Do Self-Regulatory Competencies Add To The Prediction Of Aggressive- And Antisocial-Behavior Profiles Beyond External And Internal Risk Factors? A Three Wave Longitudinal Study In Middle Childhood - Info and Reading Options

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Previous research has consistently related impairments in a broad range of self-regulatory competencies, such as inhibition, planning, or emotional reactivity to aggressive and antisocial behavior. Little, however, is known about whether these competencies still add to the prediction of the behavior, when other pertinent external risk factors, such as family risk factors and peer rejection, or internal risk factors, such as theory of mind and self-esteem, are considered. Additionally, the distinction between forms (e.g., physical, relational) and functions (e.g., reactive, proactive) of aggression as well as the measurement of non-aggressive antisocial behavior allows for examining the level of expression of each of these behaviors and their co-occurance in specific patterns or profiles. The current study, therefore, aims to detect distinct profiles of forms and functions of aggressive behavior as well as antisocial behavior by latent profile analysis, in order to identify their potential differential predictors by multinomial logistic regression, and to examine the incremental validity of different self-regulatory competencies for profile membership beyond external and internal risk factors. Thus, the present study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the relative importance of risk factors for aggressive and antisocial behavior and their distinct profiles displayed in middle childhood. Previous findings: Aggression Profiles: Evidence was found which indicates that at least 3 distinct aggression and antisocial Profiles should be expected. Vicent et al. (2018) identified three such profiles using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), High, Moderate and Low aggression (physical and verbal aggression). Lohbeck (2022) conducted latent profile analysis (LPA) and latent transition analysis and identified three distinct profiles for reactive and proactive aggression. Marsee et al. (2014) found, in an community sample of adolescents, three clusters for physical aggression and two clusters for relational aggression using a two-step cluster analysis. Ang et al. (2020) identified three classes of aggressive behavior using LCA, mild, medium and severe aggressive behavior. Berger et al. (2015); three profiles were identified using LPA, normative-low aggressive, high prosocial-low aggressive, and high aggressive-high popular status. Cui et al. (2016) identified six dual trajectories of reactive and proactive aggression using Parallel process Latent Class Growth Analysis (PP-LCGA). Evans et al. (2021) found four trajectory classes using latent class growth models, low aggression, low aggression, high proactive-reactive aggression, ,declining aggression and predominantly reactive aggression. Euler et al. (2017) identified three clusters of adolescent using cluster analysis, a cluster high in reactive and proactive aggression, a cluster high on reactive aggression and a low aggression cluster. Facets of Self-Regulation as predictors for membership in aggressive and antisocial behavior profiles: Flexibility: Specific literature could not be found Emotional reactivity: Specific literature could not be found Emotion Regulation: Laible et al. (2014); Children belonging to a less well regulated profile were rated as less co-operative and prosocial by parents and teachers. Degnan (2006); observed emotion regulation and physiological emotion regulation predicted the probability of membership in a low aggression profile compared to a high profile (early childhood). Inhibition: Specific literature could not be found Planning abilities: Specific literature could not be found Delay of gratification: Specific literature could not be found Heart rate variability: Specific literature could not be found Working memory: Specific literature could not be found Emotional Decision Making: Specific literature could not be found Internal and external Factors as predictors for membership in aggressive and antisocial behavior profiles: Self-esteem: Ye et al. (2022); the low aggression profile showed higher self-esteem than did the hostile, indirect, moderate and high aggression profiles. Theory of mind: Specific literature could not be found Family adversities: Specific literature could not be found Peer rejection: Giang & Graham (2008); using LCA they identified different classes of students, victims, aggressors, socially adjusted and two types of aggressive victims. The rejection for the aggressive classes was significantly greater in comparison with the socially adjusted class. Ettekal und Ladd (2017); using LPA they identified different profiles of aggressive-victims. Higher levels of peer rejection were found to be associated with a greater risk of being a relational aggressive-victim. Jung et al. (2017); membership in a socially rejected group was found to be significantly associated with reactive but not proactive aggression.

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