Discover The Status Of Metamemory Efficiency In Healthy Aging Using Two Memory Tasks: An Episodic Task And A Semantic Task - Info and Reading Options

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Metacognition is the ability to be aware, to think, and to control our own thoughts (Martinez, 2006). In that way, metamemory is a part of metacognition and refers to the ability to think about memory content and memory processes, as well as to the ability to control our memory system (Nelson & Narens, 1990). Metamemory could be assessed using different paradigms and indexes. In this study, we will focus on two measures of confidence judgments: the feeling of knowing (FOK) and the retrospective confidence judgments (RCJ). The FOK is assessed by prospective judgments made before a task. Participants must evaluate if they could recognize the correct response between several propositions in a next recognition phase. The RCJs are retrospective judgments made after a task. Participants have to evaluate their confidence about a response they gave. Previous studies using the FOK paradigm in healthy aging showed a dissociation between episodic FOK and semantic FOK (Devaluez et al., 2022). Older adults seem to be less accurate in episodic tasks whereas they are as accurate as younger adults in semantic tasks. Two hypotheses explain this dissociation between episodic FOK and semantic FOK in aging: the inferential-deficit hypothesis and the memory-constraint hypothesis. On one hand, the inferential-deficit hypothesis is based on Koriat’s theory (1993) and argues that the FOK deficit comes from a decrease in executive functioning. Considering that executive functioning is sustained by frontal areas, this hypothesis is coherent with the frontal decline observed in aging (Souchay et al., 2000). On the other hand, the memory-constrain hypothesis argues that the FOK deficit comes from encoding difficulties (Hertzog et al., 2010). Indeed, the FOK processes seem to be linked with memory processes and the same dissociation between semantic and episodic material is observed in memory (Koriat, 1993; Souchay et al., 2007). Episodic memory is impaired in aging whereas semantic memory is preserved. However, these previous studies used a different material between the episodic task and the semantic task (e.g., words for episodic task and definitions for semantic task). The effect of age on episodic FOK accuracy could be due to the stimuli used. To test this hypothesis, Morson and colleagues (2015) developed a paradigm using the same material between the semantic task and the episodic tasks (i.e., episodic stimuli were the targets from the semantic task). Results did not show any age effect on memory performance in both episodic and semantic tasks, but an age effect on episodic FOK was observed. It means that the episodic FOK deficit was still observed even if there was no encoding deficit. Authors suggested that episodic FOK deficit could come from recollection difficulties. Indeed, older adults have difficulties to use inferential cues to recollect memories (Bastin & Van der Linden, 2005). Moreover, older adults are less accurate for prospective judgements than for retrospective judgments than younger adults (Cauvin et al., 2019). Considering that prospective judgments require recollecting information from the encoding phase, this result is consistent with the recollection deficit hypothesis described by Morson and colleagues (2015). This dissociation in metamemory performance between episodic task and semantic task is not found using retrospective confidence judgments (RCJ). A task using both RCJ and FOK showed that metamemory efficiency on an episodic task was correlated with metamemory efficiency on a semantic task using RCJ, but this correlation was not found using FOK judgments (Mazancieux et al., 2020). Indeed, prospective and retrospective judgments are not based on the same cues. The RCJ are based on the effortlessness of the response, of the strength of the memory trace, on general knowledge about memory, and knowledge of how one’s memory works (Chua et al., 2009; Mazancieux, et al., 2020). However, the FOK judgments are based on inferential processes such as recollection of encoding context, partial information of the target, familiarity of the cue, and affective qualities of the target (Chua et al., 2009; Mazancieux, et al., 2020). The difference between prospective and retrospective judgments in a memory task increases with aging. Older adults are less accurate for prospective judgements than for retrospective judgments than younger adults (Cauvin et al., 2019). Considering that prospective judgments require recollecting information from the encoding phase, this result is consistent with the recollection deficit hypothesis described above. We will use a paradigm akin to the one used in Mazancieux et al. (2020). This experiment evaluates metamemory during episodic task and semantic task using both FOK and RCJ. We will compare metamemory efficiency for episodic memory and semantic memory using a large sample size (N = 100 per age group) composed of participants aged 20 to 40 and 60 to 80 years old.

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