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Join in as Mayor Walsh helps to cut the ribbon on ABCD's new state of the art early care and education center at 82 Savin Street in Roxbury. As part of a 25 year lease from the City of Boston and held in trust by the George Robert White Foundation, ABCD undertook significant renovations of this historic space, which now houses Early Head Start and Head Start classrooms, after school programming for infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and young children, as well as a professional development/meeting space.

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Paraxial lens optics is discussed to study the continuity properties of the $ABCD$ beam transfer matrix. The two-by-two matrix for the one-lens camera-like system can be converted to an equi-diagonal form by a scale transformation, leaving the off-diagonal elements invariant. It is shown that the matrix remains continuous during the focusing process, but this transition is not analytic. However, its first derivative is still continuous, which leads to the concept of "tangential continuity." It is then shown that this tangential continuity is applicable to $ABCD$ matrices pertinent to periodic optical systems, where the equi-diagonalization is achieved by a similarity transformation using rotations. It is also noted that both the scale transformations and the rotations can be unified within the framework of Hermitian transformations.

Paraxial lens optics is discussed to study the continuity properties of the $ABCD$ beam transfer matrix. The two-by-two matrix for the one-lens camera-like system can be converted to an equi-diagonal form by a scale transformation, leaving the off-diagonal elements invariant. It is shown that the matrix remains continuous during the focusing process, but this transition is not analytic. However, its first derivative is still continuous, which leads to the concept of "tangential continuity." It is then shown that this tangential continuity is applicable to $ABCD$ matrices pertinent to periodic optical systems, where the equi-diagonalization is achieved by a similarity transformation using rotations. It is also noted that both the scale transformations and the rotations can be unified within the framework of Hermitian transformations.

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Highlights of our friends from Action for Boston Community Development, Inc., Mystic Valley Opportunity Center, and Malden City Councillor At Large Debbie DeMaria conducting a Christmas Tree Giveaway on Saturday, December 7th, 2019.

ABCD EP was recorded from June 2012 - December 2012 with Jim Keaney at Devotion Recording. All percussion performed by Jim, Ted, Steve and Dan Guest Vocals : "Cincy" : Ian Oliver (The Workout) "Dexterous" : Dan Smith (Emma Ate the Lion) "Ethernaut" : Buck Collings (Mr. Fyner and the Tech Ed Room) Special thanks to John Bell (JB) for the album artwork

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Using data from pre- and postprogram questionnaires and interviews, the study describes the views that a group of 17 student teachers drawn from 5 Michigan universities hold of culturally diverse learners both before and after a 3-day workshop intended to influence their views. The study found that the multicultural presentations had little effect on students' beliefs--about the capabilities of learners labelled "high" and "low" ability, about the use of stereotypes in making teaching decisions, or about providing genuinely equal opportunities to learn challenging and empowering subject matter. It is suggested that teacher educators may need to rethink both the content and pedagogy of opportunities to learn about teaching culturally divers learners. The appendixes include: (1) The ABCD (Accepting Behavior for Cultural Diversity) for Teachers Training Schedule; (2) Description of the ABCD Sample; (3) Examples of Pre- and Postprogram Responses to Scenario #2.

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Dimensional approaches to understanding the impact of exposure to early-life adversity (ELA) have become increasingly prominent in the field and have pointed to the value of considering the differential impact of specific ELA dimensions on neural development and psychopathology. Using a data-driven approach, researchers have identified categorical types of ELA, such as physical trauma, family aggression, and socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., Brieant et al., 2023). Alternatively, using a theory-driven approach, researchers have identified and measured distinct experiential dimensions of ELA, such as threat, deprivation, unpredictability, and uncontrollability (Cohodes et al., 2023; McLaughlin et al., 2021). Large-scale longitudinal datasets, such as the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study offer valuable information to test the impact of categorical types, but does not systematically assess experiential dimensions (i.e., threat, deprivation, unpredictability, and uncontrollability), making it challenging to assess how these experiential dimensions may be associated with longitudinal emotional and psychological functioning. In the absence of participants’ subjective ratings of threat, deprivation, uncontrollability, and unpredictability, obtaining independent ratings of individual adverse events and categorical types (e.g., physical trauma, family aggression, and socioeconomic disadvantage) provides an imperfect yet feasible alternative to establish the norms for how threatening, depriving, uncontrollable, and unpredictable each individual event and categorical dimension of ELA is. These independent ratings can then be applied with the ABCD dataset and used to assess the impact of these experiential dimensions. Previous studies have linked independent ratings of uncontrollability to the efficacy of reappraisal (Troy et al., 2013), supporting the feasibility of applying independent ratings of these dimensions to stressful life events. Therefore, the present study aims to 1) establish normative ratings of threat, deprivation, uncontrollability, and unpredictability for individual adverse events and categorical types of ELA reported in ABCD (Brieant et al., 2023) as well as the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 1994), 2) compare these ratings for each categorical dimension between those who have experienced at least one event within the dimension and those who have not experienced any event within the dimension, and 3) examine the relationship between experienced threat, deprivation, uncontrollability, and unpredictability and emotion regulation and mental health.

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A moderation analysis of whether gender and sexual minority status moderates the relationship between adolescent pre-COVID internalizing behavior and subjective covid impact.

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is a longitudinal study of the brain and cognitive development in over 11,000 American youth recruited at ages 9/10 and followed until age 19/20. Two primary objectives of the ABCD study are to determine prospectively: 1) what precise neurobehavioral and neuroimaging metrics portend the onset of adolescent substance use, and 2) how adolescent onset substance use and substance use disorder (SUD) in turn affect the trajectory of brain development and the neurocognition it subserves (PMID: 29038777). Thus, the broad palette of ABCD assessments centers on the biennial collection of multi-modal brain image data, which can in turn be related cross-sectionally and longitudinally to various neurobehavioral traits or environmental exposures. A key feature of the ABCD study is its open access data sharing model. As a novel and end-user-friendly feature of this data-sharing, task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) image data are available to end-user analysts in tabulated form, where ABCD study informatics has already conducted initial image preprocessing, modeling of individual task events, followed by beta weights of task event contrasts as averaged across volumes of interest or certain parcellated brain regions. These comprehensive derived data releases enable analysts with even minimal expertise in brain imaging to relate individual differences in (more interpretable) mental task contrast-based activation between defined participant subgroups, or in correlation with other quantitative phenotypes such as depressive mood. However, for manageability and other factors, the publicly released tabulated task fMRI data from the ABCD study data release are limited to contrast-based data, with no breakdown of individual event type beta weights. This information is commonly examined in task fMRI experiments to enable deduction of which of the two components (events) of a typical task contrast was driving a net contrast activation. For example, after revealing a brain activation by the the contrast between "A" Events vs "B" Events or when seeing a distribution plot of net contrast beta weights, did the activation or positive mean contrast beta value stem from A conditions activating that brain region (increased signal), or from the B Events Deactivating that region (decreased signal)? If different stimulus types are parametrized across a task, such as viewing "not scary" pictures vs "kinda scary" pictures, vs "really scary" pictures, do these respective trial types show an orderly corresponding increase in brain response? Relatedly, if the A vs B contrast activation beta value across a regional (mask) correlated positively with some questionnaire score, such as for real-life executive function (EF) problems, was the relationship driven more by an association between EF and brain response to "A" events or by EF relationships with brain responses to "B" events. Additional information on specific individual event-(class) driven brain responses outside of contrasts may be especially valuable for the monetary incentive delay (MID) task data. The MID task (PMID: 10875899) was included in the ABCD task fMRI assessments to ostensibly capture brain signatures of motivation for rewards. This would index one of two components of a prevailing opponent process model of adolescent risk-taking, which posits increased subcortically-driven reward drive that is not sufficiently checked by still-immature frontocortical behavior inhibition neurocircuitry (PMID: 20167473). The inhibitory function component of this opponent process is ostensibly indexed in ABCD by the stop signal task (c.f. PMID: 29567376 regarding ABCD fMRI tasks). The MID task features presentation of a visual cue that signals the contingency for pressing a button while the forthcoming target is on the screen for a fraction of a second-- either monetary gain, avoidance of monetary loss, or for no consequence. This target is then followed by notification of trial success or failure. The MID task was developed as a human translation from seminal single-unit activity primate reward-learning experiments of Wolfram Schultz (reviewed in PMID: 27069377). Notably, unexpected rewards engendered increased phasic activation (firing) of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons that terminate in the ventral striatum (VS). Subsequently, after learning of contingencies between appearance of visual cues and potential food reward with an operant response, midbrain dopamine neurons activated instead in response to the cue, and not the (expected) reward. (This is ostensibly what MID task reward-anticipatory ventral striatum (VS) and caudate head activation captures, since participants are typically trained in the meaning of the task cues prior to scanning.) Conversely, cues that signal forthcoming absence of reward as well as moments when expected reward is not received transiently decreased the single unit activity of the midbrain DA neurons. Since the MID task features an orderly series of incentives ranging from no reward ($0) to small reward ($0.20) to large reward ($5) for hitting a trial target, as well as loss-avoidance trials of similar magnitudes, it would be important for users of open-access ACBD MID task data to know whether the ABCD variant of the MID task is recruiting participants' brain regions in an expected and sensible way. For example, consistent with prior studies with the MID task (e.g. PMID: 14985419), does response-anticipatory signal change in VS show a decrease (deactivation) by non-incentive cues (trial types) relative to baseline, but a progressive increase in signal change with increasing monetary "stakes" of a trial? A related question would be whether $5 reward anticipation activation correlates with some external psychometric assessment of impulsivity or externalizing behavior, or similarly whether $0 (neutral/nonincentive) anticipation (de-) activation correlates with externalizing behavior, where for example, more antisocial youth might not comply or attend to these trials, despite being instructed to "do their best." This project is devoted to informing developmental cognitive neuroscientists who have utilized or are inclined to utilize ABCD MID data (especially already-preprocessed and modeled tabulated data) of the extent to which the ABCD MID task yields orderly and interpretable results. The effort entails the re-preprocessing and recalculation of second-level (group) maps of brain activation by single event classes in ABCD youth at the baseline assessment. It also entails the re-calculation of signal change (beta weights) elicited by single events in regions of interest based on canonical activations typically elicited by anticipation and feedback events the MID task in previous research. Our pre-registered hypotheses encompass what we expect will be orderly brain responses to different MID task event/trial types themselves, despite the brisk pace of stimulus presentations in the task. Finally, as a test of concept of the utility of relating single event class activations to external (non-imaging) offline metrics, we relate event-elicited brain response to external questionnaire scores after controlling for site effects and other commonly-recommended covariates. To conclude, decisions on MID task parameters by the ACBD Neuroimaging Workgroup involved deliberations on the inevitable fMRI task design tradeoffs between trial frequency and power vs prolongation of trials with inter-event temporal jitters vs total task duration and minimizing participant burden and fatigue. This paper will illustrate to ACBD data end-users what we suspect will be the consequences of these design decisions, where we expect to find orderly event-wise data, but will also note limitations of inference regarding ABCD MID task data due to its event timing and overall rapid and compressed trial structure. We intend that that this information will be incorporated into a methods-focused report about the ABCD study MID task in the peer-reviewed literature.

Pre-registration for study focusing on screen usage patterns and major depressive within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study dataset.

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This study will utilize data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) to explore longitudinal associations between symptoms of anxiety and irritability over time.

Part 1 of the Attitudes and Beliefs Concerning Dissociation (ABCD) project will survey GCSE-age school students. The survey will be repeated every two years, beginning in academic year 2024-2025, until 2033.

ABCD opens its new campus in Roxbury and dedicates one of the buildings to Thelma D. Burns, a longtime community activist and an ABCD Board of Directors member for the last 35 years. The campus will provide services and opportunities for Roxbury and North Dorchester residents such as job development, youth programs, and fuel assistance. Mayor Walsh and U.S. Representative Mike Capuano deliver remarks. For the full event, please visit: http://www.cityofboston.gov/cable/video_library.asp?id=17609

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The achievement gap between white students and students of color, specifically Black and Latinx students, is a persistent index and source of inequality in the United States (Hung et al., 2020; Condron et al., 2013). One contributing factor to this achievement gap may be the disparities in school disciplinary actions. Black male students are much more likely to receive a school suspension which causes the student to be absent from class and results in the student falling behind (Gregory et al., 2010). In addition to interfering with the students’ education, exclusionary disciplinary actions also increase the likelihood of becoming involved with the juvenile justice system for less severe actions (Novak, 2018). The combination of missed instructional time and involvement with the juvenile justice system at an early age contribute to what has been referred to as the school to prison pipeline (Muñiz, 2021). State-level policies have been used to examine societal climate and quantify structural stigma, defined as “societal-level conditions, cultural norms and institutional policies and practices that constrain the opportunities, resources, and wellbeing of the stigmatized” (Hatzenbuehler & Link, 2014). State-level structural stigma against sexual minority and Latinx youth is associated with greater externalizing problems (Martino et al., 2023), and structural stigma against Black and Latinx youth is associated with smaller hippocampal volume (Hatzenbuehler et al., 2022). These results suggest that structural discrimination contributes to racial and ethnic disparities in brain structure and mental health. Conversely, a positive school environment has been found to improve youth mental health (Rakesh et al., 2023). However, the effects of school disciplinary actions and racial disparities in these actions on academic performance and mental health have not been sufficiently documented. One previous study examined the impact that out of school suspensions have on academic achievement and found that students who were suspended were almost three reading grade levels behind compared to those who were not suspended (Arcia, 2006). However, to our knowledge, the associations of racial disparities in school disciplinary actions with student mental health, school performance and attendance have not been examined. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of school disciplinary policies at the state level, individual experiences of exclusionary discipline, and perceived discrimination at the individual level on adolescent mental health, school performance, and attendance in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Previous work in this sample has demonstrated that already in elementary school, at ages 9-10, Black youth in the study were 3.5 times more likely to receive detentions or suspensions than white youth (Fadus et al., 2021). This study will integrate data on racial disparities in disciplinary practices, measured using data from the Civil Rights Data Collection Office for Civil Rights from the U.S Department of Education with data from the ABCD study to examine the consequences of state-level school disciplinary policies and practices for adolescents’ individual experiences of school discipline and discrimination, academic achievement, emotion regulation, and mental health.

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This article is from BMC Public Health , volume 11 . Abstract Background: Childhood overweight/obesity is a major public health problem worldwide which disproportionally affects specific ethnic groups. Little is known about whether such differences already exist at an early age and which factors contribute to these ethnic differences. Therefore, the present study assessed possible ethnic differences in overweight at age 2 years, and the potential explanatory role of prenatal factors, birth outcomes and postnatal factors. Methods: Data were derived from a multi-ethnic cohort in the Netherlands (the ABCD study). Weight and height data of 3,156 singleton infants at age 2 years were used. Five ethnic populations were distinguished: Dutch native (n = 1,718), African descent (n = 238), Turkish (n = 162), Moroccan (n = 245) and other non-Dutch (n = 793). Overweight status was defined by the International Obesity Task Force guidelines. The explanatory role of prenatal factors, birth outcomes and postnatal factors in ethnic disparities in overweight (including obesity) was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results: Compared to the native Dutch (7.1%), prevalence of overweight was higher in the Turkish (19.8%) and Moroccan (16.7%) group, whereas the prevalence was not increased in the African descent (9.2%) and other non-Dutch (8.8%) group. Although maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index partly explained the ethnic differences, the odds ratio (OR) of being overweight remained higher in the Turkish (OR: 2.66; 95%CI: 1.56-4.53) and Moroccan (OR: 2.11; 95%CI: 1.31-3.38) groups after adjusting for prenatal factors. The remaining differences were largely accounted for by weight gain during the first 6 months of life (postnatal factor). Maternal height, birth weight and gender were independent predictors for overweight at age 2 years, but did not explain the ethnic differences. Conclusion: Turkish and Moroccan children in the Netherlands have 2- to 3-fold higher odds for being overweight at age 2 years, which is largely attributed to maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during the first 6 months of life. Further study on the underlying factors of this early weight gain is required to tackle ethnic differences in overweight among these children.

Mayor Walsh joins ABCD at the annual Brain Building Community Fair, which emphasizes early childhood education and nutrition. Full video available at: http://www.cityofboston.gov/cable/video_library.asp?id=3504

The mean, variance and correlation function of the intensity pattern resulting from an incoherent source that has propagated through a complex ABCD optical system is derived. The number of speckle correlation cells (or modes) within an effective measurement area is presented and discussed. Optical field decorrelation effects regarding secondary fringe formation in phase shifting speckle interferometry is discussed. In particular, the correlation coefficient resulting from load-induced object tilt, in-plane translations, and displacements parallel to the optic axis as a function of the number of modes propagating through the optical system is described and discussed.... ABCD matrix methods, Interferometry, Photon statistics speckle.

Eric Mitchell and Andrea Mendoza from ABCD(Action for Boston Community Development) come to NORCAM in North Reading, MA to talk about heating assistance as well numerous other social programs. To check out all their programs, please visit their website: http://www.bostonabcd.org Coverage brought to you by NORCAM volunteers. Keep in touch with NORCAM at their facebook page: facebook.com/Norcam For more info on NORCAM and it's programming, please visit our site at norcam.org or our Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Norcam

This study will use longitudinal data from the ABCD Study to investigate the associations between fluid cognitive functioning trajectories and sleep, extracurricular activities, and screen time during adolescence.

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We will use the large, publicly available longitudinal Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study to explore the relationship between multiple dimensions of early life adversity and pubertal timing and tempo.

This project will examine whether family cultural values moderate the genetic and environmental etiology of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early adolescence.

We will examine the effect of adverse exposome factors on rates of youth delay discounting within the ABCD dataset.

Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, the planned study will examine disparities in exclusionary discipline and reasons for exclusion between gender nonconforming and gender conforming youth. This research expands current discipline research to youth who exhibit gender nonconforming behaviors, which is especially important given current cultural shifts in gender norms, a phenomenon with varying levels of support across schools and regions.

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In his study, we will use data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to examine relations among mental health conditions (e.g., parental mood disorders), facets of family and household environments (e.g., family conflict), and facets of impulsivity, with a particular focus on delay discounting, in a large nationwide sample of children.

A Review of ABCD Parameters

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