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Seven gallium doped germanium (Ge:Ga) photoconductive infrared detectors were fabricated and mounted in integrating cavities. In addition, a cold preamplifier package consisting of J230 junction field effect transistors (JFETs) was produced. Tests of the system under low photon background conditions indicated that sensitivity was limited by the Johnson noise of the load resistor. The detectors were mounted in the Ames cooled grating spectrometer, and flown on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Good quality astronomical data were obtained during the flight of 7 July 1983.

Seven gallium doped germanium (Ge:Ga) photoconductive infrared detectors were fabricated and mounted in integrating cavities. In addition, a cold preamplifier package consisting of J230 junction field effect transistors (JFETs) was produced. Tests of the system under low photon background conditions indicated that sensitivity was limited by the Johnson noise of the load resistor. The detectors were mounted in the Ames cooled grating spectrometer, and flown on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Good quality astronomical data were obtained during the flight of 7 July 1983.

Seven gallium doped germanium (Ge:Ga) photoconductive infrared detectors were fabricated and mounted in integrating cavities. In addition, a cold preamplifier package consisting of J230 junction field effect transistors (JFETs) was produced. Tests of the system under low photon background conditions indicated that sensitivity was limited by the Johnson noise of the load resistor. The detectors were mounted in the Ames cooled grating spectrometer, and flown on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Good quality astronomical data were obtained during the flight of 7 July 1983.

Seven gallium doped germanium (Ge:Ga) photoconductive infrared detectors were fabricated and mounted in integrating cavities. In addition, a cold preamplifier package consisting of J230 junction field effect transistors (JFETs) was produced. Tests of the system under low photon background conditions indicated that sensitivity was limited by the Johnson noise of the load resistor. The detectors were mounted in the Ames cooled grating spectrometer, and flown on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory. Good quality astronomical data were obtained during the flight of 7 July 1983.

Lunar-based astronomy offers major prospects for solar system research in the coming century. In addition to active advocacy of both ground-based and Lunar-based astronomy, a workshop on the value of asteroids as a resource for man is being organized. The following subject areas are also covered: (1) astrophysics from the Moon (composition and structure of planetary atmospheres); (2) a decade of cost-reduction in Very Large Telescopes (the SST as prototype of special-purpose telescopes); and (3) a plan for development of lunar astronomy.

Work has continued throughout the reporting period on reduction of data from the Fall 1976 flight of the MSFC-UAH Cosmic Ray Experiment. During this period a major effort was undertaken to improve and rebuild the experiment. This was accomplished and a successful flight was completed in September 1978 from Pierre, South Dakota with the new instrument.

Mercuric iodide detectors, experimental development for astronomical use, X ray observations of the 1980 Cygnus X-1 High State, astronomical had X ray detectors in current use, detector development, balloon flight of large area (1500 sq cm) Phoswich detectors, had X ray telescope design, shielded mercuric iodide background measurement, Monte Carlo analysis, measurements with a shielded mercuric iodide detector are discussed.

Digitized spark chamber detector development for satellite and balloon-borne gamma ray astronomy

The self-proclaimed natural scientist Sam Han Lee (aka Tathagata) meeting a professor of astronomy and lunar science, the late Prof. Arlin Crotts 

The self-proclaimed natural scientist Sam Han Lee (aka Tathagata) meeting a professor of astronomy and lunar science, the late Prof. Arlin Crotts 

The objective is the continuation of a long-term research program designed to study the composition, structure and processes operating on the surfaces of solar system objects using the Mauna Kea Observatory with techniques and modern instrumentation. Reflectance spectroscopy and multispectral imaging in the spectral region, 0.3 to 5.0 micrometer are the major techniques used, although thermal (10 micrometer and 20 micrometer) radiometry are used in some aspects of the research. Some specific projects include: (1) systematic spectral imaging observations of the Moon; (2) systematic spectral imaging and spectral monitoring of the Martian surface; (3) thermal radiometry of asteroids as part of the IRAS follow-up and other target specific programs; (4) searches for asteroid satellites and dust belts using a stellar coronagraph; and (5) studies of circumstellar disks using a stellar coronagraph. Progress for each of the programs included is discussed. minerals; (2) completed observations of lunar multi-ringed basins and crater deposits in search of high-Ca spectral anomalies; (3) completed data reduction of an additional 5 asteroids observed by the coronagraphic technique in the search for asteroids satellites and debris clouds; and (4) completed the reduction and calibration of 350 asteroids observed at 10 micron and 20 micron using the NASA IRTF.

Backup or supporting data for the design analyses and trade studies which defined the astronomy sortie missions are presented. The subjects discussed are: (1) configuration of space shuttle orbiter, (2) electronic subsystems, (3) electric power requirements, and (4) payload requirements. Mathematical models are developed to illustrate the orbital rendezvous capabilities.

This report reviews the astronomy research carried out at The Aerospace Corporation during 1974. The report describes the activities of the San Fernando Observatory, the research in millimeter wave radio astronomy as well as the space astronomy research.

This report reviews the astronomy research carried out at The Aerospace Corporation during 1974. The report describes the activities of the San Fernando Observatory, the research in millimeter wave radio astronomy as well as the space astronomy research.

Like the Crab Nebula, the Vela Supernova Remnant has a radio pulsar at its center. In this image taken by the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO)-2/Einstein Observatory, the pulsar appears as a point source surrounded by weak and diffused emissions of x-rays. HEAO-2's computer processing system was able to record and display the total number of x-ray photons (a tiny bundle of radiant energy used as the fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation) on a scale along the margin of the picture. The HEAO-2, the first imaging and largest x-ray telescope built to date, was capable of producing actual photographs of x-ray objects. Shortly after launch, the HEAO-2 was nicknamed the Einstein Observatory by its scientific experimenters in honor of the centernial of the birth of Albert Einstein, whose concepts of relativity and gravitation have influenced much of modern astrophysics, particularly x-ray astronomy. The HEAO-2, designed and developed by TRW, Inc. under the project management of the Marshall Space Flight Center, was launched aboard an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle on November 13, 1978.

This is the second Semiannual Report submitted under Grant NAGW-509 for the development of a Balloon-Borne Three-Meter Telescope for Far-Infrared and Submillimeter Astronomy. It covers the period 1 March 1984 through 31 August 1984. This grant covers work at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), University of Arizona (UA) and the University of Chicago (UC). SAO is responsible for program management, the gondola structure including the attitude control and aspect systems, mechanical systems, and telemetry and command systems; the UA is responsible for optics design and fabrication; the UC is responsible for determining provisions for focal-plane instrumentation. SAO and the UA share responsibility for the ground support data and control computer.

This is the second Semiannual Report submitted under Grant NAGW-509 for the development of a Balloon-Borne Three-Meter Telescope for Far-Infrared and Submillimeter Astronomy. It covers the period 1 March 1984 through 31 August 1984. This grant covers work at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), University of Arizona (UA) and the University of Chicago (UC). SAO is responsible for program management, the gondola structure including the attitude control and aspect systems, mechanical systems, and telemetry and command systems; the UA is responsible for optics design and fabrication; the UC is responsible for determining provisions for focal-plane instrumentation. SAO and the UA share responsibility for the ground support data and control computer.

High altitude balloon magnetic-core digitized spark chamber detector system for determining point sources of cosmic gamma radiation

Astronomy, like all sciences, is being revolutionized by the progress in computation and information technology. Central to this is the exponential growth of data volumes, rates, and complexity, now moving from Terascale to Petascale, with the attendant challenges of an effective knowledge extraction and discovery. These demands become much sharper as one moves from a static exploration of fixed data sets, to a dynamical, real-time exploration of massive data streams.We will illustrate some of these challenges and the scientific potential of the synergy of astronomy and computation on an example of a digital, synoptic sky survey now under way at Palomar Observatory. Systematic exploration of the time domain in astronomy spans a broad range of interesting phenomena: from potentially hazardous asteroids to cosmic explosions, and from stellar evolution to extreme relativistic physics. Computational challenges include real-time mining of massive data streams, automated event discovery, classification, dissemination, and follow-up, etc. This is a precursor and a testbed for the future facilities like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which will expand further both the discovery potential and the magnitude of the technical challenges in his arena. ©2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Astronomy, like all sciences, is being revolutionized by the progress in computation and information technology. Central to this is the exponential growth of data volumes, rates, and complexity, now moving from Terascale to Petascale, with the attendant challenges of an effective knowledge extraction and discovery. These demands become much sharper as one moves from a static exploration of fixed data sets, to a dynamical, real-time exploration of massive data streams.We will illustrate some of these challenges and the scientific potential of the synergy of astronomy and computation on an example of a digital, synoptic sky survey now under way at Palomar Observatory. Systematic exploration of the time domain in astronomy spans a broad range of interesting phenomena: from potentially hazardous asteroids to cosmic explosions, and from stellar evolution to extreme relativistic physics. Computational challenges include real-time mining of massive data streams, automated event discovery, classification, dissemination, and follow-up, etc. This is a precursor and a testbed for the future facilities like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which will expand further both the discovery potential and the magnitude of the technical challenges in his arena. ©2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Astronomy, like all sciences, is being revolutionized by the progress in computation and information technology. Central to this is the exponential growth of data volumes, rates, and complexity, now moving from Terascale to Petascale, with the attendant challenges of an effective knowledge extraction and discovery. These demands become much sharper as one moves from a static exploration of fixed data sets, to a dynamical, real-time exploration of massive data streams.We will illustrate some of these challenges and the scientific potential of the synergy of astronomy and computation on an example of a digital, synoptic sky survey now under way at Palomar Observatory. Systematic exploration of the time domain in astronomy spans a broad range of interesting phenomena: from potentially hazardous asteroids to cosmic explosions, and from stellar evolution to extreme relativistic physics. Computational challenges include real-time mining of massive data streams, automated event discovery, classification, dissemination, and follow-up, etc. This is a precursor and a testbed for the future facilities like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, which will expand further both the discovery potential and the magnitude of the technical challenges in his arena. ©2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

The new 1-m f/4 fast-slew Zadko Telescope was installed in June 2008 about 70 km north of Perth, Western Australia. It is the only metre-class optical facility at this southern latitude between the east coast of Australia and South Africa, and can rapidly image optical transients at a longitude not monitored by other similar facilities. We report on first imaging tests of a pilot program of minor planet searches, and Target of Opportunity observations triggered by the Swift satellite. In 12 months, 6 gamma-ray burst afterglows were detected, with estimated magnitudes; two of them, GRB 090205 (z = 4.65) and GRB 090516 (z = 4.11), are among the most distant optical transients imaged by an Australian telescope. Many asteroids were observed in a systematic 3-month search. In September 2009, an automatic telescope control system was installed, which will be used to link the facility to a global robotic telescope network; future targets will include fast optical transients triggered by highenergy satellites, radio transient detections, and LIGO gravitational wave candidate events. We also outline the importance of the facility as a potential tool for education, training, and public outreach.

The new 1-m f/4 fast-slew Zadko Telescope was installed in June 2008 about 70 km north of Perth, Western Australia. It is the only metre-class optical facility at this southern latitude between the east coast of Australia and South Africa, and can rapidly image optical transients at a longitude not monitored by other similar facilities. We report on first imaging tests of a pilot program of minor planet searches, and Target of Opportunity observations triggered by the Swift satellite. In 12 months, 6 gamma-ray burst afterglows were detected, with estimated magnitudes; two of them, GRB 090205 (z = 4.65) and GRB 090516 (z = 4.11), are among the most distant optical transients imaged by an Australian telescope. Many asteroids were observed in a systematic 3-month search. In September 2009, an automatic telescope control system was installed, which will be used to link the facility to a global robotic telescope network; future targets will include fast optical transients triggered by highenergy satellites, radio transient detections, and LIGO gravitational wave candidate events. We also outline the importance of the facility as a potential tool for education, training, and public outreach.

Star Gazer Astronomy (Disk 1)

GAAC Meeting, Friday, November 12, 2021, with Guest Speaker Kelly Beatty, science writer and Senior Editor at Sky & Telescope magazine, and his compelling story of the discovery of Pluto, its eventual demotion, and the New Horizons mission to the dwarf planet. ---------------------------------------------------------- 1623 Studios is a #nonprofit organization dedicated to producing community programming for #CapeAnn—Gloucester, Rockport, Manchester-by-the-Sea, and Essex—and to providing a forum for the free exchange of information and ideas. We also provide a full spectrum of creative services to support our mission. Learn more at https://1623studios.org

GAAC Meeting, Friday, November 12, 2021, with Guest Speaker Kelly Beatty, science writer and Senior Editor at Sky & Telescope magazine, and his compelling story of the discovery of Pluto, its eventual demotion, and the New Horizons mission to the dwarf planet. ---------------------------------------------------------- 1623 Studios is a #nonprofit organization dedicated to producing community programming for #CapeAnn—Gloucester, Rockport, Manchester-by-the-Sea, and Essex—and to providing a forum for the free exchange of information and ideas. We also provide a full spectrum of creative services to support our mission. Learn more at https://1623studios.org

Astrophysical neutrinos can be produced in proton interactions of charged cosmic rays with ambient photon or baryonic fields. Cosmic rays are observed in balloon, satellite and air shower experiments every day, from below 1e9 eV up to macroscopic energies of 1e21 eV. The observation of different photon fields has been done ever since, today with detections ranging from radio wavelengths up to very high-energy photons in the TeV range. The leading question for neutrino astronomers is now which sources provide a combination of efficient proton acceleration with sufficiently high photon fields or baryonic targets at the same time in order to produce a neutrino flux that is high enough to exceed the background of atmospheric neutrinos. There are only two confirmed astrophysical neutrino sources up to today: the sun and SuperNova 1987A emit and emitted neutrinos at MeV energies. The aim of large underground Cherenkov telescopes like IceCube and KM3NeT is the detection of neutrinos at energies above 100 GeV. In this paper, recent developments of neutrino flux modeling for the most promising extragalactic sources, gamma ray bursts and active galactic nuclei, are presented.

SOFIA is a 2.5 meter airborne infrared telescope, mounted in a Boeing 747SP aircraft. Due to the large size of the telescope, only a few degrees of azimuth are available at the telescope bearing. This means the heading of the aircraft is fundamentally associated with the telescope's observation targets, and the ground track necessary to enable a given mission is highly complex and dependent on the coordinates, duration, and order of observations to be performed. We have designed and implemented a Flight Management Infrastructure (FMI) product in order to plan and execute such missions in the presence of a large number of external constraints (e.g. restricted airspace, international boundaries, elevation limits of the telescope, aircraft performance, winds at altitude, and ambient temperatures). We present an overview of the FMI, including the process, constraints and basic algorithms used to plan and execute SOFIA missions.

Modern Terrestrial Cerenkov Telescopes and Array Scintillators facing the Horizons may soon reveal far Cosmic Rays or nearer PeVs-EeVs Neutrino Showers Astronomy. Indeed UHE neutrino interactions in air, leading to Horizontal Showers, may take place through several channels: the main Glashow resonant one, the charged nuclear interactions and the neutral current events. Analogous events occur also for the neutrino-nucleon events. These interactions are producing hadronic or electromagnetic showers at the far horizons and their correlated secondaries Cerenkov flashes. Comparable interactions are producing, inside the Earth, the Horizontal, but Up-going ultra-relativistic tau, whose decay in flight is source of tau Air Showers (Uptaus and HorTaus); Horizontal Tau Air-Showers are rarely (one-two order of magnitude) enhanced by highest mountain chains at horizons, as in AUGER experimental site; their hadronic or electromagnetic traces are preferentially at PeV-EeV energies; their tracks are amplified by their muon-gamma bundles whose signals are above the random noises and better disentangled by Cerenkov flashes in time coincidence. More exotic UHE SUSY interactions at tens PeVs-EeV energy may blaze at Horizons. Anyway common High Energy Cosmic rays at PeVs-EeVs energy must traces their presence in Magic-like Cerenkov Telescopes at horizons. Present Magic Telescopes facing the Horizons are, at equal given time, almost comparable with the Amanda underground neutrino detector.

Modern Terrestrial Cerenkov Telescopes and Array Scintillators facing the Horizons may soon reveal far Cosmic Rays or nearer PeVs-EeVs Neutrino Showers Astronomy. Indeed UHE neutrino interactions in air, leading to Horizontal Showers, may take place through several channels: the main Glashow resonant one, the charged nuclear interactions and the neutral current events. Analogous events occur also for the neutrino-nucleon events. These interactions are producing hadronic or electromagnetic showers at the far horizons and their correlated secondaries Cerenkov flashes. Comparable interactions are producing, inside the Earth, the Horizontal, but Up-going ultra-relativistic tau, whose decay in flight is source of tau Air Showers (Uptaus and HorTaus); Horizontal Tau Air-Showers are rarely (one-two order of magnitude) enhanced by highest mountain chains at horizons, as in AUGER experimental site; their hadronic or electromagnetic traces are preferentially at PeV-EeV energies; their tracks are amplified by their muon-gamma bundles whose signals are above the random noises and better disentangled by Cerenkov flashes in time coincidence. More exotic UHE SUSY interactions at tens PeVs-EeV energy may blaze at Horizons. Anyway common High Energy Cosmic rays at PeVs-EeVs energy must traces their presence in Magic-like Cerenkov Telescopes at horizons. Present Magic Telescopes facing the Horizons are, at equal given time, almost comparable with the Amanda underground neutrino detector.

Although cosmic rays were discovered a century ago, we do not know where or how they are accelerated. There is a realistic hope that the oldest problem in astronomy will be solved soon by ambitious experimentation: air shower arrays of 10,000 kilometer-square area, arrays of air Cerenkov telescopes and kilometer- scale neutrino observatories. Their predecessors are producing science. We will review the highlights: - Cosmic rays: the highest energy particles and the GZK cutoff, the search for cosmic accelerators and the the Cygnus region, top-down mechanisms: photons versus protons? - TeV-energy gamma rays: blazars, how molecular clouds may have revealed proton beams, first hints of the diffuse infrared background? - Neutrinos: first results and proof of concept for technologies to construct kilometer-scale observatories.

This photograph shows the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO)-1 being assembled at TRW Systems of Redondo Beach, California. The HEAO was designed and developed by TRW, Inc. under the project management of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The first observatory, designated HEAO-1, was launched on August 12, 1977 aboard an Atlas/Centaur launch vehicle and was designed to survey the sky for additional x-ray and gamma-ray sources as well as pinpointing their positions. The HEAO-1 was originally identified as HEAO-A but the designation was changed once the spacecraft achieved orbit.

📢 On today’s #PasadenaMediaNewsUpdate: @CarnegieInstitution proudly presents the 2025 Astronomy Lecture Series at @TheHuntington, featuring groundbreaking discoveries from top astronomers. Upcoming Lectures: March 18th – Dr. Jessica Spake: The Strange Skies of Alien Worlds – Discover the bizarre atmospheres of exoplanets, from toxic gases to ruby clouds. March 31st – Dr. Rebecca Bernstein: In the Pursuit of Light – Explore the Giant Magellan Telescope and its revolutionary impact on astronomy. April 14th – Dr. David Vartanyan: From Stellar Death to Cosmic Rebirth – Unravel the mysteries of supernovae and their role in shaping the universe. May 6th – Dr. Anthony Piro: The Messy Eating Habits of Black Holes – Witness how black holes devour stars, leaving behind brilliant flares and eerie x-ray signals. Tickets are free, but reservations are required. Reservations open the morning after each event. Can't attend in person? Watch the livestream on Carnegie Science’s YouTube channel. Reserve your spot today! 🕓 Time: Doors open at 6:30 PM - Musical performance at 7:00 PM - Lecture at 7:30 PM 📍 Place: Rothenberg Hall in The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens 🌐 To learn more, visit: carnegiescience.edu #PasadenaMedia #AstronomyLectureSeries #CarnegieScience #SpaceDiscoveries #TheHuntington #Exoplanets #Supernovae #BlackHoles #GiantMagellanTelescope #CosmicExploration #Astrophysics #ScienceTalks #NASA ---------------------------------------------------------------- Carnegie Science drives groundbreaking research that reshapes our understanding of biology, Earth, and the universe. As a hub for interdisciplinary exploration, its scientists pursue bold inquiries—from the origins of the cosmos and life’s emergence to addressing climate change and sustainability—expanding knowledge across the natural world. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 📰 Want to stay up to date on all things happening in and around Pasadena? Subscribe to our channel and follow us on our social media for the latest news, events, and updates! From community events to local news, we've got you covered. Don't miss out—hit that subscribe button and stay connected with everything Pasadena!

📢 On today’s #PasadenaMediaNewsUpdate: @CarnegieInstitution proudly presents the 2025 Astronomy Lecture Series at @TheHuntington, featuring groundbreaking discoveries from top astronomers. Upcoming Lectures: March 18th – Dr. Jessica Spake: The Strange Skies of Alien Worlds – Discover the bizarre atmospheres of exoplanets, from toxic gases to ruby clouds. March 31st – Dr. Rebecca Bernstein: In the Pursuit of Light – Explore the Giant Magellan Telescope and its revolutionary impact on astronomy. April 14th – Dr. David Vartanyan: From Stellar Death to Cosmic Rebirth – Unravel the mysteries of supernovae and their role in shaping the universe. May 6th – Dr. Anthony Piro: The Messy Eating Habits of Black Holes – Witness how black holes devour stars, leaving behind brilliant flares and eerie x-ray signals. Tickets are free, but reservations are required. Reservations open the morning after each event. Can't attend in person? Watch the livestream on Carnegie Science’s YouTube channel. Reserve your spot today! 🕓 Time: Doors open at 6:30 PM - Musical performance at 7:00 PM - Lecture at 7:30 PM 📍 Place: Rothenberg Hall in The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens 🌐 To learn more, visit: carnegiescience.edu #PasadenaMedia #AstronomyLectureSeries #CarnegieScience #SpaceDiscoveries #TheHuntington #Exoplanets #Supernovae #BlackHoles #GiantMagellanTelescope #CosmicExploration #Astrophysics #ScienceTalks #NASA ---------------------------------------------------------------- Carnegie Science drives groundbreaking research that reshapes our understanding of biology, Earth, and the universe. As a hub for interdisciplinary exploration, its scientists pursue bold inquiries—from the origins of the cosmos and life’s emergence to addressing climate change and sustainability—expanding knowledge across the natural world. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 📰 Want to stay up to date on all things happening in and around Pasadena? Subscribe to our channel and follow us on our social media for the latest news, events, and updates! From community events to local news, we've got you covered. Don't miss out—hit that subscribe button and stay connected with everything Pasadena!

Zoomable full resolution image available at davidrumsey.com . This image 2220E is a part of image group 2220.000 . At heat of title: Engineer Department, U.S. Army. These seven text volumes were published from 1875 to 1889. They consist the final, monumental report of Wheeler's Survey. The first volume, Geographical Report, contains much valuable information on the general history of western U.S. mapping and specific details on the sources of the Survey's map sheets. The Topographic and Geologic Atlas were issued separately. Bound in linen with title, date, volume number and topic on the spine. Wheat v. 5, p 338-342; Karrow "George M. Wheeler ..." in Koepp Exploration and Mapping of the American West.

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We show that many ancient Indian mythological legends are really allegorical depictions of astronomical and other physical phenomena of which the composers had a good idea. This detail enables us to also use techniques of astronomical chronology for dating various events.

This work presents a method for determining the accuracy of a source finder algorithm for spectral line radio astronomy data and the Source Finder Accuracy Evaluator (SFAE), a program that implements this method. The accuracy of a source finder is defined in terms of its completeness, reliability, and accuracy of the parameterisation of the sources that were found. These values are calculated by executing the source finder on an image with a known source catalogue, then comparing the output of the source finder to the known catalogue. The intended uses of SFAE include determining the most accurate source finders for use in a survey, determining the types of radio sources a particular source finder is capable of accurately locating, and identifying optimum parameters and areas of improvement for these algorithms. This paper demonstrates a sample of accuracy information that can be obtained through this method, using a simulated ASKAP data cube and the Duchamp source finder.

This thesis describes the design and implementation of several instruments for digitizing and processing analogue astronomical signals collected using radio telescopes. Modern radio telescopes have significant digital signal processing demands that are typically best met using custom processing engines implemented in Field Programmable Gate Arrays. These demands essentially stem from the ever-larger analogue bandwidths that astronomers wish to observe, resulting in large data volumes that need to be processed in real time. We focused on the development of spectrometers for enabling improved pulsar science on the Allen Telescope Array, the Hartebeesthoek Radio Observatory telescope, the Nan\c{c}ay Radio Telescope, and the Parkes Radio Telescope. We also present work that we conducted on the development of real-time pulsar timing instrumentation. All the work described in this thesis was carried out using generic astronomy processing tools and hardware developed by the Center for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER) at the University of California, Berkeley. We successfully deployed to several telescopes instruments that were built solely with CASPER technology, which has helped to validate the approach to developing radio astronomy instruments that CASPER advocates.

Cosmic ray astronomy attempts to identify and study the sources of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. It is unique in its reliance on charged particles as the information carriers. While no discrete source of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays has been identified so far, a new generation of detectors is acquiring the huge exposure that is needed at the highest energies, where deflection by magnetic fields is minimized and the background from distant sources is eliminated by pion photoproduction. In this paper, we summarize the status of cosmic ray astronomy, describing the detectors and the analysis techniques.

Some Considerations of Mr. Nic. Mercator, Concerning the Geometrick and Direct Method of Signior Cassini for Finding the Apogees, Excentricities, and Anomalies of the Planets; As That was Printed in the Journal des Scavans of Septemb. 2. 1669: Which Considerations are Here Delivered in the Latine Tongue, Wherein they Were Written by the Author, as Chiefly Regarding the Learn'd in Astronomy, viz. Clarissimi Cassini Methodus Investigandi Apogea, Excentricitates & Anomalias Planetarum, Breviter Exposita & Demonstrata. Mercator, N Philosophical Transactions (1665-1678). 1753-01-01. 5:1168–1175

Book digitized by Google from the library of Oxford University and uploaded to the Internet Archive by user tpb.

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