Lopingian) and a sedimentation age of 249.8 ± 2.5 Ma (Early Triassic) for a tuff interbedded within the Cerro Puntudo Formation, complementing previous age of 243.8 ± 1.9 Ma (Middle Triassic) at the top of this unit. Stratigraphic stacking allows the interpretation of three evolutionary stages. A first stage, represented by thick massive boulder-volcanic-rich conglomerates characterizing alluvial fan deposition, indicates strong tectonic activity of border faults (first rifting event). These features suggest high surface gradient and high available space controlling accommodation and dispersal of gravity and debris-flow deposits. Paleocurrents to the east reveal largely north-south normal faults located to the west and sediment supply from a proximal volcanic source area. A second stage, represented by a notable fining-thinning upward facies, including fluvial and palustrine (stromatolites with pedogenetic features) deposits, indicates a transition to tectonic quiescence. These facies associations developed in a context of low sedimentation rate, limited tectonic relief and low accommodation space. A third stage is represented by greenish well-rounded coarse-grained polymictic conglomerates of El Relincho Formation that unconformably truncate the Cerro Puntudo Formation. These conglomerates are interpreted as perennial braided fluvial systems (with paleocurrents to the northwest) indicating drainage reorganization primarily influenced by climate change and combined tectonic reactivation, previously considered the second rifting event. Climate change affected sediment delivery and allowed regionally connectivity and overfilling of the depocenters. In this last stage, northwest axial transport from variable sources within the Precordillera (to the southeast) is inferred from provenance analysis indicating open linked-depocenters. This study suggests a new stratigraphic correlation for the northern part of the Cuyo basin, implying that during the first rifting event a semi-arid climate prevailed with development of isolated and independent depocenters (first and second stages), whereas above the unconformity initiating the second rifting event (third stage) depocenters were interconnected. In the light of our source-to-sink analysis, such paleogeographic change allowed overfilling and laterally linkage of separate half-grabens along the Cuyo basin. Whereas tectonic reactivation may better explain renewed conglomerate deposition, climate change toward more humid conditions allowed previously separated depocenters to be connected through axial drainages.

Introduction In all air maps, without exception, belts or wind straps are seen at high speeds that extend over very long distances. According to the World Meteorological Organization, if the velocities of these velocities are more than 30 meters per second, the flow of the Jet stream is created (Alijani & Kaviani, 2000). However, jet stream is referred to the extreme horizontal winds at speeds exceeding 50 knots or about 26 m/s above the planet's winds. Since the geographical distribution of rainfall intensity on a planetary scale, in addition to system pressure patterns, seating tropical convergence belt, ocean currents affect the make-up jet stream, position and expand them as well. In this paper, an attempt has been made to identify a process of effective factors in the occurrence of storms in order to optimize the use of these rainfall in the study area. In other words, the purpose of this article is to determine the position and frequency of the storms and their average velocity during the storm events of Armand basin. Materials and Methods Essentially, in every ongoing study, there is a need for two databases; one for the environmental event database (surface), and another for the atmospheric database that identifies how atmospheric flows are. First, the daily precipitation data of the synoptic stations of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province from 1973 to 2004 were selected and prepared as environmental event database. The second group of variables consisted of wind and orbital component data that was used to plot the basins at 250 and 300 hpa. The first and second groups of variables were obtained from the Iranian Meteorological Organization and website www.cdc.noaa.gov. Results and Discussion 3.1. The Role of Jet Stream Instability The core of the jet stream in the context of long and short wave move.  the entrance area on the left and the exit area on the right. In fact, based on the circle model, the core of the velocity is drawn into four sections: the right and left inputs of the divergence and the left and right inputs are convergent. Frequency and average velocity analysis of the Jet Stream at 300 hectares The large Jet Stream drawings at 300 hectares indicate that in the hours of 00:00 the highest frequency of inflows is observed on Saudi Arabia. There are two abundant small rivers, one on Uzbekistan and another on the north of the Caspian Sea and on Kazakhstan. Frequency analysis and average velocity flow of 250 hPa Frequency analysis of jet stream at the level of 250 hpa shows that in the hours of 00:00, the highest frequency of river flows extends from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, and south and west of the country. The analysis of average speed of the storms in the synoptic hours in this alignment shows that the average speeds of the storms are more than 40 m/s. The maximum velocity in the territory under question is at 6:00 pm, with its central core at 55 m/s on the Persian Gulf, Saudi Arabia and the southwest of the country, which also includes the study area. The mean velocity map for the above hour, which corresponds to the maximum occurrence of coincidences and coincidence with their maximum velocity occurrences in the study area, indicates that the fourth quarter (which is associated with positive precipitation increase as well as upper surface divergence and convergence of low atmospheric levels) is located on the study area. This can lead to high-level air mass expansion or upward movement. This seems to provide the necessary basis for the occurrence of instability at the time of flood and basin storms in the area under discussion. Conclusion The abundance analysis of the riverbeds at the 250-hp level revealed that over the hours of 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00, the abundance of the riverbeds has spread over Saudi Arabia to the Persian Gulf, the center and west of the country In other words, in this area more than 50% of the formation and establishment of the jet stream.. During the four hours of the occurrence of synoptic atmospheric jet streams this level only based on the maximum frequency of the jet stream jet stream At 06:00, the range expanded under the influence of jet streams and jet streams while a wide range of western and southern half of Iran are obvious especially in the southwestern and southern parts of Iran. The most frequent occurrence of the river is the same hour, with the western zone of the country which is more than 60% consistent. The study of riverbed frequencies at 300 hPa level also indicated that the inflow of the Jet Stream in the four-hour significantly reduced compared to the higher levels.

The photochemistry of the troposphere over the South Atlantic basin is examined by modeling of aircraft observations up to 12-km altitude taken during the TRACE A expedition in September-October 1992. A close balance is found in the 0 to 12-km column between photochemical production and loss Of O3, with net production at high altitudes compensating for weak net loss at low altitudes. This balance implies that O3 concentrations in the 0-12 km column can be explained solely by in situ photochemistry; influx from the stratosphere is negligible. Simulation of H2O2, CH3OOH, and CH2O concentrations measured aboard the aircraft lends confidence in the computations of O3 production and loss rates, although there appears to be a major gap in current understanding of CH2O chemistry in the marine boundary layer. The primary sources of NO(x) over the South Atlantic Basin appear to be continental (biomass burning, lightning, soils). There is evidence that NO(x) throughout the 0 to 12-km column is recycled from its oxidation products rather than directly transported from its primary sources. There is also evidence for rapid conversion of HNO3 to NO(x) in the upper troposphere by a mechanism not included in current models. A general representation of the O3 budget in the tropical troposphere is proposed that couples the large scale Walker circulation and in situ photochemistry. Deep convection in the rising branches of the Walker circulation injects NO(x) from combustion, soils, and lightning to the upper troposphere, leading to O3 production; eventually, the air subsides and net O3 loss takes place in the lower troposphere, closing the O3 cycle. This scheme implies a great sensitivity of the oxidizing power of the atmosphere to NO(x) emissions in the tropics.

The photochemistry of the troposphere over the South Atlantic basin is examined by modeling of aircraft observations up to 12-km altitude taken during the TRACE A expedition in September-October 1992. A close balance is found in the 0 to 12-km column between photochemical production and loss Of O3, with net production at high altitudes compensating for weak net loss at low altitudes. This balance implies that O3 concentrations in the 0-12 km column can be explained solely by in situ photochemistry; influx from the stratosphere is negligible. Simulation of H2O2, CH3OOH, and CH2O concentrations measured aboard the aircraft lends confidence in the computations of O3 production and loss rates, although there appears to be a major gap in current understanding of CH2O chemistry in the marine boundary layer. The primary sources of NO(x) over the South Atlantic Basin appear to be continental (biomass burning, lightning, soils). There is evidence that NO(x) throughout the 0 to 12-km column is recycled from its oxidation products rather than directly transported from its primary sources. There is also evidence for rapid conversion of HNO3 to NO(x) in the upper troposphere by a mechanism not included in current models. A general representation of the O3 budget in the tropical troposphere is proposed that couples the large scale Walker circulation and in situ photochemistry. Deep convection in the rising branches of the Walker circulation injects NO(x) from combustion, soils, and lightning to the upper troposphere, leading to O3 production; eventually, the air subsides and net O3 loss takes place in the lower troposphere, closing the O3 cycle. This scheme implies a great sensitivity of the oxidizing power of the atmosphere to NO(x) emissions in the tropics.

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the successive Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products and further to explore the improvements and error propagation of the latest 3B42V7 algorithm relative to its predecessor 3B42V6 using the Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) hydrologic model in the mountainous Wangchu Basin of Bhutan. First, the comparison to a decade-long (2001-2010) daily rain gauge dataset reveals that: 1) 3B42V7 generally improves upon 3B42V6s underestimation both for the whole basin (bias from -41.15 to -8.38) and for a 0.250.25 grid cell with high-density gauges (bias from -40.25 to 0.04), though with modest enhancement of correlation coefficients (CC) (from 0.36 to 0.40 for basin-wide and from 0.37 to 0.41 for grid); and 2) 3B42V7 also improves its occurrence frequency across the rain intensity spectrum. Using the CREST model that has been calibrated with rain gauge inputs, the 3B42V6-based simulation shows limited hydrologic prediction NSCE skill (0.23 in daily scale and 0.25 in monthly scale) while 3B42V7 performs fairly well (0.66 in daily scale and 0.77 in monthly scale), a comparable skill score with the gauge rainfall simulations. After recalibrating the model with the respective TMPA data, significant improvements are observed for 3B42V6 across all categories, but not as much enhancement for the already well-performing 3B42V7 except for a reduction in bias (from -26.98 to -4.81). In summary, the latest 3B42V7 algorithm reveals a significant upgrade from 3B42V6 both in precipitation accuracy (i.e., correcting the underestimation) thus improving its potential hydrological utility. Forcing the model with 3B42V7 rainfall yields comparable skill scores with in-situ gauges even without recalibration of the hydrological model by the satellite precipitation, a compensating approach often used but not favored by the hydrology community, particularly in ungauged basins.

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the successive Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products and further to explore the improvements and error propagation of the latest 3B42V7 algorithm relative to its predecessor 3B42V6 using the Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) hydrologic model in the mountainous Wangchu Basin of Bhutan. First, the comparison to a decade-long (2001-2010) daily rain gauge dataset reveals that: 1) 3B42V7 generally improves upon 3B42V6s underestimation both for the whole basin (bias from -41.15 to -8.38) and for a 0.250.25 grid cell with high-density gauges (bias from -40.25 to 0.04), though with modest enhancement of correlation coefficients (CC) (from 0.36 to 0.40 for basin-wide and from 0.37 to 0.41 for grid); and 2) 3B42V7 also improves its occurrence frequency across the rain intensity spectrum. Using the CREST model that has been calibrated with rain gauge inputs, the 3B42V6-based simulation shows limited hydrologic prediction NSCE skill (0.23 in daily scale and 0.25 in monthly scale) while 3B42V7 performs fairly well (0.66 in daily scale and 0.77 in monthly scale), a comparable skill score with the gauge rainfall simulations. After recalibrating the model with the respective TMPA data, significant improvements are observed for 3B42V6 across all categories, but not as much enhancement for the already well-performing 3B42V7 except for a reduction in bias (from -26.98 to -4.81). In summary, the latest 3B42V7 algorithm reveals a significant upgrade from 3B42V6 both in precipitation accuracy (i.e., correcting the underestimation) thus improving its potential hydrological utility. Forcing the model with 3B42V7 rainfall yields comparable skill scores with in-situ gauges even without recalibration of the hydrological model by the satellite precipitation, a compensating approach often used but not favored by the hydrology community, particularly in ungauged basins.

The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the successive Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) products and further to explore the improvements and error propagation of the latest 3B42V7 algorithm relative to its predecessor 3B42V6 using the Coupled Routing and Excess Storage (CREST) hydrologic model in the mountainous Wangchu Basin of Bhutan. First, the comparison to a decade-long (2001-2010) daily rain gauge dataset reveals that: 1) 3B42V7 generally improves upon 3B42V6s underestimation both for the whole basin (bias from -41.15 to -8.38) and for a 0.250.25 grid cell with high-density gauges (bias from -40.25 to 0.04), though with modest enhancement of correlation coefficients (CC) (from 0.36 to 0.40 for basin-wide and from 0.37 to 0.41 for grid); and 2) 3B42V7 also improves its occurrence frequency across the rain intensity spectrum. Using the CREST model that has been calibrated with rain gauge inputs, the 3B42V6-based simulation shows limited hydrologic prediction NSCE skill (0.23 in daily scale and 0.25 in monthly scale) while 3B42V7 performs fairly well (0.66 in daily scale and 0.77 in monthly scale), a comparable skill score with the gauge rainfall simulations. After recalibrating the model with the respective TMPA data, significant improvements are observed for 3B42V6 across all categories, but not as much enhancement for the already well-performing 3B42V7 except for a reduction in bias (from -26.98 to -4.81). In summary, the latest 3B42V7 algorithm reveals a significant upgrade from 3B42V6 both in precipitation accuracy (i.e., correcting the underestimation) thus improving its potential hydrological utility. Forcing the model with 3B42V7 rainfall yields comparable skill scores with in-situ gauges even without recalibration of the hydrological model by the satellite precipitation, a compensating approach often used but not favored by the hydrology community, particularly in ungauged basins.

Rice is the principal cereal as well as cash crop of India, and India is also the land of rice variety. Thousands of indigenous or traditional & high yielding varieties are remain in agricultural practice. These are diverse to their yields, phsio-morphological characters as well as stress tolerance property. Now a days heavy metal ( Cd,Pb etc. ) stress is a burning problem to both agricultural & non-agricultural plants. Out of different morpho metric & physiological effects, Chlorosis (i.e. Iack of synthesis or accumulation of adequate amount of chlorophyll ) is one of the visible symptom of heavy metal stress. IR-36 a very popular and high yielding rice variety developed by IRRI & ‘Laghu’ a traditional but low yielding & low nutritional requirement rice variety (most appropriately land race) of West Bengal are artificially treated with heavy metal cadmium (Cd). Then chlorophyll was extracted from this salt treated as well as controlled rice plant and analysed chlorophyll content by using Arnon (1949) method. Result Indicate Laghu is more heavy metal stress tolerant than highy yiealding variety IR 36 in this regard (i.e. Chlorophyll Content).

Multispectral analysis of ERTS-A images at scales of 1:1,000,000 and 1:500,000 has been conducted with conventional photointerpretation methods. Specific methods have been developed for the geomorphological analysis of southern Maracaibo Lake Basin which comprises part of the Venezuelan Andean Range, Perija Range, the Tachira gap and the Southern part of the Maracaibo Lake depression. A steplike analysis was conducted to separate macroforms, landscapes and relief units as well as drainage patterns and tectonic features, which permitted the delineation of tectonic provinces, stratigraphic units, geomorphologic units and geomorphologic positions. The geomorphologic synthesis obtained compares favorably with conventional analysis made on this area for accuracy of 1:100,000 scale, and in some features with details obtained through conventional analysis for accuracy of 1:15,000 and field work. Geomorphological units in the mountains were identified according to changes in tone, texture, forms orientation of interfluves and tectonic characteristics which control interfluvial disimetrics.

In October 1974, a Landsat Data Collection Platform was installed near the prospective Devil Canyon damsite on the Susitna River, south central Alaska. The development of sensor interfaces and characteristics of transmitted data for air and ground surface temperature, windspeed and wind run, water equivalent snow accumulation, and battery voltage are discussed. Temperature data are analyzed statistically and compared with data from surrounding National Weather Service stations. Although some difficulties were encountered in operation during the winter of 1974-75, it was demonstrated that the Landsat data collection system could provide useful environmental data from a remote, subarctic location in the winter on a near-real-time basis. (Author)

Introduction Land-use changes and development of irrigated agricultural lands are very important factors that affect natural resources such as the quantity and quality of water resources and the environment. Land use change is attributed to two major processes. The first process is the change in land cover, which is related to the expansion or limitation of the area of land used (such as pasture, agricultural or urban land). The second process is a change in land cover management type (for example, changes in irrigation, fertilizer use, crop type, harvesting methods or surface impermeability). Recently the Urmia lake has been accompanied by a reduction in water resources and the continuation of this process can completely cause to dry Urmia Lake. One of the approvals of the Iranian government after the formation of the National Working Group for the Lake Urmia restoration program was to prevent the development of agricultural lands in this watershed since 2014. Unfortunately, no serious and effective action has been taken in this case yet, and this process has progressed to cause conflicts in this region. Game theory is one of the most important methods used in modeling and analyzing water and environmental resources conflicts. Materials and Methods In the present study, using GMCR + software, the water resources conflicts arising from agricultural land development has been analyzed. In this conflict, by accurately identifying the set of decision-makers and their strategies in the conflict process (Regional Water Company, Agriculture Organization, Justice, and Profiteering Farmers), the model was executed with 4 players, 6 options, and 64 states. Players' performance was assessed once as ideal behavior (importance to the environment, sustainable development, and preference of long-term over short-term interests) and then as the use of completing a questionnaire. Then 4 states in the ideal behavior as equilibrium states and 7 states in the condition of using the questionnaire results were extracted as equilibrium states. The conflict was also examined in the coalition state of 3 government organizations (Regional Water Company, Agriculture Organization, and Justice Organization). Finally, the most probable states of equilibrium in the game results were identified. Results and Discussion In the discussion concerning equilibrium points, it is crucial to consider that for resolving the dispute and the proposed solution, we need to examine not only the stability of these points but also the state's priority from the perspective of stakeholders. Based on the discussions and the output results of the conflict model using the GMCR+ model, the optimal response and conflict resolution can be found in scenario 12. This scenario holds a high priority for three key players: the Agricultural Organization, the Regional Water Company, and the Justice Department. However, it doesn't share the same level of priority with the Profiteering Farmers. The reason for this divergence lies in the preference for personal gain and profit pursuit over the broader interests of the entire catchment area. Conclusion In recent years, despite the imposed restrictions, the Urmia Lake Basin has witnessed a notable increase in the cultivation of water-intensive crops. This shift has transformed arid lands into irrigated ones and altered agricultural areas into residential zones. According to the principles of the tax evasion game, when land development carries no moral or financial consequences for profit-driven farmers, and they are aware that regulatory institutions will not commit excessive resources to prevent and effectively combat the expansion of illegal farmlands, Profiteering Farmers will consistently engage in unauthorized development under any conflict scenario. In light of the revenue potential of this situation and the opportunity to enhance one's social standing, Profiteering Farmers will persist in unauthorized development regardless of the prevailing conflict circumstances. The findings underscore the critical role of the Regional Water Company and the Agricultural Organization. These entities must proactively employ their legal capacities to impede and deter the expansion of agricultural lands. Additionally, the Justice Organization assumes primary responsibility as a crime prevention factor, while its secondary role as a judicial enforcer within this conflict situation appears fitting. Therefore, all situations are stable for Profiteering Farmers. It seems that creating a platform and conditions in which Profiteering Farmers do not develop agricultural land themselves or do not develop land due to the protection of government institutions, can be very thoughtful and effective.

During the Windy Islands Soliton Experiment, two deep water moorings were deployed 167 km a part in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) basin to study the effects of nonlinear internal waves on 400-Hz acoustic signal propagation. The acoustic arrival structure for this path shows five significant arrivals, exhibiting multi-scale variability in travel time and intensity. Time series of moored temperature data, travel time of the first and a late arrival, as well as measured sound intensity were constructed. By analyzing the power spectral density of those time series, six internal tidal constituents were identified, with strong diurnal and semidiurnal energy. The variances in the temperature and travel time were dominated by the internal tides, while the largest variance in signal intensity was in the high-frequency internal-wave band. Coherence analysis of the temperature and travel times indicated that the travel time variance in the tidal band was more related to the temperature fluctuation in the west of the SCS basin. The observed standard deviations of signal intensity level were plotted against the number of independent arrivals, showing that the relation converges to a modified statistical theory of phase-random multipaths.

Mesoscale models are important, useful tools for analyzing and forecasting snail-scale atmospheric phenomena. Ideally, finer grid-point resolution should make a model more likely to capture realistic small-scale structure. Because these models work to resolve phenomena that exist on very fine spatial- and time-scales, they are subject to high variability. Accurate initialization of mesoscale models is crucial to skillful short-term forecasting. This study exercises four different initialization and model physics experiments of four nested MM5 forecast domains and examines their respective short-term (f03, f06, f09, f12) forecasts. The exceptionally rich meteorological data set taken from the Southern Coast Ozone Study of 1997 (SCOS97) provides the basis for our model verification. We show that 3km and 9k resolutions produce better forecasts than the 27km resolution model, however, differences between the 3km and 9km resolution forecasts are essentially insignificant. We also show that different model initializations and physics schemes have an insignificant impact on improving the absolute accuracy of the numerical forecasts produced by a non-hydrostatic mesoscale model

Integrating stable isotopes and factor analysis to delineate the groundwater provenance and pollution sources in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan 作者： Mutawakil OBEIDAT 作者单位： 1. Basic Sciences and Humanities Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Water Diplomacy Centre, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan 提交时间： 2023-12-20 17:28:29 摘要: Globally, groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the most widespread environmental problems, particularly in arid and semiarid areas, which are characterized by low amounts of rainfall and groundwater recharge. The stable isotope composition of groundwater (δ2H-H2O and δ18O-H2O) and dissolved nitrate (δ15N-NO3– and δ18O-NO3–) and factor analysis (FA) were applied to explore groundwater provenance, pollution, and chemistry evolution in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan. In this study, we collected 23 samples from the Lower Ajloun aquifer in 2021, including 1 sample from a groundwater well and 22 samples from springs. These samples were tested for electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, the concentration of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, and NO3–), and the stable isotope composition of groundwater and dissolved nitrate. The results revealed that groundwater in the study area is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 type and can be classified as fresh water, hard water, and very hard water. The range and average concentration of NO3– were 3.5–230.8 and 50.9 mg/L, respectively. Approximately 33% of the sampling points showed NO3– levels above the maximum allowable concentration of 50.0 mg/L set by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The values of δ18O-H2O and δ2H-H2O showed that groundwater in the study area is part of the current water cycle, originating in the Mediterranean Sea, with significant evaporation, orographic, and amount effects. The values of the stable isotope composition of NO3– corresponded to δ15N-NO3– and δ18O-NO3– values produced by the nitrification process of manure or septic waste and soil NH4+. The FA performed on the hydrochemical parameters and isotope data resulted in three main factors, with Factor 1, Factor 2, and Factor 3, accounting for 50%, 21%, and 11% of the total variance, respectively. Factor 1 was considered human-induced factor, named "pollution factor", whereas Factor 2, named "conservative fingerprint factor", and Factor 3, named "hardness factor", were considered natural factors. This study will help local researchers manage groundwater sustainably in the study area and other similar arid and semiarid areas in the world. stable isotope composition δ15N-NO3– δ18O-NO3– groundwater quality pollution sources Jordan 期刊： Journal of Arid Land 分类： 环境科学技术及资源科学技术 >> 环境科学技术基础学科 投稿状态： 已在期刊出版 引用： ChinaXiv:202312.00236 (或此版本 ChinaXiv:202312.00236V1 ) DOI:10.1007/s40333-023-0112-6 CSTR:32003.36.ChinaXiv.202312.00236.V1 推荐引用方式： Mutawakil OBEIDAT.(2023).Integrating stable isotopes and factor analysis to delineate the groundwater provenance and pollution sources in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan.干旱区科学.doi:10.1007/s40333-023-0112-6 版本历史 [V1] 2023-12-20 17:28:29 ChinaXiv:202312.00236V1 下载全文

The author has identified the following significant results. A classification of a portion of frame E-1016-16050 CCT was completed using the LARSYS software. The categories: row crops (corn or soybeans), forest and woodland areas, diverted acres of pastureland or nonproductive grassland areas, water (rivers), clouds, and cloud shadows, were represented by one or more spectral classes. The results of this classification are significant in that they show potential for accurate identification and delineation of forested and agricultural areas using automatic data handling techniques.

There are no author-identified significant results in this report.

This article is from Comparative Cytogenetics , volume 6 . Abstract AbstractThoracocharax stellatus (Characiformes, Gasteropelecidae) is a small Neotropical species of fish, widely distributed in several rivers of South America. Evidence for karyotype heteromorphysm in populations from different geographical regions has been reported for this species. In this way, populations of Thoracocharax stellatus from the Paraguay River basin were cytogenetically characterized and the results were compared with other studies performed in the same species but from different basins. The results showed a diploid number of 2n = 54 for Thoracocharax stellatus, with chromosomes arranged in 6 metacentric (m), 6 submetacentric (sm), 2 subtelocentric (st) and 40 acrocentric (a), for both sexes, with a simple Nucleolus Organiser Region (NOR) system reported by the techniques of silver nitrate impregnation and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using 18S rDNA sequences as probe. The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin, observed by the C-band technique and Chromomycin A3 staining showed great similarity among the analyzed populations and consists mainly of discrete blocks in the pericentromeric and telomeric regions of most chromosomes. The presence of female heterogamety was also observed indicating a ZZ/ZW system with W chromosome almost totally heterochromatic. The results also show cytogenetic diversity of the group and are useful to understand the mechanisms of karyotype evolution of the family.

James Allen’s most famous work, As A Man Thinketh, has gained almost cult status among those studying spiritual mysticism. He wrote all of his works without copyright for the benefit of man, and this work, The Heavenly Life, one of his more obscure writings, contains the wisdom of the meaning of spiritual oneness with God.

2As a Man Thinketh

By James Allen

Allen's books illustrate the use of the power of thought to increase personal capabilities. Although he never achieved great fame or wealth, his works continue to influence people around the world, including the New Thought movement.<br><br> Allen's most famous book, As a Man Thinketh, was published in 1902. It is now considered a classic self-help book. Its underlying premise is that noble thoughts make a noble person, while lowly thoughts make a miserable person. (Summary by Wikipedia)

3Way of Peace

By James Allen

The Way of Peace is your guide to the power of meditation; self and truth; the acquirement of spiritual power; the realization of selfless love; entering into the infinite; saints, sages, and saviors; the law of service; and the realization of perfect peace. (Summary by Andrea Fiore)

The turmoil of the world we cannot avoid, but the disturbances of mind we can overcome. The duties and difficulties of life claim our attention, but we can rise above all anxiety concerning them. Surrounded by noise, we can yet have a quiet mind; involved in responsibilities, the heart can be at rest; in the midst of strife, we can know the abiding peace. The twenty pieces which comprise this book, unrelated as some of them are in the letter, will be found to be harmonious in the spirit, in that they point the reader towards those heights of self-knowledge and self-conquest which, rising above the turbulence of the world, lift their peaks where the Heavenly Silence reigns. (Summary from the book)

Summary from <em>The Path of Prosperity</em>: I looked around upon the world, and saw that it was shadowed by sorrow and scorched by the fierce fires of suffering. And I looked for the cause. I looked around, but could not find it; I looked in books, but could not find it; I looked within, and found there both the cause and the self-made nature of that cause. I looked again, and deeper, and found the remedy.<br /><br /> I found one Law, the Law of Love; one Life, the Life of adjustment to that Law; one Truth, the truth of a conquered mind and a quiet and obedient heart. And I dreamed of writing a book which should help men and women, whether rich or poor, learned or unlearned, worldly or unworldly, to find within themselves the source of all success, all happiness, all accomplishment, all truth. And the dream remained with me, and at last became substantial; and now I send it forth into the world on its mission of healing and blessedness, knowing that it cannot fail to reach the homes and hearts of those who are waiting and ready to receive it.

James Allen's inspirational and thought-provoking books have inspired millions. In <i>The Mastery of Destiny</i>, he instructs readers on developing self-control, willpower, concentration, and motivation. Through discipline and mindfulness, we can create a life of unending happiness, prosperity, and, most importantly, self-mastery. (Summary by Andrea Fiore)

7Woman Who Did

By Grant Allen

Most times, especially in the time when this book was written (1895), it is just as nature and society would wish: a man and woman "fall in love" and get married. But it is not so for Herminia Barton and Alan Merrick. They do indeed fall in love, but Herminia has a deeply held belief in freedom for women, and she holds immutable views against what she perceives as the slavery of marriage. <br /><br />Alan unwillingly agrees to her strong wish to remain unmarried and to live together as "close and dear friends". When the birth of their child is imminent, they go to his beloved Italy to avoid the condemnation of English society.<br /><br /> From this point on, many questions are raised: is marriage indeed so important? Is strong will always good? Is it right to go against society? And if it is, when should we stop and consider the effects on other people? What should a child do when she is raised to be what her mother dreams and develops her own dreams in the process? And, finally, how much should parents sacrifice for their children? (Summary by Stav Nisser and Ruth Golding)

Fun stories of Miss Lois Cayley, independent young woman, as she, beginning with only twopence in her pocket, travels the world. (Summary by kristin)<BR> Miss Lois Cayley, a smart, strong and independent woman, is traveling around the world. However, her beloved is in trouble. He is accused of a crime which he didn't commit. But who did? And would she be able to save him from 14 years in prison? And would an independent woman let herself, finally, fall in love and live quietly? (Summary by Stav Nisser).

(under the pseudonym Olive Pratt Rayner)<br /><br /> "There is no more pathetic figure in our world to-day than the common figure of the poor young lady, crushed between classes above and below, and left with scarce a chance of earning her bread with decency." So says Juliet Appleton’s boss, encouraging her to put her story into print. How will this college-educated 23-year-old survive the Darwinian Battle of Life in late Victorian England? She’s fundless in London but armed, by way of adaptive structures, with those two high-tech devices of the day: a bicycle for mobility and a typewriter for utility. (Summary by Grant Hurlock)

10British Barbarians

By Grant Allen

After Civil Servant Philip Christy crosses paths with the mysterious Bertram Ingledew in the respectable suburb of Brackenhurst, Philip and his sister Frida, married to the wealthy Scot Robert Monteith, become friends with the stranger. Bertram has some unconventional concepts about society, and as the story unfolds, his beliefs and actions cause much disruption in the family and the neighbourhood.<BR><BR>Who is Bertram? Where does he come from? Allen explores some interesting ideas about society, some of which are curiously relevant today.<BR><BR>The story is preceded by an introduction which, although it may appear to have no connection with the story itself, the reader is earnestly besought by the author to read. The introduction begins as a diatribe against publishers, and develops into a philosophical justification of Allen's writing, and may, if desired, be omitted by the listener who is only interested in the story. (Summary by Ruth Golding)

11Hilda Wade, A Woman With Tenacity of Purpose

By Grant Allen

"In this early detective novel, the detective is Hilda Wade. She is a very capable nurse, but there is something mysterious about her from the moment she arrives at the hospital. Upon meeting her, Dr. Hubert Cumberledge greatly admires her and becomes a devoted friend. It turns out that Hilda has one purpose in life, and in pursuit of that purpose she will travel across the world, from London to South Africa, Rhodesia, India, Nepaul, Tibet and back. With Cumberledge's support, her extraordinary logic and clear thinking lead her on through deadly perils. But will that be enough to accomplish the secret purpose which has driven her so long and so far?" (Summary by Mary Ann Spiegel).<br /><br /> Coordinated by Stav Nisser and MaryAnn Spiegel

12As a Man Thinketh (version 2)

By James Allen

As a Man Thinketh is a literary essay of James Allen, published in 1902. The title is influenced by a verse in the Bible from the Book of Proverbs chapter 23 verse 7, “As a man thinketh in his heart, so is he.” The main concepts of this book as as follows:<br><br> * Men do not attract what they want, but what they are.<br> * A man is literally what he thinks, his character being the complete sum of all his thoughts.<br> * Cherish your visions. Cherish your ideals. Cherish the music that stirs in your heart, the beauty that forms in your mind, the loveliness that drapes your purest thoughts, for out of them will grow all delightful conditions, all heavenly environment, of these, if you but remain true to them your world will at last be built.<br> * The soul attracts that which it secretly harbors, that which it loves, and also that which it fears. It reaches the height of its cherished aspirations. It falls to the level of its unchastened desires - and circumstances are the means by which the soul receives its own.<br> * Men are anxious to improve their circumstances, but are unwilling to improve themselves, they therefore remain bound.<br> * Every action and feeling is preceded by a thought.<br> * Right thinking begins with the words we say to ourselves.<br> * Circumstance does not make the man, it reveals him to himself.<br> * You cannot travel within and stand still without.<br> * As the physically weak man can make himself strong by careful and patient training, so the man of weak thoughts, can make them strong by exercising himself in right thinking.<br> (Introduction by Wikipedia)

James Allen was a British philosophical writer known for his inspirational books and poetry and as a pioneer of the self-help movement. <br /><br /> In the introduction Lily Allen writes: "It cannot be said of this book that James Allen wrote it at any particular time or in any one year, for he was engaged in it over many years and those who have eyes to see and hearts to understand will find in its pages the spiritual history of his life. It was his own wish that The Divine Companion should be the last manuscript of his to be published. 'It is the story of my soul,' he said, 'and should be read last of all my books, so that the student may understand and find my message in its pages.'" (Summary by Wikipedia and Lily Allen)

14Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country

By Hervey Allen and DuBose Heyward

This is a collection of poems about Charleston and the South Carolina Lowcountry. DuBose Heyward was a Charleston native best known for his novel <i>Porgy</i>, which was the basis for the Gershwin opera <i>Porgy and Bess</i>. Hervey Allen, who later wrote <i>Anthony Adverse</i>, met Heyward after moving to Charleston to teach. Together they founded the Poetry Society of South Carolina, which is still active today. (Summary by Laurie Anne Walden)

15Outdoor Chums in the Big Woods

By Captain Quincy Allen

“That looks like a challenge, Frank.” “It was well fired, at any rate, Bluff!” “I should say yes, because it knocked my hat clear off my head. Do we stand for that sort of thing, or shall we accept the dare?” “There are half a dozen and more of the enemy against four Outdoor Chums, but what of that? This is the first snow of the fall, with a real tang in the air. Say yes, Frank, and let’s get busy!” “Here are Bluff and Jerry ready to eat up that crowd in a snowball fight. What do you say, Will?” “Oh, count me in, because I can see they’re just spoiling for it!” exclaimed the fourth boy in the party, who did not look quite so hardy as his comrades, although no weakling. “Well, I should think it’d be a shame to miss it, when the snow is just soft enough to handle easily,” and Jerry Wellington held up a big round ball he had quickly manipulated in his practiced hands. “That settles it. Everybody get busy making a supply of ammunition. Then we’ll charge their line, and give them as good as they send!” (Summary by Author in Chapter 1 - The Snowball Battle)

16Doctor's Christmas Eve

By James Lane Allen

A gentle reminiscence of a fictional country doctor as the year is drawing to a close. Unlike city doctors, the personal and professional life of a country doctor are closely intertwined. - Summary by Lynne Thompson

James Allen instructs us on how to improve our life and spiritual well-being through the power of positive thinking. He teaches us to live in the present and appreciate the moment. Allen asserts that the power of each person to form his own character and create his own happiness is within. "Life is full of beginnings. They are presented every day and every hour to every person. Most beginnings are small, and appear trivial and insignificant, but in reality they are the most important things in life." --James Allen - Summary by Andrea Fiore

18As a Man Thinketh (version 3)

By James Allen

The burgeoning conflict between science and organized religion in the Nineteenth Century had many cultural offshoots, one of the most significant of which was the New Thought movement. New Thought exponents sought to reconcile the principles of science and general spirituality in a synthetic practical philosophy which explored the universality of the human experience. The literature which developed as a consequence has provided the basic material used by most of today's self-help practitioners, and has won enduring popularity because of the simplicity of its concepts and the practical methods it espouses.<p> Among the earliest and most celebrated of these authors was James Allen (1864 - 1912). A reclusive man, he spent the last ten years of his life in rural seclusion in the village of Ilfracombe in Devon, during which period he wrote most of his twenty books. The most famous of these is As A Man Thinketh, a short treatise of the power of thought. This short work is one of the first great classics of self-help literature, and has never been out of print since it was first published in 1902. Allen's main thesis is that thought is not just a vehicle for comprehending and explaining the world, but is also the prime mechanism for creating and changing human experience. While Allen's views may remain controversial, a vast audience of readers has found his work greatly inspiring. (Algy Pug)

This is one of the last books written by James Allen. Like all his works it is eminently practical. He never wrote theories, or for the sake of writing, or to add another to his many books; but he wrote when he had a message, and it became a message only when he had lived it out in his own life, and knew that it was good. Thus he wrote facts, which he had proven by practice.<br /><br /> To live out the teaching of this book faithfully in every detail of life will lead one to more than happiness and success—even to blessedness, satisfaction and peace. - Summary by Lily L. Allen

The first three parts of this book, Passion, Aspiration, and Temptation, represent the common human life, with its passion, pathos, and tragedy. The last three parts, Transcendence, Beatitude, and Peace, represents the Divine Life—calm, wise and beautiful—of the sage and Savior. The middle part, Transmutation, is the transitional stage between the two; it is the alchemic process linking the divine with the human life. Discipline, denial, and renunciation do not constitute the Divine State; they are only the means by which it is attained. The Divine Life is established in that Perfect Knowledge which bestows Perfect Peace. - Summary by James Allen

The problem of life consists in learning how to live. It is like the problem of addition or subtraction to the schoolboy. When mastered, all difficulty disappears, and the problem has vanished. All the problems of life, whether they be social, political, or religious, subsist in ignorance and wrong-living. As they are solved in the heart of each individual, they will be solved in the mass of men. Humanity at present is in the painful stage of “learning.” It is confronted with the difficulties of its own ignorance. As men learn to live rightly, learn to direct their forces and use their functions and faculties by the light of wisdom, the sum of life will be correctly done, and its mastery will put an end to all the “problems of evil.” To the wise, all such problems have ceased. Summary by James Allen.

It cannot be said of this book that James Allen wrote it at any particular time or in any one year, for he was engaged in it over many years and those who have eyes to see and hearts to understand will find in its pages the spiritual history of his life. It was his own wish that The Divine Companion should be the last MS of his to be published. " It is the story of my soul," he said, " and should be read last of all my books, so that the student may understand and find my message in its pages. Therefore hold it back until you have published everything else." There remain now only his dramatic works and a few poems to be included in the next edition of Poems of Peace. That The Divine Companion will prove a companion indeed to thousands who have read his books in the past, I have no doubt. To read it is to hear again the voice of the writer, and to study its message is to once again sit at his feet. He trod the Way himself - every bit of it, and he therefore speaks as one having authority. Lovers of James Allen’s works will indeed be filled with joy to know that there is yet another book from his inspired pen, and will eagerly welcome The Divine Companion. - Summary by Lily L. Allen

When a man enters a dark room he is not sure of his movements, he cannot see objects around him, or properly locate them, and is liable to hurt himself by coming into sudden contact with them. But let a light be introduced, and immediately all confusion disappears. Every object is seen, and there is no danger of being hurt. To the majority, life is such a dark room, and their frequent hurts—their disappointments, perplexities, sorrows and pains—are caused by sudden contact with principles which they do not see, and are therefore not prepared to deal with. But when the light of wisdom is introduced into the darkened understanding, confusion vanishes, difficulties are dissolved, all things are seen in their true place and proportion, and henceforth the man walks open-eyed and unhurt, in the clear light of wise comprehension. - Summary by James Allen